Deformity of duodenal bulb, gastric metaplasia of duodenal regenerating mucosa and recurrence of duodenal ulcer: A correlated study

AIM: To investigate the correlation among the presence and degree of gastric metaplasia of duodenal regenerating mucosa, the deformity of bulb and the recurrence of duodenal ulcer.METHODS: A total of 99 patients with duodenal ulcer were treated with H2-antagonist with or without antimicrobial therapy. All patients received follow-up endoscopic examinations 6 wk after treatment. When the ulcer(s) were noted to be healed, two biopsies were taken from the ulcer scar for histological study of gastric metaplasia, and 4 biopsies were taken from antrum for Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) study. Out of these cases,44 received further follow-up endoscopic examinations after 3, 6 and 12 mo respectively for studying the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcers. The correlation among ulcer recurrence, degree of gastric metaplasia of regenerating mucosa, bulbar deformity, and colonization of Hpylori in the stomach was then studied.RESULTS: The results showed that there was a strong correlation between the deformity of duodenal bulb and the degree of gastric metaplasia of regenerating duodenal mucosa. The recurrence rate of duodenal ulcer had a significant difference between patients with and without Hpyloricolonization in the stomach (P＜0.001). The greater the degree of gastric metaplasia of duodenal regenerating mucosa, the higher the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcer (P= 0.021). The more deformed the duodenal bulb, the higher the incidence of recurrence of duodenal ulcer (P = 0.03).CONCLUSION: There is a correlation among deformity of duodenal bulb, gastric metaplasia of duodenal regenerating mucosa and recurrence of duodenal ulcer.A more severely deformed duodenal bulb is closely related to a greater extent of gastric metaplasia. Both factors contribute to the recurrence of duodenal ulcer.

Narrow-band imaging with magnifying endoscopy is accurate for detecting gastric intestinal metaplasia

AIM:To investigate the predictive value of narrowband imaging with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME) for identifying gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) in unselected patients. METHODS:We prospectively evaluated consecutive patients undergoing upper endoscopy for various indications, such as epigastric discomfort/pain, anaemia, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, suspicion of peptic ulcer disease, or chronic liver diseases. Patients underwent NBI-ME, which was performed by three blinded, experienced endoscopists. In addition, five biopsies (2 antrum, 1 angulus, and 2 corpus) were taken and examined by two pathologists unaware of the endoscopic findings to determine the presence or absence of GIM. The correlation between light blue crest (LBC) appearance and histology was measured. Moreover, we quantified the degree of LBC appearance as less than 20% (+), 20%-80% (++) and more than 80% (+++) of an image field, and the semiquantitative evaluation of LBC appearance was correlated with IM percentage from the histological findings. RESULTS:We enrolled 100 (58 F/42 M) patients who were mainly referred for gastro-esophageal reflux disease/dyspepsia (46%), cancer screening/anaemia (34%), chronic liver disease (9%), and suspected celiac disease (6%); the remaining patients were referred for other indications. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) infection detected from the biopsies was 31%, while 67% of the patients used proton pump inhibitors. LBCs were found in the antrum of 33 patients (33%); 20 of the cases were classified as LBC+, 9 as LBC++, and 4 as LBC+++. LBCs were found in the gastric body of 6 patients (6%), with 5 of them also having LBCs in the antrum. The correlation between the appearance of LBCs and histological GIM was good, with a sensitivity of 80% (95%CI:67-92), a specificity of 96% (95%CI:93-99), a positive predictive value of 84% (95%CI:73-96), a negative predictive value of 95% (95%CI:92-98), and an accuracy of 93% (95%CI:90-97). The NBI-ME examination overlooked GIM in 8 cases, but the GIM was less than 5% in 7 of the cases. Moreover, in the 6 false positive cases, the histological examination showed the presence of reactive gastropathy (4 cases) or H. pylori active chronic gastritis (2 cases). The semiquantitative correlation between the rate of LBC appearance and the percentage of GIM was 79% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION:NBI-ME achieved good sensitivity and specificity in recognising GIM in an unselected population. In routine clinical practice, this technique can reliably target gastric biopsies.

