Increasing the Efficiency and Level of Environmental Safety of Pro-Environmental City Heat Supply Technologies by Low Power Nuclear Plants

In connection with the current prospect of decarbonization of coal energy through the use of small nuclear power plants (SNPPs) at existing TPPs as heat sources for heat supply to municipal heating networks, there is a technological need to improve heat supply schemes to increase their environmental friendliness and efficiency. The paper proves the feasibility of using the heat-feeding mode of ASHPs for urban heat supply by heating the network water with steam taken from the turbine. The ratio of electric and thermal power of a “nuclear” combined heat and power plant is given. The advantage of using a heat pump, which provides twice as much electrical power with the same heat output, is established. Taking into account that heat in these modes is supplied with different potential, the energy efficiency was used to compare these options. To increase the heat supply capacity, a scheme with the use of a high-pressure heater in the backpressure mode and with the heating of network water with hot steam was proposed. Heat supply from ASHPs is efficient and environmentally friendly even in the case of significant remoteness of heat consumers.

Study on Matching a 300 MVA Motor Generator with an Ohmic Heating Power Supply in HL-2M

A new 300 MVA/1350 MJ motor generator （MG） will be built to feed all of the poloidal field power supplies （PFPS） and auxiliary heating power supplies of the HL-2M tokamak. The MG has a vertical-shaft salient pole 6-phase synchronous generator and a coaxial 8500 kW induction motor. The Ohmic heating power supply （OHPS） consisting of 4-quadrant DC pulsed convertor is the one with the highest parameters among the PFPS. Therefore, the match between the generator and the OHPS is very important. The matching study with Matlab/Simulink is described in this paper. The simulation results show that the subtransient reactance of the generator is closely related to the inversion operation of the OHPS. By setting various subtransient reactance in the simulation generator model and considering the cost reduction, the optimized parameters are obtained as xd＂ = 0.405 p.u. at 100 Hz for the generator. The models built in the simulation can be used as an important tool for studying the dynamic characteristics and the control strategy of other HL-2M PFPSes.

Energy efficiency performance of multi-energy district heating and hot water supply system

A district heating and hot water supply system is presented which synthetically utilizes geothermal energy,solar thermal energy and natural gas thermal energy.The multi-energy utilization system has been set at the new campus of Tianjin Polytechnic University(TPU),A couple of deep geothermal wells which are 2 300 m in depth were dug,Deep geothermal energy cascade utilization is achieved by two stages of plate heat exchangers(PHE) and two stages of water source heat pumps(WSHP).Shallow geothermal energy is used in assistant heating by two ground coupled heat pumps(GCHPs) with 580 vertical ground wells which are 120 m in depth.Solar thermal energy collected by vacuum tube arrays(VTAs) and geothermal energy are complementarily utilized to make domestic hot water.Superfluous solar energy can be stored in shallow soil for the GCHP utilization.The system can use fossil fuel thermal energy by two natural gas boilers(NGB) to assist in heating and making hot water.The heating energy efficiency was measured in the winter of 2010-2011.The coefficients of performance(COP) under different heating conditions are discussed.The performance of hot water production is tested in a local typical winter day and the solar thermal energy utilization factor is presented.The rusults show that the average system COP is 5.75 or 4.96 under different working conditions,and the typical solar energy utilization factor is 0.324.

Nitrogen Gas Heating and Supply System for SST-1 Tokamak

Steady State Tokamak （SST-1） vacuum vessel baking as well as baking of the first wall components of SST-1 are essential to plasma physics experiments. Under a refurbishment spectrum of SST-1, the nitrogen gas heating and supply system has been fully refurbished. The SST-1 vacuum vessel consists of ultra-high vacuum （UHV） compatible eight modules and eight sectors. Rectangular baking channels are embedded on each of them. Similarly, the SST-1 plasma facing components （PFC） are comprised of modular graphite diverters and movable graphite based limiters. The nitrogen gas heating and supply system would bake the plasma facing components at 350 ~C and the SST-1 vacuum vessel at 150 ~C over an extended duration so as to remove water vapour and other absorbed gases. An efficient PLC based baking facility has been developed and implemented for monitoring and control purposes. This paper presents functional and operational aspects of a SST-1 nitrogen gas heating and supply system. Some of the experimental results obtained during the baking of SST-1 vacuum modules and sectors are also presented here.

