Thermal safety boundary of lithium-ion battery at different state of charge

Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charges(SOCs)has significant implications for reinforcing the thermal safety design of the lithium-ion battery module.This study first investigates the thermal safety boundary(TSB)correspondence at the cells and modules level under the guidance of a newly proposed concept,safe electric quantity boundary(SEQB).A reasonable thermal runaway propagation(TRP)judgment indicator,peak heat transfer power(PHTP),is proposed to predict whether TRP occurs.Moreover,a validated 3D model is used to quantitatively clarify the TSB at different SOCs from the perspective of PHTP,TR trigger temperature,SOC,and the full cycle life.Besides,three different TRP transfer modes are discovered.The interconversion relationship of three different TRP modes is investigated from the perspective of PHTP.This paper explores the TSB of LIBs under different SOCs at both cell and module levels for the first time,which has great significance in guiding the thermal safety design of battery systems.

Design study of charge-stripping scheme of heavy ion beams for HIAF-BRing

Charge strippers play an essential role in heavy-ion accelerators by stripping the projectile ions to higher charge states to enhance the acceleration efficiency downstream of the stripper.In the high-energy mode of the booster ring(BRing)of the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility,the pre-accelerated ions from the iLinac will be stripped by a carbon foil to higher charge states and then injected into the BRing.The key parameters of the stripper and stripped ions were calculated,and the influence of stripping on the beam quality was discussed.To get high stripping efficiencies,the foil thicknesses and resultant charge state distributions for the typical ions were determined by the code ETACHA.The equilibrium thickness was obtained for the U beam,while the stripper thicknesses for the Xe and Kr beams were determined based on a compromise between the stripped charge states and the stripping efficiency.The energy loss,energy straggling,and emittance growth due to stripping have a non-negligible impact on the transport of the stripped beams and the injection of the ring.Therefore,these parameters were simulated by GEANT4.In addition,the foil’s temperature evolution,which greatly affects the foil lifetime,was simulated by ANSYS.The maximum temperature of the foil bombarded by the U and Xe beams with the nominal parameters will exceed the safe value in terms of the impact of evaporation on the foil’s lifetime.Given the foil temperature constraint,the highest tolerable beam intensity and the injected ion number into the ring were derived for different beam sizes.The results of this paper will present important reference data for the optimization design and commissioning of the beamline and injection to the BRing for the stripped ions.

Study about thermal runaway behavior of high specific energy density Li-ion batteries in a low state of charge

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and electronics, and their thermal safety receives widespread attention from consumers. In our study, thermal runaway testing was conducted on the thermal stability of commercial lithium-ion batteries, and the internal structure of the battery was analyzed with an in-depth focus on the key factors of the thermal runaway. Through the study of the structure and thermal stability of the cathode, anode, and separator, the results showed that the phase transition reaction of the separator was the key factor affecting the thermal runaway of the battery for the condition of a low state of charge.

Effects of surface charges on phonon properties and thermal conductivity in GaN nanofilms

Surface charges can modify the elastic modulus of nanostructure,leading to the change of the phonon and thermal properties in semiconductor nanostructure.In this work,the influence of surface charges on the phonon properties and phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm are quantitatively investigated.In the framework of continuum mechanics,the modified elastic modulus can be derived for the nanofilm with surface charges.The elastic model is presented to analyze the phonon properties such as the phonon dispersion relation,phonon group velocity,density of states of phonons in nanofilm with the surface charges.The phonon thermal conductivity of nanofilm can be obtained by considering surface charges.The simulation results demonstrate that surface charges can significantly change the phonon properties and thermal conductivity in a GaN nanofilm.Positive surface charges reduce the phonon energy and phonon group velocity but increase the density of states of phonons.The surface charges can change the size and temperature dependence of phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm.Based on these theoretical results,one can adjust the phonon properties and temperature/size dependent thermal conductivity in GaN nanofilm by changing the surface charges.

Effects ofmodulenumberand firing conditiononchargethermal safetyingunchamber

Thermal safety of modular charge which is fed into and retained in the chamber after gun fires consecutively is first investigated with cook-off method,A two-dimensional cook-off model of modular charge in gun chamber is established and the cook-off process of modular charge in gun chamber is numerically simulated.Then the effects of module number and firing condition on charge thermal safety are evaluated by researching the cook-off response characteristics of modules.The results show that under conditions of different module numbers the cook-off responses all occur on the module closest to the boundary of missile,and the single-base propellants located at the inner surface of cartridge ignite first.When the number of loaded module changes from 1 to 6,the cook-off response temperatures vary little,only in a small range of 478.1 K-482.4 K.The cook-off response times decrease logarithmically in the range of 211.25-166.7 s with the increasing length of residual air gap in gun chamber.The simulation results are well matched with the experimental data.Furthermore,different firing conditions have greatinfluence on the cook-off response time,minor influence on the initial response position and little in-fluence on the response temperature.Under the three conditions of consecutive 32 launches with 5 rounds/min,43 launches with 1 round/min,and 41 launches with different firing frequencies,the cook off response temperatures are 479.2 K,481.1 K and 479.9 K respectively and the response times are 709.25,211.2 s and 214.4 s respectively.The response position is near the middle area of the inner cartridge surface in the former condition and near the right area in the latter two conditions.

