Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charg...Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charges(SOCs)has significant implications for reinforcing the thermal safety design of the lithium-ion battery module.This study first investigates the thermal safety boundary(TSB)correspondence at the cells and modules level under the guidance of a newly proposed concept,safe electric quantity boundary(SEQB).A reasonable thermal runaway propagation(TRP)judgment indicator,peak heat transfer power(PHTP),is proposed to predict whether TRP occurs.Moreover,a validated 3D model is used to quantitatively clarify the TSB at different SOCs from the perspective of PHTP,TR trigger temperature,SOC,and the full cycle life.Besides,three different TRP transfer modes are discovered.The interconversion relationship of three different TRP modes is investigated from the perspective of PHTP.This paper explores the TSB of LIBs under different SOCs at both cell and module levels for the first time,which has great significance in guiding the thermal safety design of battery systems.展开更多
Charge strippers play an essential role in heavy-ion accelerators by stripping the projectile ions to higher charge states to enhance the acceleration efficiency downstream of the stripper.In the high-energy mode of t...Charge strippers play an essential role in heavy-ion accelerators by stripping the projectile ions to higher charge states to enhance the acceleration efficiency downstream of the stripper.In the high-energy mode of the booster ring(BRing)of the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility,the pre-accelerated ions from the iLinac will be stripped by a carbon foil to higher charge states and then injected into the BRing.The key parameters of the stripper and stripped ions were calculated,and the influence of stripping on the beam quality was discussed.To get high stripping efficiencies,the foil thicknesses and resultant charge state distributions for the typical ions were determined by the code ETACHA.The equilibrium thickness was obtained for the U beam,while the stripper thicknesses for the Xe and Kr beams were determined based on a compromise between the stripped charge states and the stripping efficiency.The energy loss,energy straggling,and emittance growth due to stripping have a non-negligible impact on the transport of the stripped beams and the injection of the ring.Therefore,these parameters were simulated by GEANT4.In addition,the foil’s temperature evolution,which greatly affects the foil lifetime,was simulated by ANSYS.The maximum temperature of the foil bombarded by the U and Xe beams with the nominal parameters will exceed the safe value in terms of the impact of evaporation on the foil’s lifetime.Given the foil temperature constraint,the highest tolerable beam intensity and the injected ion number into the ring were derived for different beam sizes.The results of this paper will present important reference data for the optimization design and commissioning of the beamline and injection to the BRing for the stripped ions.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and electronics, and their thermal safety receives widespread attention from consumers. In our study, thermal runaway testing was conducted on the thermal sta...Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and electronics, and their thermal safety receives widespread attention from consumers. In our study, thermal runaway testing was conducted on the thermal stability of commercial lithium-ion batteries, and the internal structure of the battery was analyzed with an in-depth focus on the key factors of the thermal runaway. Through the study of the structure and thermal stability of the cathode, anode, and separator, the results showed that the phase transition reaction of the separator was the key factor affecting the thermal runaway of the battery for the condition of a low state of charge.展开更多
Surface charges can modify the elastic modulus of nanostructure,leading to the change of the phonon and thermal properties in semiconductor nanostructure.In this work,the influence of surface charges on the phonon pro...Surface charges can modify the elastic modulus of nanostructure,leading to the change of the phonon and thermal properties in semiconductor nanostructure.In this work,the influence of surface charges on the phonon properties and phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm are quantitatively investigated.In the framework of continuum mechanics,the modified elastic modulus can be derived for the nanofilm with surface charges.The elastic model is presented to analyze the phonon properties such as the phonon dispersion relation,phonon group velocity,density of states of phonons in nanofilm with the surface charges.The phonon thermal conductivity of nanofilm can be obtained by considering surface charges.The simulation results demonstrate that surface charges can significantly change the phonon properties and thermal conductivity in a GaN nanofilm.Positive surface charges reduce the phonon energy and phonon group velocity but increase the density of states of phonons.The surface charges can change the size and temperature dependence of phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm.Based on these theoretical results,one can adjust the phonon properties and temperature/size dependent thermal conductivity in GaN nanofilm by changing the surface charges.展开更多
