Effects of Gasoline with Ester Additives on the Swelling Behavior of Rubbers

In this study, gasoline was blended with dimethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate or methyl acetate respectively with four different volume fraction, i.e. 1%, 3%, 5% and 10%. The nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), fluorocarbon rubber (FKM), and Silastic were prepared for the immersion tests. To assess the performance of the three ester additives, the changes in the weight and volume of these three elastomers during the immersion tests with different gasoline samples were studied. The results showed that gasoline blended with the ester additives could lead to serious swelling problem for the elastomer materials which were widely used in the vehicle manufacture industry. The seal ability of elastomer materials would also be impaired by being exposed in the ester additives-gasoline blending for a long time.

Recent Advances in the Rapid Detection and Performance Evaluation Methods of Detergent Additives for Gasoline

Although detergent additives for gasoline have been widely commercialized,their formulas are often kept confidential and there is still no standardized method for quickly detecting the main active ingredients and evaluating their effectiveness,which makes their regulation difficult.An overview of the current state of the development and application of detergent additives for gasoline in China and other regions,as well as a review of the rapid detection and performance evaluation methods available for analyzing detergent additives are given herein.The review focuses on the convenience,cost,efficiency,and feasibility of on-site detection and the evaluation of various methods,and also looks into future research directions,such as detecting and evaluating detergent additives in ethanol gasoline and with advanced engine technologies.

APPLIED RESEARCH ON NEW MULTI-FUNCTION GASOLINE ADDITIVE

In order to assess the performance of a new cleansing and combustion-improving gasoline additive （MAZ）, and to explore the evaluation methods of additives, two engines with the same model number and performance indices, fueled with and without the MAZ gasoline additive respectively, are carried through 100 h strenuous tests on a bench. The results obtained in full load characteristic and load characteristics of different operational modes are compared. It indicates that the power, economy and emission of the engine fueled with the MAZ additive all have obvious improvement in comparison with the engine without adding the additive： the power increasing by 16.43%, specific fuel consumption （SFC） decreasing 5.39%, and the emission of CO, HC and NOx falling by 28.61%, 54.38% and 10.1% respectively. Wear and tear of the engine cylinder is weakened, and sediment of combustion chamber inner side is reduced. In addition, no negative effect on the catalytic conversion device is found.

Effect of Blends Gasoline with Oxygenated Additives in the Performance of Internal Combustion Engine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of blends of different oxygenated additives on gasoline in SI engine Otto cycle. The formulations analyzed were: pure gasoline (type A), common gasoline (type C), gasoline type A + 15% (v/v) oxygenated additives (ethanol, ethyl octanoate, ethyl oleate). The experiments were performed using engine Branco 4-stroke and 2-cylinder, electric dynamometer, exhaust system, control unit composed of Multi-K unit, variable selector and load cell, stroboscope tachometer, fuel supply system and stopwatch. The rotation was conserved at 4400 rpm and wheel power varied from 3 kW to 12 kW, with intervals of 3 kW to obtain hourly consumption curves and brake specific fuel consumption. Even esters and ethanol having lower heat of combustion, hourly consumption was similar to pure gasoline (type A). In relation to the brake specific fuel consumption, increasing the wheel power had a better conversion of the mass of fuel burned into energy. Thus, this study showed that the mixture of gasoline and esters (ethyl octanoate and ethyl oleate) presented good efficiency in terms of consumption. This research contributes to the needs and to the current studies in which industries started to add renewable products to petroleum-derived fuels;in order to obtain more sustainable fuels at lower costs.

Preparation of the complex metallic oxides additive for naphtha sulfur reduction in FCC

The M/USY/Al2O3/kaolinite sulfur reduction additive systems containing vanadium were prepared by different methods. The influence of the preparation methods, the active constituent forerunners, the vanadium content and the type of molecular sieves on sulfur reduction of fluid catalytic cracking （FCC） gasoline were studied by a small fixed bed. The results showed that when FCC catalyst was blended with the sulfur reduction additives prepared by the special method at the ratio of 95：5, the relative sulfur reduction rate reached 35% and there was little influence on distribution of the products and quality of the gasoline. The XRD analysis indicated that the Y molecular sieve crystal structure in the additives prepared by the specific method retained integrity.