Time-Temperature Charge Function of a High Dynamic Thermal Heat Storage with Phase Change Material

A thermal heat storage system with an energy content of 40 kWh and a temperature of 58°C will be presented. This storage system is suitable for supporting the use of renewable energies in buildings and for absorbing solar heat, heat from co-generation and heat pumps or electric heat from excess wind and solar power. The storage system is equipped with a plate heat exchanger that is so powerful that even with small temperature differences between the flow temperature and the storage temperature a high load dynamic is achieved. The storage system has a performance of 2.8 kW at 4 K and 10.6 kW at a temperature difference of 10 K. Thus, large performance variations in solar thermal systems or CHP plants can be buffered very well. Further a storage charge function Q(T, t) will be presented to characterize the performance of the storage.

Comparison Between Thermally Stimulated Discharge Method and Photo-stimulated Discharge Method for Measuring Space Charge Traps Energy

The space charge behavior of a dielectric under HVDC is influenced by the charge trap energy distribution in it. Hence, we in- vestigated the charge trap distributions in several kinds of typical polymer materials using thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) and photo-stimulated discharge (PSD) methods, respectively. The experimental results show that,there is a significant difference between the trap energy distributions obtained by the two methods, but the difference decreases with the increase of the melting point of polymers. This is attributed to the change of the trap center environment during TSD caused by the increasing movements of both main chains and branched chains in polymers. PSD method is more accurate for investigating charge trap distribution in dielectrics, especially for polymers with low melting points.

Charge storage characteristics of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon film prepared by rapid thermal annealing

The early stages of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon （nc-Si：H） films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition were characterized by atomic force microscopy. To increase the density of nanocrystals in the nc-Si：H films, the films were annealed by rapid thermal annealing （RTA） at different temperatures and then analysed by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the recrystallization process of the film was optimal at around 1000℃. The effects of different RTA conditions on charge storage were characterized by capacitance-voltage measurement. Experimental results show that nc-Si：H films obtained by RTA have good charge storage characteristics for nonvolatile memory.

The influence of thermally assisted tunneling on the performance of charge trapping memory

We evaluate the influence of the thermally assisted tunneling （TAT） mechanism on charge trapping memory （CTM） cell performance by numerical simulation, and comprehensively analyse the effects of the temperature, trap depth, distribution of trapped charge, gate voltage and parameters of TAT on erasing/programming speed and retention performance. TAT is an indispensable mechanism in CTM that can increase the detrapping probability of trapped charge. Our results reveal that the TAT effect causes the sensitivity of cell performance to temperature and it could affect the operational speed, especially for the erasing operation. The results show that the retention performance degrades compared with when the TAT mechanism is ignored.

Investigating the Thermal Stress of Millisecond Pulsed Laser Irradiation on Charge-Coupled Devices

In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity of the CCD’s material parameters and the melting phase transition process of aluminum electrode materials was considered by using equivalent specific heat capacity method, the physical process where a laser pulse irradiating a CCD pixel array was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The temperature field and thermal stress field were calculated and analyzed. In order to clarify the mechanism producing damage on the CCD detector, Raman spectra from silicon were measured with a micro-Raman spectrometer to determine stress change in the CCD chip. The procedure presented herein illustrates a method for evaluating strain in a CCD after laser irradiation.

不同荷电状态磷酸铁锂电池热失控温度与产气特性分析

新能源产业的飞速发展使磷酸铁锂电池广泛应用于储能领域。磷酸铁锂电池电解液固有的可燃性使其热稳定性和安全性问题不容忽视。为了更好地防控储能电站的爆炸事故,有必要开展储能电池的热失控过程研究,并对产气过程和产气组分的危害性进行深入分析。开展了不同荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)60 Ah磷酸铁锂电池热失控试验,根据电池温度演变曲线,将电池热失控过程分成三个阶段;依据电池产气曲线,将电池产气过程分为四个阶段;使用FLACS软件建模对预混气体进行了爆炸仿真,探索了SOC对可燃气体燃爆行为的影响规律,混合可燃气体的爆炸上下限和爆炸超压随着SOC的增大而增大。研究成果对储能电站的安全防护具有理论指导意义。

