DNS in evolution of vorticity and sign relationship in wake transition of a circular cylinder:(pure)mode A

In the present paper,the spatio-temporal evolution of vorticity in the first wake instability,i.e.,(pure)mode A,is investigated in order to understand the wake vortex dynamics and sign relationships among vorticity components.Direct numerical simulation(DNS)for the flow past a circular cylinder is performed,typically at a Reynolds number of 200,in the three-dimensional(3-D)wake transition.According to characteristics of time histories of fluid forces,three different stages are identified as the computational transition,the initial stage and fully developed wake.In the second initial stage,the original two-dimensional spanwise vortices become obviously three-dimensional associated with the streamwise or vertical vorticity intensified up to about 0.1.As a matter of fact,these additional vorticities,caused by the intrinsic 3-D instability,are already generated firstly on cylinder surfaces early in the computational transition,indicating that the three-dimensionality appeared early near the cylinder.The evolution of additional components of vorticity with features the same as mode A shows that(pure)mode A can be already formed in the late computational transition.Through careful analysis of the vorticity field on the front surface,in the shear layers and near wake at typical times,two sign laws are obtained.They illustrate intrinsic relationships among three vorticity components,irrelevant to the wavelength or Fourier mode and Reynolds number in(pure)mode A.Most importantly,the origin of streamwise vortices is found and explained by a new physical mechanism based on the theory of vortex-induced vortex.As a result,the whole process of formation and shedding vortices with these vorticities is firstly and completely illustrated.Other characteristics are presented in detail.

Near Wake of a Horizontal Circular Cylinder in Stably Stratified Flows

The near wake of a circular cylinder in linearly stratified flows of finite depth was experimentally investigated by means of flow visualization and measurements of vortex shedding frequencies, at Reynolds numbers 3.5 × 103-1.2 × 104 and stratification parameters kd 0-2.0. The non-dimensional parameter kd is defined as kd = Nd/U, where N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, d, the diameter of the cylinder, and U, the approaching flow velocity. The study demonstrates that as kd increases from zero, the vortex shedding from a circular cylinder progressively strengthens, while the Strouhal number gradually becomes lower than that for homogeneous flow. This phenomenon can be explained by the effect of the increasingly stable stratification which enhances the two-dimensionality of the near-wake flow of the circular cylinder;the enhanced two-dimensionality of the flow strengthens the roll-up of the separated shear layer. Above a certain value of kd, however, vortex formation and shedding are strongly suppressed and the Strouhal number rises sharply. This observation is attributable to the development of stationary lee waves downstream of the circular cylinder because the lee waves strongly suppress vertical fluid motions.

ON THE INSTABILITY OF WAKES BEHIND STATIONARY CIRCULAR CYLINDERS

The study on the formation of vortex streets behind stationary circular cylinders is of substantial sense in engineering, since vortex streets play the leading role in introduction of vibration, generation of noise and wake instability, etc.. In the present paper, the Orr-Sommerfeld equation combined with measured velocity profiles is used to investigate the type of instability behind stationary cylinders, which determines the mechanism of vortex formation. The numerical calculations for Reynolds numbers of 56-140 000 imply that there is a range around the end of the dead water region in cylinder wakes where the instability belongs to the absolute type. Beyond the range, the flows show to be of the convective type. On the other hand, the flows tend to be of the convective instability when Reynolds number is below the subcritical value of forming vortex streets. All of the correspondent Strouhal numbers agree with experimental data very well. The formation of vortex streets behind stationary cylinders is proposed to be caused by an absolute instability in the near wake. There is always an absolute instability region for the Reynolds numbers from 56-140,000. Further, the experimental manipulation of vortex streets according to the stability analysis mentioned above is proved to be very effective.

Prediction of Streamwise Flow-Induced Vibration of A Circular Cylinder in the First Instability Range

The streamwise flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder with symmetric vortex shedding in the first instability range is investigated, and a wake oscillator model for the dynamic response prediction is proposed. An approach is applied to calibrate the empirical parameters in the present model; the numerical and experimental results are compared to validate the proposed model. It can be found that the present prediction model is accurate and sufficiently simple to be easily applied in practice.

Flow characteristics at low Reynolds number around two in-line circular cylinders with slits

This study investigated numerically the characteristics of laminar flow around two identical circular cylinders placed in tandem, with slits of the same width through their respective axis. The center to center distance between the cylinders and the slit orientation were varied to study their effects on the flow structure, lift and drag, and vortex shedding characteristics. It was found that three flow regimes could be distinguished, the transitions between which could be indicated by the sudden changes in drag and lift. Asymmetrically, configured slits destabilized the stagnant region between cylinders;whereas in-line slits connect the two cylinders to act as a single elongated bluff body, even at large cylinder separation, by stabilizing the stagnant region in between. These in turn strongly modified the transition between flow regimes. Vortex shedding was also strongly influenced by both slit configuration and cylinder separation.