Prediction Analysis on the Transport Distance of Supply Air in Warm Air Heating Room with Impinging Jet Ventilation Systems

To overcome the disadvantages of displacement ventilation( DV) and traditional mixing ventilation( MV) system,a new ventilation system known as impinging jet ventilation system( IJVS)has been developing. The warm air can be supplied with impinging jet ventilation( IJV), while the DV is only used for cooling.However,the flow and temperature field of IJV under heating scenario has had few references. The paper is mainly focused on computational fluid dynamics( CFD) and developing an adequate correlation between the distance L that warm air can reach and different parameters in the warm IJVS by using response surface methodology( RSM). The results indicate that L decreases as the supply velocity υ decreases but increases as the supply temperature difference ΔT or the discharge height h decreases. In the variable air volume( VAV) system, it is necessary to determine supply parameters both under the maximum-heat-load condition and the small-heat-load condition. Unlike the VAV system,the constant air volume( CAV) system has no need to study the small-heat-load condition. Draught discomfort near the nozzle becomes the issue of concern in IJVS, thus the suitable discharge height is of great importance in design and can be calculated based on the predictive model.

Design and Analysis of a Small Sewage Source Heat Pump Triple Supply System

Based on the characteristics of sewage from beauty salons,a simulation model of a small sewage source heat pump triple supply system that can be applied to such places is established to optimize the operating conditions of the system.The results show that with the increase of sewage temperature and flow,the performance of the system also increases.In summer conditions,the system provides cooling,recovers waste heat and condensed heat from sewage,with a COP value of 8.97;in winter conditions,the system heats and produces hot water,with a COP value of 2.44;in transitional seasons,only hot water is produced.The COP value is 2.75.Compared with the traditional systems which refers to the air source heat pump and hot water boiler system currently used in beauty salons,this system can save energy by 50.9%.

Study on limited-flux coefficient to achieve spare transportation of heat-supply network

Limited-heating is one of the heating statuses which can meet the reliability requirement of those uninterrupted heat-users under the accidental status of heat-supply network.It requires the network to be provided with both ability of spare-structure and spare-transportation,and the later one is depended on the limited-flux coefficient.This paper investigates the relationship between the limited-flux coefficient and limited-heating coefficient of indirect connection system.The optimal value of the limited-flux coefficient is presented as well.

300 MW供热机组低压缸零出力热力性能、调峰性能和经济性能分析

供热机组低压缸零出力运行可有效提升机组供热能力和调峰深度。该文基于Ebsilon软件,建立300 MW供热机组抽凝工况和低压缸零出力工况的数学模型,从热力性能、调峰性能和经济性能三个维度对常规抽凝模式和低压缸零出力模式进行分析。结果表明,低压缸零出力模式能够有效增加机组的供热能力,并降低发电标准煤耗率,当主蒸汽量为957.6 t/h时,供热量比常规抽凝供热模式提高16.25%,发电标准煤耗率下降27.2 g/kWh。低压缸零出力模式下,虽然供热机组的电负荷不具备调节能力,但其最小电负荷低于常规抽凝供热模式,适宜参与电网的深度调峰。从净收益最大化的角度,当热负荷在162~310 MW时,应采用低压缸零出力模式进行供热;当热负荷在310~375 MW时,应采用抽凝模式进行供热。

强制通风空浴式翅片管送风方式优化

基于FLUENT模拟研究底送顶排、顶送底排、侧送顶排、侧送底排4种送风方式对液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)空浴式翅片管气化性能的影响,采用Lee模型研究管内LNG的相变气化过程,结合管内流体温度变化分析单根翅片管气化性能受送风方式和送风速度的影响。结果表明:侧送风时翅片管周围出现低风速边界层,背风侧易形成低换热效率的尾流区;当送风速度由2.8 m/s增大到3.8 m/s和由3.8 m/s增大到4.8 m/s时,侧送底排方式下空气侧换热系数最大值分别增长3.92 W/(m^(2)·K)和2.16 W/(m^(2)·K);直送风时边界层分布均匀,最大推荐送风速度为3.2 m/s,顶送底排方式对翅片管气化性能的提升效果优于底送顶排方式;当其他条件相同时,侧送顶排为最佳送风方式;采用侧送顶排强制通风的空浴式气化器(ambient air vaporizer,AAV)气化性能显著优于自然通风AAV。