不同充电条件下三元锂电池过充热失控研究

为了研究充电倍率以及充电倍率的调整方式对过充条件下三元锂电池热失控的影响,分别以0.5C、1.0C、1.5C充电倍率将锂电池过充至热失控。此外,以0.5C充至电池表面温度不再上升时,分别以0.5C和0.07C的幅度逐步调高充电倍率,直至发生热失控。结果表明:以0.5C过充时,在短时间内不会发生热失控;以1.0C和1.5C过充时,均会发生热失控,且1.5C下热失控所需时间更短,热失控的危害更大。相比于采用0.5C幅度提高充电倍率的调节方式,采用0.07C幅度的调节方式会显著提高临界充电倍率,从而降低热失控的风险;以0.07C逐步提高充电倍率的过程中存在一个拐点倍率,当充电倍率小于此拐点倍率时,充电倍率与其对应的峰值温度呈线性关系,而当充电倍率大于拐点倍率后,继续提高充电倍率会导致热失控;先以0.5C过充,而后提高充电倍率导致热失控,其热失控危害远低于1.0C和1.5C过充的危害。因此,应当在符合实际需求的前提下采取较低的充电倍率。如需增加充电倍率,采取缓慢增加的方式有助于降低电池发生热失控的风险。

电动车跨临界CO_(2)热系统充注定量需求规律及非适充系统失稳特性

跨临界CO_(2)热系统是解决电动车“低温续航衰减”和“热系统工质温室效应强”主要问题的最佳技术之一,而电动车多变场景耦合跨临界循环复杂性,系统性能及运行稳定性强依赖于充注量。通过仿真研究了跨临界CO_(2)热系统在不同工况下的CO_(2)充注量定量需求变化规律。重点研究了环境温度、室内风量和室外风速这3个关键因素对不同模式下的系统制冷剂需求量的影响机理和定量表征;并探讨了在非适充场景下的系统动态特性。结果表明:热泵模式下,制冷剂需求下限随环境温度的升高、室内风量的降低和室外风速的增加而增大,其定量影响幅度为18.6%、6.16%和18.9%。制冷模式下,制冷剂需求下限则随环境温度的降低、室内风量的降低和室外风速的增加而增大,其定量影响幅度为7.03%、7.85%和2.27%。在非适充工况下,因非适充下的系统控制量与目标量作用关系发生潜在变化,导致系统出现失控,需要通过制冷剂分布调控缓解特殊工况的系统不稳定性。研究结果对于优化电动汽车空调系统储液器设计、提高其能效和舒适性具有重要参考价值。

B/KNO_(3)点火药装药的烤燃特性研究

为研究B/KNO_(3)点火药的热安全性,建立多点测温烤燃实验装置,对不同升温速率、不同装药密度条件下的B/KNO_(3)点火药装药进行多点测温烤燃实验,以获得点火药装药发生点火的准确时间与烤燃过程中不同监测点的温度历程。建立B/KNO_(3)点火药装药烤燃实验的数值计算模型并进行了数值模拟,计算中考虑了点火药的自热分解反应与相变吸热。通过与实验结果的对比,标定B/KNO_(3)点火药装药的热物性参数和反应动力学参数。研究结果表明:B/KNO_(3)点火药的指前因子为7.763×10^(13)s^(-1),活化能为2.0787×10^(5)J/mol;在点火药装药的烤燃过程中,随着升温速率的减小,点火延期时间逐渐增加,点火区域逐渐向中心移动,点火环境温度逐渐降低;在装药密度变化不太大的情况下,点火药的点火特征差别不大。

电动汽车ChaoJi充电连接器温升仿真方法

高功率充电桩在工作过程中,长时间大电流充电使其连接器温升明显。针对此电动汽车大功率充电的发展需求,对ChaoJi充电连接器的温升仿真建模及软件仿真开展研究。首先,简化连接器的结构为圆筒状,结合接触件的结构类型以及接触电阻的影响因素,研究连接器接触点的热效应模型;其次,研究ChaoJi充电连接器的温升仿真方法;最后,对ChaoJi连接器进行软件热仿真,由此验证ChaoJi充电接口温升模型,得出温升值与通电电流约为二次方关系的结论。所研究的ChaoJi充电连接器温升模型及软件热仿真在一定程度上弥补了充电接口温升研究的空白。