Non-sequential narrow band imaging for targeted biopsy and monitoring of gastric intestinal metaplasia

AIM： To evaluate the efficacy of non-sequential narrow band imaging （NBI） for a better recognition of gastric intestinal metaplasia （GIM）. METHODS： Previously diagnosed GIM patients underwent targeted biopsy from areas with and without GIM, as indicated by NBI, twice at an interval of 1 year. The authors compared the endoscopic criteria such as light blue crest （LBC）, villous pattern （VP）, and large long crest （LLC） with standard histology. The results from two surveillance endoscopies were compared with histology results for sensitivity, specificity, positive predic-tive value （PPV）, negative predictive value （NPV）, and likelihood ratio of positive test （LR＋）. The number of early gastric cancer cases detected was also reported. RESULTS： NBI targeted biopsy was performed in 38 and 26 patients during the first and second surveillance endoscopies, respectively. There were 2 early gastric cancers detected in the first endoscopy. No cancer was detected from the second study. Surgical and endoscopic resections were successfully performed in each patient. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and LR＋ of all 3 endoscopic criteria during the first/second surveillances were 78.8%/91.3%, 82.5%/89.1%, 72.8%/77.8%, 86.8%/96.1, and 4.51/8.4, respectively. LBC provided the highest LR＋ over VP and LLC. CONCLUSION： Nonequential NBI is useful for GIM targeted biopsy. LBC provides the most sensitive reading. However, the optimal duration between two surveillances requires further study.

Helicobacter pylori associated gastric intestinal metaplasia:Treatment and surveillance

Gastric cancer(GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related death in the world, particularly in East Asia. According to the Correa's cancer cascade, noncardia GC is usually developed through a series of mucosal changes from non-atrophic gastritis to atrophic gastritis(AG), intestinal metaplasia(IM), dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Atrophic gastritis and IM are therefore generally considered to be pre-neoplastic gastric lesions. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection is an important initiating and promoting step of this gastric carcinogenesis cascade. Emerging long-term data showed that eradication of H. pylori reduced the risk of subsequent cancer development. It however remains confusing whether eradication of the bacterium in individuals with pre-neoplastic gastric lesions could regress these changes as well as in preventing cancer. Whilst H. pylori eradication could likely regress AG, the presence of IM may be a point of no return in this cascade. Hence, surveillance by endoscopy may be indicated in those with extensive IM or those with incomplete IM, particularly in populations with high GC risk. The optimal interval and the best tool of surveillance endoscopy remains to be determined in future studies.

Comparison of operative link for gastritis assessment, operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment, and TAIM stagings among men with atrophic gastritis

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the world’s third most lethal malignancy. Most gastric cancers develop through precancerous states of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Two staging systems, operative link for gastritis assessment(OLGA)and operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment(OLGIM), have been developed to detect high gastric cancer risk. European guidelines recommend surveillance for high-risk OLGA/OLGIM patients(stages Ⅲ–Ⅳ),and for those with advanced stage of atrophic gastritis in the whole stomach mucosa. We hypothesize, that by combining atrophy and intestinal metaplasia into one staging named TAIM, more patients with increased gastric cancer risk could be detected.AIM To evaluate the clinical value of the OLGA, OLGIM, and novel TAIM stagings as prognostic indicators for gastric cancer.METHODS In the Helsinki Gastritis Study, 22346 elderly male smokers from southwestern Finland were screened for serum pepsinogen I(PGI). Between the years 1989 and1993, men with low PGI values(PGI < 25 μg/L), were invited to undergo an oesophagogastroduodenoscopy. In this retrospective cohort study, 1147 men that underwent gastroscopy were followed for gastric cancer for a median of 13.7 years, and a maximum of 27.3 years. We developed a new staging system, TAIM,by combining the topography with the severity of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia in gastric biopsies. In TAIM staging, the gastric cancer risk is classified as low or high.RESULTS Twenty-eight gastric cancers were diagnosed during the follow-up, and the incidence rate was 1.72 per 1000 patient-years. The cancer risk associated positively with TAIM [Hazard ratio(HR) 2.70, 95%CI: 1.09–6.69, P = 0.03]. The risk increased through OLGIM stages 0-Ⅳ(0 vs Ⅳ: HR 5.72, 95%CI: 1.03–31.77, P for trend = 0.004), but not through OLGA stages 0–Ⅳ(0 vs Ⅳ: HR 5.77, 95%CI:0.67–49.77, P for trend = 0.10). The sensitivities of OLGA and OLGIM stages Ⅲ–Ⅳ were low, 21% and 32%, respectively, whereas that of TAIM high-risk was good, 79%. On the contrary, OLGA and OLGIM had high specificity, 85% and81%, respectively, but TAIM showed low specificity, 42%. In all three staging systems, the high-risk men had three-to four-times higher gastric cancer risk compared to the general male population of the same age.CONCLUSION OLGIM and TAIM stagings show prognostic value in assessing gastric cancer risk in elderly male smokers with atrophic gastritis.