A NEW WAKE OSCILLATOR MODEL FOR PREDICTING VORTEX INDUCED VIBRATION OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

This article proposes a new wake oscillator model for vortex induced vibrations of an elastically supported rigid circular cylinder in a uniform current. The near wake dynamics related with the fluctuating nature of vortex shedding is modeled based on the classical van der Pol equation, combined with the equation for the oscillatory motion of the body. An appropriate approach is developed to estimate the empirical parameters in the wake oscillator model. The present predicted results are compared to the experimental data and previous wake oscillator model results. Good agreement with experimental results is found.

VANISHING OF THREE-DIMENSIONALITY IN THE WAKE BEHIND A ROTATIONALLY OSCILLATING CIRCULAR CYLINDER

The flow behind a three-dimensional rotationally oscillating circular cylinder was studied by a numerical method. The computations were performed at a Reynolds number of 260, which is at a level that the flow wake has developed into a three-dimensional state called Mode-B. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of various rotational amplitudes （0.1-0.7） on the wake instability of the flow, while the oscillation frequency is fixed to the value of that measured in the wake of a stationary cylinder. The results show that the rotation with sufficiently high amplitude brings the flow back to its nominal two-dimensional state. Moreover, it is found that the value of the time-averaged drag and the RMS value of the lift are larger than those of a stationary circular cylinder.

Transition waves and nonlinear interactions in the near wake of a circular cylinder

Transition waves and interactions between two kinds of instability-vortex shedding and transition wave in the near wake of a circular cylinder in the Reynolds number range 3 000-10 000 are studied by a domain decomposition hybrid numerical method.Based on high resolution power spectral analyses for velocity new results on the Reynolds-number dependence of the transition wave frequency,i.e.ft/fa^Re0.87 are obtained.The new predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results of Wei and Smith but different from Braza's prediction and some early experimental results ft/fa-Re0.5 given by Bloor et al.The multi-interactions between two kinds of vortex are clearly visualized numerically.The strong nonlinear interactions between the two independent frequencies (ft,fa) leading to spectra broadening to form the coupling mfs±nft are predicted and analyzed numerically,and the characteristics of the transition are described.Longitudinal variations of the transition wave and its coupling are reported.Detailed mechanism of the flow transition in the near wake before occurrence of the three-dimensional evolution is provided.

An Experimental Study on Aerodynamic Sound Generated from Wake Interference of Circular Cylinder and Airfoil Vane in Tandem

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of aerodynamic sound generated from wake interference of circular cylinder and airfoil vane located in tandem and to clarify the generation mechanism of the sound source with discrete frequency. The effects of the interval between the cylinder and the airfoil on the characteristics of aerodynamic sound are investigated by acoustic measurement, flow visualization and exploration test of sound source. The relation between the flow field and the sound field with discrete frequency noise（DFN） is shown, and then it is found that the downstream airfoil works as the sound source of DFN, which has the frequency of vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder, when the interval of two bodies is longer than a critical distance.

An Experimental Study on Aerodynamic Sound Generated from Wake Interaction of Circular Cylinder and Airfoil with Attack Angle in Tandem

In our previous study, the effects of the interval between the cylinder and the airfoil on the aerodynamic sound were investigated and compared with the cases of single circular and single airfoil. In this study, the effects of the attack angle of the airfoil located downstream on the characteristics of aerodynamic sound and the wake structure are investigated at a given interval between the cylinder and the airfoil. It is found that the sound pressure level of DFN and the peak frequency decrease with increasing attack angle of airfoil because of the diffusive wake structure due to the increased back pressure of circular cylinder, which is caused by the blocking effect of airfoil. It is shown that the sound sources are corresponded to the attack points of shedding vortex form the upstream circular cylinder to the downstream airfoil. We conclude that the pressure fluctuation at the airfoil surface effects on the sound pressure level, from the flow visualizations and the exploration test of sound source.