烤燃条件下JEO聚能装药战斗部泄压结构研究

为提高JEO聚能装药战斗部的热安全性,对烤燃条件下JEO聚能装药战斗部的泄压结构进行研究。建立考虑热分解压力对烤燃过程影响的炸药烤燃多相流组分输送模型。设计多点测温-测压实验,对JEO炸药烤燃过程中的温度-压力变化特性进行研究并对模型相关参数进行校核,对聚能装药结构下JEO炸药的热分解过程进行数值模拟,获得不同升温速率下炸药温度、固相体积分数的变化规律,并确定了该结构下炸药的点火位置、点火压力。针对JEO炸药点火后的燃烧过程,引入泄压延迟时间,建立考虑泄压结构的炸药压力增长模型,确定该结构下JEO炸药的临界泄压面积,以热分解数值模拟中获得的点火位置和点火压力为初始条件,计算获得不同装药点火位置对炸药内部压力变化的影响规律。根据临界泄压面积、点火位置、炸药中的压力增长规律,确定侧壁泄压孔面积大小和端面药型罩压螺尺寸,设计适合该结构下JEO炸药的泄压孔-药型罩推出组合泄压结构。针对采用该泄压结构的JEO聚能装药战斗部进行快速烤燃和慢速烤燃实验,验证泄压结构的有效性。研究结果表明:随着升温速率的降低,JEO装药聚能战斗部的点火时间随之延长,点火位置由装药表面移动至装药中心;随着点火位置和泄压结构之间距离的增加,点火延迟时间增大,聚能装药战斗部内部压力峰值随之增加,战斗部的反应烈度随之增加。

冲击环境下锂离子电池损伤特征研究

随着高科技电子设备在战场上的广泛应用,军用锂电池在冲击环境下的安全性尤为重要。然而,在实验室中无法还原真实战场环境中的冲击载荷,目前研究仍局限于模拟仿真,缺乏对枪击载荷作用下电池的损伤失效特征的解析。针对上述问题,通过单体电池枪击实验,研究了高比能锂离子电池在冲击载荷下发生热失控的荷电状态(SOC)阈值。结果表明,50%SOC电池未发生热失控,60%以上SOC的电池均发生了不同程度热失控,80%以上SOC的电池发生了伴随爆燃的剧烈热失控。随后对电池残骸进行分析,50%、60%、70%SOC电池在被子弹击穿后还具有完整的形状,而80%、90%、100%SOC电池被完全破坏。上述研究成果可为军用高比能锂电池在冲击载荷下的安全设计提供参考。

21700锂离子电池在不同SOC下的热失控实验研究

为提升电池热安全、减少新能源汽车热灾害,揭示不同荷电状态(SOC)下对电池热失控危害的影响机制。在SOC为100%~0%几个荷电状态下研究了21700锂电池的热失控特性,包括电池在热失控当中的表面温度、工作电压、质量损失、能量、TNT当量和破坏半径等。结果表明:电池的温升幅度随SOC的增大而升高,高电量电池热失控触发所需的时间更短,100%SOC电池在603 s触发热失控,相比于25%SOC缩短了59.1%,其危险系数更大;SOC越大,电池热失控后的质量损失也越大;电池热失控过程释放的能量、TNT当量与破坏半径均随SOC的增加而增大,电池的热失控危害性与SOC之间呈现出正相关关系。

船岸用储能电池充放电过程温度变化研究

储能锂电池系统在船舶和港口区域的应用和推广是交通水运领域减碳降排的重要措施。锂电池的工作特性决定了热管理在储能系统的重要性,而锂电池充放电过程中温度变化则是热管理系统设计的基点。本文从锂电池原理引出温度监控的重要性,然后针对不同品牌、不同批次的280 Ah磷酸铁锂电芯,选取7个测温区域,在不同环境温度、不同倍率下分别进行充放电温度测试实验研究,试验结果可为锂电池储能系统热管理设计提供支持,同时也可供同行参考。

内/外隔热复合结构炸药装药快速烤燃热防护效应

为了研究快速烤燃(火烧)条件下炸药装药内/外隔热复合结构(内隔热材料/外阻燃材料)的热防护效应,对多种内/外隔热复合结构的炸药装药进行多点测温快速烤燃试验,得到火焰场和炸药装药各测点的温度-时间曲线及装药点火响应时间。开展内/外隔热复合结构炸药装药快速烤燃数值模拟,获得内/外隔热复合结构对装药快速烤燃点火响应时间的影响规律。研究结果表明:在快速烤燃过程中,外阻燃材料由于火烧变性存在导热增强及隔热减弱效应,在数值模拟中需考虑该效应;无论使用单独的隔热/阻燃材料还是使用内/外隔热复合结构,炸药装药的点火响应时间均随着材料涂覆厚度增加而延后,其中内/外隔热复合结构具有更好的热防护能力;点火位置均发生在装药端面棱角处,装药点火后反应烈度不受内/外隔热复合结构影响,反应等级均为爆燃;对于一定热防护性能范围内的隔热阻燃材料,壳体外表面涂层材料是耐高温纳米隔热材料、壳体内表面涂层材料是高效隔热防护材料时复合结构的隔热效果最好,并且当需求的隔热效果给定时,可考虑优先增加壳体外表面涂层的涂覆厚度,实现以最小涂覆厚度的内/外隔热复合结构满足所需的隔热效果。研究成果可为提升弹药热安全性设计提供参考。