Experimental investigation of effects of bio-additives on fuel economy of the gasoline engine

The matter extracted from palm oil was considered as gasoline additive. The effect of various percentages (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%) of the bio-additives on fuel economy of SI engine respectively running on prime gasoline, gasoline with known compo- nents, ethanol gasoline, and methanol gasoline under typical urban operation condition 2000 r/min was investigated. The results showed that the bio-additives can remarkably improve the fuel economy of SI engine while operating on all kinds of fuel. The optimal ratio of bio-additive to gasoline depends on the fuel used and on the different engine operating conditions. Besides, the experiments of constant volume combustion bomb, analysis of in cylinder processes, the synchrotron ra- diation and high-temperature friction were conducted to probe into the mechanism of the bio-additive impact on fuel economy. It indicated that the bio-additives can increase the maximum cylinder combustion pressure, improve exhaust emissions and largely reduce the frication coefficient.

炼化企业汽油研究法辛烷值非线性调合模型应用总结

主要讨论了企业计划优化模型中成品油调合模块非线性调合的两种实现方式:性质混合指数模型和“线性+交互影响”模型。介绍了强非线性性质研究法辛烷值转换为辛烷值混合指数的转换关系式,提出了一种基于历史配方数据回归计算“线性+交互影响”模型参数的方法。基于真实的调合结果数据,对比分析了线性调合模型计算结果、性质混合指数模型计算结果、“线性+交互影响”模型计算结果。结果表明:在处理非线性调合问题时,采用通过历史配方数据回归计算出建立“线性+交互影响”模型所需的交互因子参数的方法,可以有效减少调合过程中非线性性质的计算误差,同时减少调合实验工作量。

车用汽油清净剂产品质量分析

车用汽油清净剂作为一种添加剂,主要应用于车用汽油或车用乙醇汽油中,起到防止发动机进气道、进气阀、喷油嘴等部位产生沉积物或带走沉积物的作用,该产品能有效改善燃油系统,减少汽车排放污染。本文通过对该产品的质量进行分析,结合行业发展现状,提出相应的改进建议。

甲醇汽油添加剂的应用与研究

甲醇汽油是高效清洁的能源,甲醇汽油添加剂对于甲醇汽油的稳定性、动力性等有着很大的影响。本文对甲醇汽油添加剂的种类及作用进行了分析,对乳化剂、助溶剂以及复合添加剂的种类、配比进行了深入研究,并使用粒径分析法对其应用效果进行验证,为获得更加高效的甲醇汽油贡献力量。

生物基汽油添加剂对发动机性能影响的研究

介绍一种加入汽油的由某种热带植物提取的生物添加剂对汽油机性能影响的试验研究。结果表明,采用这种生物添加剂可以改善汽油机的性能,表现在不仅减少了燃油消耗量,也减少CO和未燃HC的排放。车辆道路试验发现,对在城市工况下运行的车辆节油效果更为突出。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定汽油中的氯

应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-AES）建立了定量分析车用汽油中氯的新方法。方法选择航空煤油作为稀释剂,按稀释剂：样品为4∶1（体积比）进行稀释。选取波长134.724nm为分析谱线,在辅助气中引入0.050L·min^-1氧气,有效的消除积碳,保持等离子体稳定。方法考察了发射功率,雾化气流量,辅助气流量以及氧气流量对氯信背比的影响,确定了ICP-AES的最佳分析条件,通过标准加入法校正基体效应和信号漂移对测量所造成的影响。方法的加标回收率在96.6%~103.9%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=10）在1.57%~4.49%之间,方法检出限为0.27mg·L^-1。此方法和微库仑法对样品中有机氯的测定结果基本一致,而且,该方法具有不受元素的存在形态限制的优点,测定的结果为总氯（有机氯和无机氯）含量。方法简便,快速,灵敏,拓展了ICP-AES在非金属元素特别是卤素分析方面的应用,可用于车用汽油中氯含量的日常检测,为车用汽油的质量评价提供技术保障。

碳酸二甲酯作汽油添加剂的应用研究

就碳酸二甲酯对汽油的调合辛烷值、氧含量、热值、蒸汽压、馏程、凝固点、溶水性等性质的影响进行了研究。实验表明，ＤＭＣ作为汽油添加剂具有良好的前景。

汽油抗爆剂的研究进展

汽油的无铅化及提高辛烷值是各炼厂面临的最大问题,针对近期的发展动态,分金属有灰类、有机无灰类两个类别对国内外汽油抗爆剂的研究开发进展作了介绍。其中环戊二烯三羰基锰(MMT)及环戊二烯铁(二茂铁)等已投入使用,可显著提高汽油的辛烷值并实现无铅化,实现了良好的经济价值和社会价值。而甲基叔丁基醚、碳酸二甲酯、乙醇等的广泛应用,既提高了汽油的抗爆性,又几乎不对环境造成任何污染。对于抗爆剂研究,要重视国内外在相关领域研究中所取得的经验与教训,对于新型抗爆剂的开发,需要弄清燃烧过程的微观机理,了解抗爆剂在燃烧过程中是怎样阻断爆震的以及解决爆震应抓住的主要矛盾。