Thermal safety of modular charge which is fed into and retained in the chamber after gun fires consecutively is first investigated with cook-off method,A two-dimensional cook-off model of modular charge in gun chamber...Thermal safety of modular charge which is fed into and retained in the chamber after gun fires consecutively is first investigated with cook-off method,A two-dimensional cook-off model of modular charge in gun chamber is established and the cook-off process of modular charge in gun chamber is numerically simulated.Then the effects of module number and firing condition on charge thermal safety are evaluated by researching the cook-off response characteristics of modules.The results show that under conditions of different module numbers the cook-off responses all occur on the module closest to the boundary of missile,and the single-base propellants located at the inner surface of cartridge ignite first.When the number of loaded module changes from 1 to 6,the cook-off response temperatures vary little,only in a small range of 478.1 K-482.4 K.The cook-off response times decrease logarithmically in the range of 211.25-166.7 s with the increasing length of residual air gap in gun chamber.The simulation results are well matched with the experimental data.Furthermore,different firing conditions have greatinfluence on the cook-off response time,minor influence on the initial response position and little in-fluence on the response temperature.Under the three conditions of consecutive 32 launches with 5 rounds/min,43 launches with 1 round/min,and 41 launches with different firing frequencies,the cook off response temperatures are 479.2 K,481.1 K and 479.9 K respectively and the response times are 709.25,211.2 s and 214.4 s respectively.The response position is near the middle area of the inner cartridge surface in the former condition and near the right area in the latter two conditions.展开更多
A thermal heat storage system with an energy content of 40 kWh and a temperature of 58°C will be presented. This storage system is suitable for supporting the use of renewable energies in buildings and for absorb...A thermal heat storage system with an energy content of 40 kWh and a temperature of 58°C will be presented. This storage system is suitable for supporting the use of renewable energies in buildings and for absorbing solar heat, heat from co-generation and heat pumps or electric heat from excess wind and solar power. The storage system is equipped with a plate heat exchanger that is so powerful that even with small temperature differences between the flow temperature and the storage temperature a high load dynamic is achieved. The storage system has a performance of 2.8 kW at 4 K and 10.6 kW at a temperature difference of 10 K. Thus, large performance variations in solar thermal systems or CHP plants can be buffered very well. Further a storage charge function Q(T, t) will be presented to characterize the performance of the storage.展开更多
The space charge behavior of a dielectric under HVDC is influenced by the charge trap energy distribution in it. Hence, we in- vestigated the charge trap distributions in several kinds of typical polymer materials usi...The space charge behavior of a dielectric under HVDC is influenced by the charge trap energy distribution in it. Hence, we in- vestigated the charge trap distributions in several kinds of typical polymer materials using thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) and photo-stimulated discharge (PSD) methods, respectively. The experimental results show that,there is a significant difference between the trap energy distributions obtained by the two methods, but the difference decreases with the increase of the melting point of polymers. This is attributed to the change of the trap center environment during TSD caused by the increasing movements of both main chains and branched chains in polymers. PSD method is more accurate for investigating charge trap distribution in dielectrics, especially for polymers with low melting points.展开更多
The early stages of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition were characterized by atomic force microscopy. To increase the density of nanocrystal...The early stages of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition were characterized by atomic force microscopy. To increase the density of nanocrystals in the nc-Si:H films, the films were annealed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at different temperatures and then analysed by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the recrystallization process of the film was optimal at around 1000℃. The effects of different RTA conditions on charge storage were characterized by capacitance-voltage measurement. Experimental results show that nc-Si:H films obtained by RTA have good charge storage characteristics for nonvolatile memory.展开更多
We evaluate the influence of the thermally assisted tunneling (TAT) mechanism on charge trapping memory (CTM) cell performance by numerical simulation, and comprehensively analyse the effects of the temperature, t...We evaluate the influence of the thermally assisted tunneling (TAT) mechanism on charge trapping memory (CTM) cell performance by numerical simulation, and comprehensively analyse the effects of the temperature, trap depth, distribution of trapped charge, gate voltage and parameters of TAT on erasing/programming speed and retention performance. TAT is an indispensable mechanism in CTM that can increase the detrapping probability of trapped charge. Our results reveal that the TAT effect causes the sensitivity of cell performance to temperature and it could affect the operational speed, especially for the erasing operation. The results show that the retention performance degrades compared with when the TAT mechanism is ignored.展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity...<div style="text-align:justify;"> In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity of the CCD’s material parameters and the melting phase transition process of aluminum electrode materials was considered by using equivalent specific heat capacity method, the physical process where a laser pulse irradiating a CCD pixel array was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The temperature field and thermal stress field were calculated and analyzed. In order to clarify the mechanism producing damage on the CCD detector, Raman spectra from silicon were measured with a micro-Raman spectrometer to determine stress change in the CCD chip. The procedure presented herein illustrates a method for evaluating strain in a CCD after laser irradiation. </div>展开更多