Comparison of white-light endoscopy,optical-enhanced and aceticacid magnifying endoscopy for detecting gastric intestinal metaplasia:A randomized trial

BACKGROUND Gastric intestinal metaplasia(GIM)is a precancerous lesion of the stomach,which severely affects human life and health.Currently,a variety of endoscopic techniques are used to screen/evaluate GIM.Traditional white-light endoscopy(WLE)and acetic-acid chromoendoscopy combined with magnifying endoscopy(MEAAC)are the interventions of choice due to their diagnostic efficacy for GIM.Optical-enhanced magnifying endoscopy(ME-OE)is a new virtual chromoendoscopy technique to identify GIM,which combines bandwidth-limited light and image enhancement processing technology to enhance the detection of mucosal and vascular details.We hypothesized that ME-OE is superior to WLE and MEAAC in the evaluation of GIM.AIM To directly compare the diagnostic value of WLE,ME-AAC,and ME-OE for detection of GIM.METHODS A total of 156 patients were subjected to consecutive upper gastrointestinal endoscopy examinations using WLE,ME-AAC,and ME-OE.Histopathological findings were utilized as the reference standard.Accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,and positive and negative predictive values of the three endoscopy methods in the diagnosis of GIM were evaluated.Moreover,the time to diagnosis with MEAAC and ME-OE was analyzed.Two experts and two non-experts evaluated the GIM images diagnosed using ME-OE,and diagnostic accuracy and intra-and inter-observer agreement were analyzed.RESULTS GIM was detected in 68 of 156 patients(43.6%).The accuracy of ME-OE was highest(91.7%),followed by ME-AAC(86.5%),while that of WLE(51.9%)was lowest.Per-site analysis showed that the overall diagnostic accuracy of ME-OE was higher than that of ME-AAC(P=0.011)and WLE(P<0.001).The average diagnosis time was lower in ME-OE than in ME-AAC(64±7 s vs 151±30 s,P<0.001).Finally,the inter-observer agreement was strong for both experts(k=0.862)and non-experts(k=0.800).The internal consistency was strong for experts(k=0.713,k=0.724)and moderate for non-experts(k=0.667,k=0.598).CONCLUSION For endoscopists,especially experienced endoscopists,ME-OE is an efficient,convenient,and time-saving endoscopic technique that should be used for the diagnosis of GIM.

Gastric intestinal metaplasia development in African American predominant United States population