计及热负荷柔性的户用氢能系统运行优化研究

针对风电/光伏出力的随机性和间歇性给户用氢能系统热电联供可靠性带来的挑战,提出基于热负荷柔性松弛运行约束的户用氢能系统热电联供优化策略。首先,搭建包含不同模块的户用氢能系统基础架构,并详细说明该系统的运行原理;其次,建立系统中关键环节的数学模型,确定电解槽平均氢/热比和燃料电池在不同温度下电/热比的范围;然后,为了兼顾用户的舒适度和热负荷的灵活性,根据热感觉平均标度预测指标对户用氢能系统的热负荷需求进行调整;最后,综合考虑储氢罐的容量限制、氢能设备的电/热功率和用户侧柔性热能需求等约束条件,以总投资成本最少和新能源弃电率最低为目标,建立户用氢能系统优化运行模型。仿真结果表明:引入柔性热负荷进行运行调节时,不仅增强了可再生能源的消纳能力,还显著降低了系统的运行成本。

纺织空调绿色生产技术途径

探讨纺织空调实现绿色生产的途径和方法。针对纺织空调运行能耗高、耗水量大的问题,以创建绿色工厂为目标,从提高设备能效、优化空调热湿处理方法、加强运行调试与能源管理等方面提出具体要求和措施,并提出了细纱车间热分流、热回收、送回风系统低能耗运行的方法。认为:做好纺织空调节能降耗工作有助于实现纺织车间绿色生产。

热网蓄热特性及其对机组调峰能力的影响研究

为了提高热电联产机组调峰能力,利用热网蓄热实现机组的“热电解耦”。建立了某350 MW热电联产机组及其热网系统的动态仿真模型,研究了热网及其热用户在蓄/放热阶段的动态特性及环境温度对机组调峰能力的影响规律。结果表明:热用户滞后时间随着热用户与换热首站的距离的增加而增加,同时也受自身热负荷的直接影响和其余热用户热负荷的间接影响;热网相对蓄/放热功率在改变抽汽质量流量后先迅速变化再缓慢变化;热用户温度近似呈线性变化,其变化速率随着抽汽质量流量变化幅度的增大而增大,且开始变化时间也随之提前;机组最大调峰能力随着环境温度降低而略有增加,环境温度从0℃下降至-15℃时,机组调峰能力从23.8 MW增加至29.7 MW;增加蓄热时长,提高蓄热温度,降低放热温度均有利于提高机组调峰能力。

土壤源热泵地埋管侧水系统优化运行研究

本文基于江苏无锡某典型厂房土壤源热泵空调项目的实测数据,以地源侧系统总能耗最低为目标,构建设备模型对地源水泵运行工况进行优化,并与两种传统控制策略的运行效果进行对比,据此提出进一步的优化建议。结果表明:基于负荷的优化控制策略,其节能效果要明显优于定频控制策略,冬夏季典型测试日平均节能率分别为28.33%和13.27%,相比于5℃温差变频策略节能了3.61%和2.21%。适当增大地埋管的埋管深度或管径,可以进一步提升该优化控制策略的节能效果。传统的定温差控制策略在负荷率大于60%时,可在5℃基础上将温差增加1~5℃以提升节能效果。

配置吸收式热泵的热电联产机组厂级智能运行优化

为提高配置吸收式热泵的热电联产机组的全厂运行经济性,基于案例电厂的运行历史数据,使用滑动窗口法进行数据预处理并提取稳态工况,建立配置吸收式热泵的热电联产机组煤耗预测数学模型。以全厂热电联产机组总煤耗最小为适应度函数,利用粒子群优化算法求解得出配置吸收式热泵的热电机组最佳背压和各台热电机组最佳抽汽量。基于以上研究设计了供热系统智能优化软件,实现供热系统在线监测与优化调节,对各供热单元分别提出优化指导,使机组运行经济性最佳,进而降低整体煤耗。计算结果表明:实行供热系统智能优化策略可为案例电厂供热系统平均每小时节省标准煤约1.81 t,节能效果显著。