新能源产业的飞速发展使磷酸铁锂电池广泛应用于储能领域。磷酸铁锂电池电解液固有的可燃性使其热稳定性和安全性问题不容忽视。为了更好地防控储能电站的爆炸事故,有必要开展储能电池的热失控过程研究,并对产气过程和产气组分的危害性...新能源产业的飞速发展使磷酸铁锂电池广泛应用于储能领域。磷酸铁锂电池电解液固有的可燃性使其热稳定性和安全性问题不容忽视。为了更好地防控储能电站的爆炸事故,有必要开展储能电池的热失控过程研究,并对产气过程和产气组分的危害性进行深入分析。开展了不同荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)60 Ah磷酸铁锂电池热失控试验,根据电池温度演变曲线,将电池热失控过程分成三个阶段;依据电池产气曲线,将电池产气过程分为四个阶段;使用FLACS软件建模对预混气体进行了爆炸仿真,探索了SOC对可燃气体燃爆行为的影响规律,混合可燃气体的爆炸上下限和爆炸超压随着SOC的增大而增大。研究成果对储能电站的安全防护具有理论指导意义。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U20A20310 and No.52176199)sponsored by the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(No.22XD1423800)。
文摘Thermal runaway(TR)is a critical issue hindering the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Understanding the thermal safety behavior of LIBs at the cell and module level under different state of charges(SOCs)has significant implications for reinforcing the thermal safety design of the lithium-ion battery module.This study first investigates the thermal safety boundary(TSB)correspondence at the cells and modules level under the guidance of a newly proposed concept,safe electric quantity boundary(SEQB).A reasonable thermal runaway propagation(TRP)judgment indicator,peak heat transfer power(PHTP),is proposed to predict whether TRP occurs.Moreover,a validated 3D model is used to quantitatively clarify the TSB at different SOCs from the perspective of PHTP,TR trigger temperature,SOC,and the full cycle life.Besides,three different TRP transfer modes are discovered.The interconversion relationship of three different TRP modes is investigated from the perspective of PHTP.This paper explores the TSB of LIBs under different SOCs at both cell and module levels for the first time,which has great significance in guiding the thermal safety design of battery systems.
文摘Charge strippers play an essential role in heavy-ion accelerators by stripping the projectile ions to higher charge states to enhance the acceleration efficiency downstream of the stripper.In the high-energy mode of the booster ring(BRing)of the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility,the pre-accelerated ions from the iLinac will be stripped by a carbon foil to higher charge states and then injected into the BRing.The key parameters of the stripper and stripped ions were calculated,and the influence of stripping on the beam quality was discussed.To get high stripping efficiencies,the foil thicknesses and resultant charge state distributions for the typical ions were determined by the code ETACHA.The equilibrium thickness was obtained for the U beam,while the stripper thicknesses for the Xe and Kr beams were determined based on a compromise between the stripped charge states and the stripping efficiency.The energy loss,energy straggling,and emittance growth due to stripping have a non-negligible impact on the transport of the stripped beams and the injection of the ring.Therefore,these parameters were simulated by GEANT4.In addition,the foil’s temperature evolution,which greatly affects the foil lifetime,was simulated by ANSYS.The maximum temperature of the foil bombarded by the U and Xe beams with the nominal parameters will exceed the safe value in terms of the impact of evaporation on the foil’s lifetime.Given the foil temperature constraint,the highest tolerable beam intensity and the injected ion number into the ring were derived for different beam sizes.The results of this paper will present important reference data for the optimization design and commissioning of the beamline and injection to the BRing for the stripped ions.
基金financial supports from National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1902200)the key technologies R&D program of Tianjin (18YFZCGX00240)key R&D Program of China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. (18200116)。
文摘Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and electronics, and their thermal safety receives widespread attention from consumers. In our study, thermal runaway testing was conducted on the thermal stability of commercial lithium-ion batteries, and the internal structure of the battery was analyzed with an in-depth focus on the key factors of the thermal runaway. Through the study of the structure and thermal stability of the cathode, anode, and separator, the results showed that the phase transition reaction of the separator was the key factor affecting the thermal runaway of the battery for the condition of a low state of charge.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11772294,11621062,and 11302189)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.2017QNA4031)
文摘Surface charges can modify the elastic modulus of nanostructure,leading to the change of the phonon and thermal properties in semiconductor nanostructure.In this work,the influence of surface charges on the phonon properties and phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm are quantitatively investigated.In the framework of continuum mechanics,the modified elastic modulus can be derived for the nanofilm with surface charges.The elastic model is presented to analyze the phonon properties such as the phonon dispersion relation,phonon group velocity,density of states of phonons in nanofilm with the surface charges.The phonon thermal conductivity of nanofilm can be obtained by considering surface charges.The simulation results demonstrate that surface charges can significantly change the phonon properties and thermal conductivity in a GaN nanofilm.Positive surface charges reduce the phonon energy and phonon group velocity but increase the density of states of phonons.The surface charges can change the size and temperature dependence of phonon thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm.Based on these theoretical results,one can adjust the phonon properties and temperature/size dependent thermal conductivity in GaN nanofilm by changing the surface charges.