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer significantly contributes to cancer mortality globally.Gastric intestinal metaplasia(GIM)is a stage in the Correa cascade and a premalignant lesion of gastric cancer.The natural history of GIM formation and progression over time is not fully understood.Currently,there are no clear guidelines on GIM surveillance or management in the United States.AIM To investigate factors associated with GIM development over time in African American-predominant study population.METHODS This is a retrospective longitudinal study in a single tertiary hospital in Washington DC.We retrieved upper esophagogastroduodenoscopies(EGDs)with gastric biopsies from the pathology department database from January 2015 to December 2020.Patients included in the study had undergone two or more EGDswith gastric biopsy.Patients with no GIM at baseline were followed up until they developed GIM or until the last available EGD.Exclusion criteria consisted of patients age<18,pregnancy,previous diagnosis of gastric cancer,and missing data including pathology results or endoscopy reports.The study population was divided into two groups based on GIM status.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard induced by patient demographics,EGD findings,and Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)status on the GIM status.RESULTS Of 2375 patients who had at least 1 EGD with gastric biopsy,579 patients were included in the study.138 patients developed GIM during the study follow-up period of 1087 d on average,compared to 857 d in patients without GIM(P=0.247).The average age of GIM group was 64 years compared to 56 years in the non-GIM group(P<0.001).In the GIM group,adding one year to the age increases the risk for GIM formation by 4%(P<0.001).Over time,African Americans,Hispanic,and other ethnicities/races had an increased risk of GIM compared to Caucasians with a hazard ratio(HR)of 2.12(1.16,3.87),2.79(1.09,7.13),and 3.19(1.5,6.76)respectively.No gender difference was observed between the study populations.Gastritis was associated with an increased risk for GIM development with an HR of 1.62(1.07,2.44).On the other hand,H.pylori infection did not increase the risk for GIM.CONCLUSION An increase in age and non-Caucasian race/ethnicity are associated with an increased risk of GIM formation.The effect of H.pylori on GIM is limited in low prevalence areas.

Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Is the Most Common Histopathological Phenotype among Endoscopically Diagnosed Atrophic Gastritis Patients in North-East China

Background: Gastric cancer and gastric precancerous lesions are highly prevalent in China. However, prevalence of the different precancerous lesions has not been reported from the north-east region of China. Detection of precancerous gastric lesions at an early stage complemented with a follow-up strategy for high risk groups would probably aid in declining the mortality rate in patients with gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection, salt intake, smoking, alcohol, family history of gastric cancer, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are established risk factors of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of various histopathological phenotypes among atrophic gastritis patients in this region and to report if gender and increasing age carry risk in the development of these lesions. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 518 patients with endoscopic diagnosis of atrophic gastritis. Using the patient number in database, histopathological diagnosis of the biopsy specimen of all patients was recorded. All biopsy specimens were assessed for the presence of inflammation, atrophic gastritis, metaplasia and/or dysplasia. Results: Intestinal metaplasia was observed in 67.38% of patients. Dysplasia and atrophy were present in 9.46% and 3.67% patients, respectively. Gender and increasing age were not found to be risk factors for intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and atrophic gastritis (p-values 0.08, 0.43, 0.297 and 0.98, 0.20, 0.54;respectively). 19.49% subjects showed inflammatory activity which was significantly associated with female gender (P = 0.0008). Conclusion: Intestinal metaplasia was the most histopathological phenotype among endoscopically diagnosed atrophic gastritis patients. Large-population based on prospective studies should be designed to determine prevalence of precancerous lesions and the risk factors involved in the progression of these lesions in our region.

Gastric Atrophy, Intestinal Metaplasia in Helicobacter pylori Gastritis: Prevalence and Predictors Factors

Gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia represent the most important premalignant lesions in gastric carcinogenesis. The severity of gastric mucosal inflammation depends on the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HP), on the host and on environmental factors. The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with Gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. Methods: This is a prospective study over a period of 4 years (May 2009 - January 2015) conducted in the service of Hepatology and Gastroenterology in hospital university Hassan II of Fez in collaboration with microbiology and molecular biology laboratory and epidemiology service of Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Fes. We included in our study all patients aged over 15 years, having ulcerative dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis or esophagitis. Results: During the study period, 1190 patients were included of which 70% had HP infection (N = 833). The average age was 48.21 years [16 - 99 years], sex ratio M/F was 1, 11. 60% of patients were older than 45 years. Chronic smoking was found in 12% of patients. Gastric atrophy was observed in 84% (N = 699) of patients infected with HP. Gastric atrophy was localized in 70% in the antrum and 30% in the fundus and 24% in both. The activity of gastritis (p = 0.0001) and the density of the HP (p = 0.005) were factors associated with atrophy. Intestinal metaplasia was observed in 13.5% of patients (N = 112). The density of HP (p = 0.037) and severe atrophy (p = 0.001) were factors associated with metaplasia. Other factors studied: age, sex, smoking, CagA+ genotype were not associated with either gastric atrophy or intestinal metaplasia. Conclusion: In our study, the prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori was 84% and 13.5% respectively, which was a high prevalence. The activity of gastritis, and density of HP were factors associated with atrophy. The density of HP and severe atrophy were factors associated with metaplasia.