汽油添加剂对提高汽车排气净化与节能效果的研究

本文简述了汽油添加剂的种类,并通过对近几年来市售的四种汽油添加剂进行发动机台架试验,探讨了这几种汽油添加剂的节能、增效和环保效能。

燃油添加剂对降低汽油机油耗和有害排放物的试验研究

降低汽油机主要有害排放物的有效方法之一是在其燃油中投放添加剂．文中分析了燃油添加剂对燃烧过程的影响，并在ＥＱ６１００台架试验中采用了优化成分组合的汽油机添加剂．试验结果表明，该添加剂可使碳氢化物降低３０．１％，一氧化碳降低２０％，且油耗降低２．５％以上．

碳酸二甲酯作为汽油添加剂的评价

碳酸二甲酯作为汽油组分，可以增加其中氧含量，有提高辛烷值的潜力，研究法的调合辛烷值为１０１～１１６，添加量在６ｖ％以下对于汽油其他性质影响不大。

汽油加入生物添加剂对发动机燃油经济性影响的研究

将一种热带植物中的提取物作为添加剂,加入现在市场上正使用的几种辛烷值为93#的高清洁汽油、普通汽油、已知成分汽油和乙醇汽油。通过发动机台架试验对加剂前后的汽油机燃油经济性进行了对比和分析。结果表明:在典型城市道路工况下,加入此种添加剂后对各种汽油的燃油经济性有大幅改善作用,对乙醇汽油的效果更加明显。加剂后可以使乙醇汽油的燃油经济性与普通汽油相同。

乙醇汽油稳定性的改善

通过加入分散剂的方法改善乙醇汽油的稳定性。重点考察了醇油体积比、分散剂的种类及含量对乙醇汽油分层温度的影响。同时研究了加入乙醇对汽油馏程、辛烷值等性质的影响。结果表明,无分散剂时,随着乙醇中水的体积分数的增加,乙醇汽油的分层温度逐渐升高;加入主分散剂可以显著降低乙醇汽油的分层温度,而少量助剂B、C可显著改善主分散剂A1的助溶效果;随着分散剂体积分数的增加,乙醇汽油的分层温度逐渐降低;在乙醇体积分数为10%,乙醇中水的体积分数为4.3%,分散剂的体积分数为2.91%,其组成V(A1)∶V(B)∶V(C)为90∶7.5∶2.5时,乙醇汽油的分层温度可达到-25℃。90号汽油的辛烷值(RON)调合后提高到93号,且其T10和T50点均较调合前低。

汽油添加剂的现状与发展趋势

总结了国内外汽油添加剂的发展历程和应用情况,对主要添加剂的性质特征、作用机理及性能等进行了较全面的分析,并介绍了新型多效添加剂、生物添加剂及物理添加剂的发展情况,对汽油添加剂发展前景进行了评述。

催化裂化汽油脱硫添加剂USY/ZnO/Al_2O_3的性能评价

在固定流化床催化裂化装置上 ,以减压蜡油为原料 ,对制备的USY/ZnO/Al2 O3 催化裂化汽油脱硫添加剂的性能进行了评价 .结果表明 ,随着添加剂添加量和剂油比的增加 ,生成汽油的硫含量降低 .在 5 0 0℃和剂油比为 5的条件下 ,在FCC平衡催化剂中添加 30 %的添加剂时 ,汽油的硫含量可由不加添加剂时的 12 30 μg/ g降低到 770 μg/g左右 .添加剂的添加量 (10 % )较低时 ,对催化裂化产物的分布基本没有影响 ;添加 30 %的添加剂时 ,焦炭的产率有所增加 ,但汽油收率基本不变 .XRD表征结果表明 ,USY/ZnO/Al2 O3 添加剂中的ZnO对USY的晶相结构有一定的破坏作用 ,但随着反应与再生次数的增多 ,ZnO与Al2 O3 之间形成较为稳定的锌铝尖晶石结构 。