文摘Thermal safety of modular charge which is fed into and retained in the chamber after gun fires consecutively is first investigated with cook-off method,A two-dimensional cook-off model of modular charge in gun chamber is established and the cook-off process of modular charge in gun chamber is numerically simulated.Then the effects of module number and firing condition on charge thermal safety are evaluated by researching the cook-off response characteristics of modules.The results show that under conditions of different module numbers the cook-off responses all occur on the module closest to the boundary of missile,and the single-base propellants located at the inner surface of cartridge ignite first.When the number of loaded module changes from 1 to 6,the cook-off response temperatures vary little,only in a small range of 478.1 K-482.4 K.The cook-off response times decrease logarithmically in the range of 211.25-166.7 s with the increasing length of residual air gap in gun chamber.The simulation results are well matched with the experimental data.Furthermore,different firing conditions have greatinfluence on the cook-off response time,minor influence on the initial response position and little in-fluence on the response temperature.Under the three conditions of consecutive 32 launches with 5 rounds/min,43 launches with 1 round/min,and 41 launches with different firing frequencies,the cook off response temperatures are 479.2 K,481.1 K and 479.9 K respectively and the response times are 709.25,211.2 s and 214.4 s respectively.The response position is near the middle area of the inner cartridge surface in the former condition and near the right area in the latter two conditions.
文摘A thermal heat storage system with an energy content of 40 kWh and a temperature of 58°C will be presented. This storage system is suitable for supporting the use of renewable energies in buildings and for absorbing solar heat, heat from co-generation and heat pumps or electric heat from excess wind and solar power. The storage system is equipped with a plate heat exchanger that is so powerful that even with small temperature differences between the flow temperature and the storage temperature a high load dynamic is achieved. The storage system has a performance of 2.8 kW at 4 K and 10.6 kW at a temperature difference of 10 K. Thus, large performance variations in solar thermal systems or CHP plants can be buffered very well. Further a storage charge function Q(T, t) will be presented to characterize the performance of the storage.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51077101, 51277133), National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2009CB 724505).
文摘The space charge behavior of a dielectric under HVDC is influenced by the charge trap energy distribution in it. Hence, we in- vestigated the charge trap distributions in several kinds of typical polymer materials using thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) and photo-stimulated discharge (PSD) methods, respectively. The experimental results show that,there is a significant difference between the trap energy distributions obtained by the two methods, but the difference decreases with the increase of the melting point of polymers. This is attributed to the change of the trap center environment during TSD caused by the increasing movements of both main chains and branched chains in polymers. PSD method is more accurate for investigating charge trap distribution in dielectrics, especially for polymers with low melting points.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No 2006CB302706) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 90607022, 904010027 90207004, and 60506005).
文摘The early stages of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition were characterized by atomic force microscopy. To increase the density of nanocrystals in the nc-Si:H films, the films were annealed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at different temperatures and then analysed by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the recrystallization process of the film was optimal at around 1000℃. The effects of different RTA conditions on charge storage were characterized by capacitance-voltage measurement. Experimental results show that nc-Si:H films obtained by RTA have good charge storage characteristics for nonvolatile memory.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB934203)
文摘We evaluate the influence of the thermally assisted tunneling (TAT) mechanism on charge trapping memory (CTM) cell performance by numerical simulation, and comprehensively analyse the effects of the temperature, trap depth, distribution of trapped charge, gate voltage and parameters of TAT on erasing/programming speed and retention performance. TAT is an indispensable mechanism in CTM that can increase the detrapping probability of trapped charge. Our results reveal that the TAT effect causes the sensitivity of cell performance to temperature and it could affect the operational speed, especially for the erasing operation. The results show that the retention performance degrades compared with when the TAT mechanism is ignored.
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity of the CCD’s material parameters and the melting phase transition process of aluminum electrode materials was considered by using equivalent specific heat capacity method, the physical process where a laser pulse irradiating a CCD pixel array was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The temperature field and thermal stress field were calculated and analyzed. In order to clarify the mechanism producing damage on the CCD detector, Raman spectra from silicon were measured with a micro-Raman spectrometer to determine stress change in the CCD chip. The procedure presented herein illustrates a method for evaluating strain in a CCD after laser irradiation. </div>
文摘新能源产业的飞速发展使磷酸铁锂电池广泛应用于储能领域。磷酸铁锂电池电解液固有的可燃性使其热稳定性和安全性问题不容忽视。为了更好地防控储能电站的爆炸事故,有必要开展储能电池的热失控过程研究,并对产气过程和产气组分的危害性进行深入分析。开展了不同荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)60 Ah磷酸铁锂电池热失控试验,根据电池温度演变曲线,将电池热失控过程分成三个阶段;依据电池产气曲线,将电池产气过程分为四个阶段;使用FLACS软件建模对预混气体进行了爆炸仿真,探索了SOC对可燃气体燃爆行为的影响规律,混合可燃气体的爆炸上下限和爆炸超压随着SOC的增大而增大。研究成果对储能电站的安全防护具有理论指导意义。