Long-term Follow-up Study on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Subtype and Its Relation to Expression of P53,Bcl-2 and PCNA

Objective： To investigate the correlation of typies of gastric intestinal metaplasia（IM）, expression of p53, bcl-2 and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen（PCNA）, with the lesion＇s evolution. Methods： A total of 80 patients with IM（53 male and 27 female, 35-64 years old） from an area with high-risk of gastric cancer（GC） in China were enrolled into this prospective study, including 28 cases of type Ⅰ （complete）, 25 cases of type Ⅱ （incomplete） , and 27 cases of type Ⅲ （incomplete）. Of the 80 cases, 62 cases including 19 cases of type Ⅰ, 22 type Ⅱ and 21 type Ⅲ, were followed up for 5-14 years（49 cases for 14 years, 6 for 10 years, and 7 for 5 years）. All of the 80 cases were studied immunohistochemically for the expression of p53, bcl-2 and PCNA. Results： The rate of p53-expressing cases was higher in type Ⅲ（25.9%） than in type Ⅰ（10.7%） and type Ⅱ （12.0%）, but without statistical significance（P=0.3070）. The positive rate of bcl-2 was obviously lower in type Ⅰ （21.4%） and type Ⅱ （24.0%） than in type Ⅲ（37.0%）, but not statistically significant（P=0.4223）. We observed difference in PCNA labelling index （LI） between type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ（P=0.0037）, and the difference was particularly significant in type Ⅰ as compared with type Ⅲ（P〈0.0001）. There was no statistical significance between type I and type II （P=0.0616）. Evolution into GC was detected in 0%, 4.5%, and 14.3% of type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ, and type Ⅲ IM cases, respectively. Progression to dysplasia was detected in 31.6%, 18.2%, and 14.3% of type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ, and type Ⅲ IM cases, respectively. Persistence of IM was documented in 31.6%, 45.5%, and 42.9% of type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ, and type Ⅲ IM cases, respectively. Regression of IM was documented in 36.8%, 31.8%, and 28.6% of type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ, and type ⅢIM cases, respectively. In progressive, persistent and regressive groups, the positive rates of p53 were 17.6%, 16.0% and 15.0%, bcl-2 were 29.4%, 36.0% and 25.0%, and PCNA LIs were 24.953±14.477, 23.752±12.934 and 25.105±10.055, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion： The present follow-up study indicated that type Ⅲ had a higher risk for development of cancer than type Ⅰ or Ⅱ. PCNA LI was significantly higher in type Ⅲthan in type Ⅰ and Ⅱ, suggesting that cell proliferation in type Ⅲwas more active. Our data also indicated that the expression of p53 and bcl-2 had no apparent association with the particular type and the expression of p53, bcl-2 and PCNA had no apparent correlation with evolution of IM. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to verify present observation.