液态空气储能耦合综合能源系统热电联储联供优化配置研究

液态空气储能(LAES)在多能耦合的综合能源系统中极具应用前景,合理的储能容量配置更有利于综合能源系统低碳经济运行,但目前研究未充分考虑LAES热电联储联供强相关的特性和优势。因此,本文提出了一种LAES耦合综合能源系统的热电联储联供优化配置方法,针对综合能源系统的基本架构,构建了各组成单元的热电联储/供调度约束模型,并以设备初始投资成本、设备运维成本、购能成本、弃风弃光成本等为目标函数,考虑了系统能量平衡约束、设备容量约束、设备出力约束、外网交互功率约束以及储能约束,建立了相应的优化配置模型,并基于混合整数线性规划方法进行模型求解。以某实际园区为例,设置了5种场景进行优化结果对比分析,结果表明:考虑LAES热电联储联供特性的综合能源系统能实时有效地满足系统用能需求,同时能实现更好的经济效益和环境效益,相较于传统分供系统,系统总经济成本下降37.1%,实现碳减排71.50%,并在消纳可再生能源和减少弃光弃风方面更具潜力。本研究可为LAES耦合系统热电联储联供优化模型的有效性提供理论依据,有助于推动LAES在综合能源系统中的商业化应用。

风电-火电-压缩空气储能综合能源系统运行特性研究

为提升电网消纳风电的能力,改善火电机组运行灵活性,本文基于压缩空气储能系统容量大、多能流耦合的特点提出了一种包含两台600 MW燃煤机组的风电-火电-压缩空气储能综合能源系统。首先通过构建系统热力学变工况模型,分析了关键参数对压缩空气储能系统性能的影响,然后以降低弃风率为目标,探究了综合能源系统在典型特征日的能流匹配和运行特性。结果表明,电能分配比由57.3%增加至76.0%时,储能系统输出热电比由0.84下降至0.30,对储能系统输出影响最为显著;典型特征日的仿真场景下,综合能源系统负荷调节能力强,能流匹配良好,弃风率仅为2.28%。通过上述分析,验证了所提出的系统具备可观的风电消纳潜力和运行灵活性。

数字化技术在供热管网管理中的应用与创新

文章对供热管网管理中存在的难点、堵点问题进行了研究,指出了供热管网数字化建设的必然要求,从供热管网一张图构建、传感器与物联网应用下的供热管网运行监测、转变传统巡检模式、提高发现问题线索转办效率、强化供热管网应急抢修等方面指出了数字化技术在供热管网管理中的具体应用与创新。

钢轨焊接接头感应加热电源三维数学模型及其控制策略研究

钢轨焊接接头必须进行焊后正火处理以提高接头性能,感应加热正火方式相对于火焰加热正火方式具有自动化程度高、正火质量稳定、作业环境好等优势,在钢轨现场焊接接头正火中越来越得到认可。重点研究了钢轨焊接接头感应加热电源的交流侧调功的PFM、PWM、PFM&PWM三种控制方法,通过建立三种控制方法的数学模型和MATLAB三维可视化分析,发现PFM&PWM控制方法在功率开关器件的开关损耗和功率调整过程中频率变化方面具有优势。基于此,提出了基于PFM&PWM控制方法的钢轨焊接接头感应加热电源的控制策略,并结合数学模型说明了其控制轨迹,同时,设计了基于TMS320F28335 DSP芯片的软硬件,实现了该控制策略的控制波形。为钢轨焊接接头感应加热电源的优化控制提供了理论支持,有助于提高钢轨焊接接头的性能和稳定性。

高温供热管网中316L不锈钢防点蚀策略研究

供热管网内循环水运行温度高、系统总水量大,水质相对较差,该环境中不锈钢换热板的点蚀问题一直困扰化学运行人员。宁夏A供热管网设计最高温度130℃,循环水中氯离子浓度达到63.7mg/L,远高于CJJ/T 34《城镇供热管网设计标准》中规定的限值25mg/L,根据往年经验在供热过程中换热板存在较高的点蚀风险。本文通过现场情况调研,实验室模拟实验针对该热网水质特点制定了投加N型阻垢缓蚀剂,并严格控制循环水中氯离子浓度的策略。其中循环水中氯离子控制的期望值为小于70mg/L,当供水温度不超过110℃时,限制值小于90mg/L。在2022年~2023年供暖期间在现场应用该策略,取得了良好的应用效果,经检查316L换热板和旁路挂片均没有发生点蚀现象。

太阳能热泵复合系统应用与节能分析

本文分析计算了广东某地区一个300间客房的酒店采用太阳能和热泵复合系统供应热水的方案,并且和采用电热水器供热水的方案进行了对比。研究表明,采用太阳能热泵复合系统仅需要18匹的热泵配20平米的太阳能集热器,即可满足每间客房8小时供热水的需求。供应热水的方案无论从初投资还是运行费用以及环保方面,都具有明显的优势。该方案可以为类似热水需求单位提供理论和现实的指导。