基于POD和DMD的60°交叉管绕流分析

本文利用本征正交分解(Proper Orthogonal Decomposition,POD)和动力学模态分解(Dynamic Mode Decom⁃position,DMD)分析雷诺数Re=200时三维60°交叉管在间隙比G=4下的涡量数据,并探究尾涡的演变规律。分析结果表明:尾流场中的涡流尺度及重要程度随频率增加而减小,少数低频模态便可主导大尺度流动现象,而高频模态主要丰富尾流场中的小尺度湍流细节;上下游圆柱的涡结构以0.19 Hz的频率从两圆柱脱落,并在相同的频率下以平行形态向下游演变;上游圆柱脱落涡与下游圆柱的相互作用导致下游圆柱涡激振动明显,并产生多个高频升力频谱峰值。

串列三圆柱流固耦合响应的尾流干涉与动态演变特性研究

基于有限体积法应用开源OpenFOAM软件对串列三圆柱的涡激振动响应进行了数值模拟研究,分析了雷诺数Re=150、间距比介于2~6的串列三圆柱在约化速度2~16范围内的流固耦合动态响应特性.研究观察到:当间距比为2时,上游圆柱振动锁定的区域明显变宽,并且在锁定区域内振幅明显高于大间距工况,表明小间距布置时,下游圆柱的存在对上游圆柱振动起增强作用.由于尾流诱导的作用,中间圆柱和下游圆柱振幅的最大值高于上游圆柱.串列三圆柱的尾流干涉模式存在拓展体模式、持续再附着模式、交替再附着模式、拟同脱落模式和同脱落模式5种,并且由于圆柱振动过程中振幅的动态变化,尾流干涉模式出现不稳定切换.在间距比为2,约化速度为7时观察到振动存在“拍”现象,在间距比为6,约化速度为4时观察到多频参与振动的大周期现象,两种现象发生时都会引起柱体升力和振幅的波动.当中间圆柱和下游圆柱的尾流干涉处于拟同脱落模式时,尾迹中的双排涡合并形成二次涡街,而双排涡的融合发生在同侧相邻的两个旋涡或3个旋涡之间,与圆柱的间距比相关.

分流板对圆柱绕流湍流结构演化影响的实验研究

采用粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术实验研究了带分流板的圆柱绕流流动特性,分析了分流板对圆柱绕流湍流结构演化特性的影响。雷诺数为3.9×10^(3),分流板长度L与圆柱直径D之比L/D为0~2.50。实验结果表明,随着L/D从0增大至1.00,圆柱后方回流区长度和回流区面积显著增大;当L/D>1.00时,L/D对圆柱后方回流特性的影响较小。分流板影响圆柱绕流湍流结构的演化特性:当L/D<1.00时,分流板抑制尾涡脱落,斯特劳哈尔数Sr减小,L/D从0增大至1.00,Sr减小了26.34%。此外,圆柱尾涡在分流板后缘诱导形成旋转方向相反的二次涡,二次涡沿分流板向上游运动。1.00≤L/D<2.00时,分流板作用于圆柱尾涡,尾涡发生破碎,形成一些小尺度尾涡。L/D≥2.00时,尾涡附着于分流板上,二次涡主要分布于圆柱后方。随着L/D增大,分流板减小了圆柱后方的湍流脉动强度。

Experimental investigation on control of vortex shedding mode of a circular cylinder using synthetic jets placed at stagnation points

Control of flow around a circular cylinder by synthetic jets has been experimentally investigated in a water tunnel with particle image velocimetry(PIV) technique.The synthetic jets are positioned at both the front and rear stagnation points.With power spectrum analysis,proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) method and other techniques for data processing,particular attention is paid to the control of vortical structures around the circular cylinder,in which the excitation frequency f e is one to three times of the natural frequency f0 and the cylinder Reynolds number and the excitation amplitude are fixed.The influenced-scope of the synthetic jet enlarges as the excitation frequency increases,and thus the synthetic jet dominates the global flow field gradually.For the natural case and the control case at fe/f0=1,the distributions of the first two POD modes and the power spectra for their POD coefficients all exhibit the characteristics of the natural shedding with antisymmetric mode.For fe/f0=2 and fe/f0=3,the variations in the third and fourth POD modes and the corresponding power spectra indicate that the wake vortex shedding mode changes and the dominant frequency becomes the excitation frequency.For fe/f0=2,the wake vortex sheds downstream with either the antisymmetric or the symmetric mode;for fe/f0=3,the synthetic jet vortex pair interacts with the near wake shear layers from both sides to induce a pair of the symmetric wake vortices,which is gradually converted into an antisymmetric mode when shedding downstream.

A numerical study on dispersion of particles from the surface of a circular cylinder placed in a gas flow using discrete vortex method

The dispersion of particles emitted from the surface of a circular cylinder placed in a gas flow at the Reynolds number of 200 000 is numerically investigated using the discrete vortex method coupled with a Lagrangian approach for solid particle tracking. The wake vortex patterns, the temporal-spatial distributions and trajectories as well as the dispersion functions for particles with various Stokes numbers（St） ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 are obtained. The numerical results reveal that：（1） Solid particles on the cylinder surface are picked up and then transported away from the cylinder by the wake vortex flow.（2） Solid particles emitted from the cylinder surface always follow the vortices in the cylinder wake, and the response of particles to wake vortices is directly related to their Stokes numbers（particles with St= 0.001, 0.0038, 0.01 can distribute both in the vortex core and around the vortex periphery, whereas those with St= 0.1, 1.0 can not enter the vortex core and congregate mainly around the vortex periphery）.（3） The particles move in rolling state in the wake region, and the dispersion intensity of particles in the lateral direction decreases remarkably as the Stokes number of particles is increased from 0.001 to 1.0.