Microsatellite Instability in Intestinal Metaplasia and Gastric Cancer

Objective: To investigate the changeable patterns of microsatellite instability(MSI)in intestinal metaplasia(IM)and gastric cancer(GC)and the role of MSI in gastric carcinogenesis. Methods: Silver staining single strand conformation polymorphism-polymeriase chain reaction(PCR-SSCP)was used to screen MSI markers at 5 loci in formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded tissues of GC(n=30),IM(n=40)and corresponding normal gastric tissues. Results: The abnormal shifting of the single-strand DNA was identified in 7(23.3%)out of GC and in 8(20%)out of IM samples.Three(10%)tumors and one(2.5%)IM displayed high-frequency MSI(two or more loci altered).Low-frequency MSI(one loci altered)was detected in 4(13.3%)of the tumors and in 7(17.5%)IM samples.GC with MSI was associated with distal location of the tumors but age,sex,differentiation,lymph nodes metastasis and TNM stage(P=0.044).MSI was more likely detected in moderate-grade IM than in mild-grade IM tissues(34.8% versus 0; P=0.013); and MSI had a tendency to be easily detected in female with IM. Conclusion: The progressive accumulation of MSI in areas of IM may contribute to GC development,representing an important molecular event in the multistep gastric carcinogenesis.

窄带成像放大内镜分级系统在慢性萎缩性胃炎实时诊断及危险分层中的价值研究

目的探讨窄带成像放大内镜(narrow band imaging magnification endoscopy,NBI-ME)分级系统在慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG)实时诊断及危险分层中的价值。方法收集40岁以上接受NBI-ME检查患者的内镜和病理资料,评估NBI-ME分级系统和组织病理学金标准—OLGA/OLGIM(operative link for gastritis assessment/operative link for gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment)分期系统的相关性及一致性。结果共纳入63例患者,男41例,女22例,胃窦和胃体部的NBI-ME评分和组织学评分的一致性均为73.0%,总体一致性显著(Kappa=0.695,P<0.05;加权Kappa=0.907,P<0.05),其中胃窦的一致性良好(Kappa=0.604,P<0.05),胃体的一致性中等(Kappa=0.487,P<0.05);Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel分析表明,高危NBI-ME分级(Ⅱ~Ⅳ级)的患者诊断为高危OLGA/OLGIM分期的可能性更高(P<0.0001),NBI-ME分级诊断高危CAG/GIM的敏感性为81.8%(95%CI:59.7%~94.8%),特异性为95.1%(95%CI:83.5%~99.4%)。结论NBI-ME评分与组织病理学评分具有较高一致性,它是一种简便、经济并实时诊断CAG及识别胃癌高危人群的检查及随访方式。

安胃汤含药血清对胃黏膜肠上皮化生模型细胞自噬及凋亡的影响

目的探讨安胃汤(半夏、黄连、干姜、乌药、百合等)含药血清对胃黏膜肠上皮化生(Gastric intestinalmetaplasia,GIM)模型细胞自噬及凋亡的影响。方法采用鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)诱导人胃黏膜上皮细胞GES-1,制备GIM细胞模型。实验分为正常组(正常胃黏膜上皮细胞GES-1常规培养)、模型组(经CDCA复制成GIM模型后常规培养)、空白对照组(GIM模型细胞以等量空白血清培养)、安胃汤组(GIM模型细胞+7%安胃汤含药血清),各组细胞干预24 h后检测。采用流式细胞术(Annexin V-PE/7-AAD双染法)检测细胞凋亡;免疫荧光双标法检测肠上皮化生相关蛋白SOX2、CDX2的表达情况;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构及自噬情况;qRT-PCR法检测细胞LC3、Bax mRNA表达情况;Western Blot法检测细胞MUC2、KLF4、LC3、Bax蛋白表达情况。结果与正常组比较,模型组细胞的MUC2、KLF4蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01),细胞的凋亡率明显降低(P<0.05);SOX2荧光强度明显降低(P<0.05),CDX2荧光强度显著增高(P<0.01);细胞结构紊乱,细胞核萎缩畸形,内质网和线粒体等细胞器肿胀破裂及空泡化严重,自噬小体及自噬溶酶体明显增多;Bax mRNA及蛋白表达明显下调(P<0.05),LC3 mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.01),LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达比值显著升高(P<0.01)。与空白对照组比较,安胃汤组细胞的凋亡率显著增高(P<0.01);SOX2荧光强度显著增高(P<0.01),CDX2荧光强度明显降低(P<0.05);细胞结构较完整,镜下可见自噬小体和自噬溶酶体略有减少;Bax mRNA及蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01),LC3 mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.01),LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达比值显著降低(P<0.01)。结论安胃汤可能通过调节GIM模型细胞自噬,并促进其凋亡,从而改善胃黏膜上皮细胞的肠上皮化生情况。