合成射流对串列双圆柱受力特性及流场特性影响的数值模拟

合成射流能够通过改变单个圆柱尾部的旋涡脱落模态有效抑制其涡致振动,但对多圆柱结构的控制效果尚待研究。采用数值模拟研究了对称布置在上游圆柱尾部的水平合成射流对串列双圆柱的受力特性和尾流特性的影响。在研究中,来流的雷诺数恒定为150,合成射流的位置角度为45°,2个圆柱中心之间的间距比为2~10。研究结果表明,水平合成射流能够同时降低上、下游圆柱的升、阻力系数,但过大的合成射流动量系数反而会导致上、下游圆柱的阻力系数均大于无合成射流控制情况下的值。当动量系数为2和4时,上游圆柱的尾迹完全由水平合成射流主导,变得完全对称;但下游圆柱的尾部始终存在交替脱落的旋涡。

流体边界层上电磁力的控制效应研究

利用作用于流体边界层上的电磁体积力改变流体边界层的结构,研究电磁力对流场的控制作用效果,电极与磁极交替分布的电磁场激活板包覆在圆柱体表面置于流动的电解质溶液中,产生的电磁力沿圆柱体表面分布,可以改变流体边界层的结构,从而实现对流场的控制,用电磁屏蔽和时域控制的方法调整电磁力的时空分布参数,圆柱绕流分离点可以在前驻点和后驻点之间变动,产生不同的控制效果,流体边界层上的电磁力能连续控制圆柱绕流、尾流涡街的形态,正向电磁力具有较好的消涡、减震和减阻控制效应,反向电磁力具有明显的增涡控制效应,具有较强的制动控制效应,此时圆柱体表面涡量分布的对称性和稳定性被破坏。

圆柱绕流流场结构的大涡模拟研究

为进一步揭示绕流现象的形成机理,本文分别对处于层流稳态区、尾流过渡区、剪切层转换区Re分别为26、200、1.4×105的三种典型流态下的单圆柱绕流进行了二维数值模拟研究。Re为26时应用层流模型直接求解N-S方程,而Re分别为200、1.4×105时使用大涡模拟的方法进行计算。数值模拟很好地再现了稳定的涡旋结构、周期性交替脱落的卡门涡街结构、不规则的涡旋结构,在此基础上分析了尾流结构的基本特征及其压强分布规律、平均的流场特性、积分参数(如升力系数、阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔等),并与有关研究成果进行了对比。研究发现,采用不同流动介质时流场特性有所差异,空气为介质时的计算结果更符合实验的成果,而水为介质时计算结果偏差较大,这主要是由尾流涡旋产生的不合理负压造成的。

绕流中颗粒与柱体碰撞和磨损的直接数值模拟

为了研究圆柱近壁区颗粒与柱体的碰撞和磨损问题,采用高精度有限差分的方法对圆柱绕流进行了直接数值模拟.在获得高精度计算流场信息的基础上,采用Lagrangian方法追踪了颗粒在圆柱近壁区的运动.利用非弹性碰撞模型的壁面磨损量经验公式,进行了壁面磨损量的计算,详尽考察了不同粒径的颗粒与壁面的碰撞磨损情况.研究发现,随着颗粒粒径的增大,颗粒与壁面的碰撞频率变高;局部碰撞频率的曲线较为特殊,粒径较大颗粒的碰撞多发生在与来流方向平行的中心轴线处,而小粒径颗粒的碰撞则要外移一定的位置.还发现颗粒对壁面的磨损率也是随粒径的增大而增大.颗粒的冲击角对壁面的磨损同样起着至关重要的影响,对于塑性材料,冲击角为20°-30°时,壁面的磨损率最大.

气固两相圆柱绕流近场特性的实验研究

采用PIV实验技术对气固两相圆柱绕流的近场特性进行了研究。通过对图像进行数据处理,发现Stokes数为0.97的颗粒与涡结构的相互作用最为强烈,在尾迹中心区流向平均速度较低,且变化幅度较大,但脉动速度和湍动能较高。而较大Stokes数的颗粒不易受涡结构的影响,流向平均速度在尾迹中心区的分布也较平缓,但脉动速度和湍动能在两侧的剪切层区较高。各种颗粒在圆柱绕流回流区的脉动速度和湍动能都要高于近尾迹区的相应值,这为颗粒的混合和稳定燃烧等提供了有利的条件。