MEX3A、CDX2、MUC2与MUC5AC判断可癌变胃肠化生的应用价值

目的 探讨MEX3A与胃癌和肠上皮化生(以下简称肠化生)分化特性的相关性及其联合尾型同源盒转录因子2(caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2,CDX2)、黏蛋白2(mucin 2,MUC2)和黏蛋白5AC(mucin 5AC,MUC5AC)判断可癌变肠化生的作用。方法 选取2010年1月至2014年12月沈阳医学院附属中心医院、沈阳医学院附属第二医院外科手术切除的胃癌及癌旁石蜡包埋组织样本410例,根据病理诊断将其分为对照组(轻度浅表性胃炎,79例)、肠化生组(149例)和胃癌组(182例)。免疫组织化学检测各组MEX3A、CDX2、MUC2和MUC5AC的表达。结果 MEX3A高表达于胃癌组及肠化生组,特别是弥漫型胃癌、低分化胃癌和Ⅲ型肠化生(P<0.05);CDX2和MUC2高表达于胃癌组和肠化生组,特别是肠型胃癌、高中分化胃癌、Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肠化生(P<0.05);MUC5AC高表达于对照组,低表达于胃癌组和肠化生组,特别是肠型胃癌、Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型肠化生(P<0.05)。胃癌和肠化生分化程度与MEX3A和MUC5AC表达均呈负相关,与CDX2和MUC2表达呈正相关(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中MEX3A与CDX2、MUC2表达呈负相关,与MUC5AC表达呈正相关(P<0.05);肠化生组织中MEX3A与CDX2、MUC2表达呈负相关(P<0.05),CDX2与MUC2表达呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论 MEX3A与胃癌和肠化生分化程度呈负相关,胃癌具有MEX3A高表达、CDX2和MUC2低表达的特点。

胃复春对胃黏膜肠化生患者胃黏膜菌群的影响

目的基于胃黏膜菌群探讨胃复春治疗胃癌前病变的功效机制。方法临床招募37例胃黏膜肠化生(gastric intestinal metaplasia,GIM)患者作为治疗组,胃复春治疗4周,31例健康志愿者为对照组。基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序检测胃黏膜菌群。结果37例GIM患者经胃复春治疗后,23例患者肠化生未检出,5例患者GIM等级下降,肠化生等级改善有效率75.7%。与治疗前相比,GIM患者治疗后胃黏膜菌群丰富度指数(Ace,Chao,Observed OTUs)显著升高(P<0.01),但菌群多样性指数(Shannon)无显著变化(P>0.05)。线性判别分析发现,16个胃黏膜菌属(Acinetobacter、Fusobacterium、Leptotrichia等)富集在胃复春治疗组,胃复春治疗增强4个KEGG菌群预测功能(膜转运、ABC转运蛋白、脂类代谢、脂肪酸代谢)。结论胃复春治疗促进GIM患者胃菌群丰富度和脂质代谢功能,可能体现了胃复春活血化瘀功效机制。

基于解痉多肽表达化生病证结合的小鼠模型探讨胃癌前病变脾胃虚实证候的本质

目的为了构建病证结合的小鼠模型及进行胃癌前病变(gastric precancerous lesions,GPL)脾胃虚实证候的本质研究。方法采用他莫昔芬(tamoxifen,TMXFR)诱导构建解痉多肽表达化生(spasmolytic peptide expression metagenesis,SPEM)小鼠模型,并在SPEM模型基础上分别模拟构建脾胃湿热证、脾气虚证模型,结合TMXFR诱导的SPEM模型具有自恢复的特性,以TMXFR组及生理盐水处理组作为对照组,监测小鼠一般情况,HE染色检测SPEM模型的构建及恢复情况,ELISA检测小鼠血清胃泌素水平,PCR检测各组小鼠胃黏膜中miR-7a-5p含量,免疫组化检测各组小鼠胃黏膜中白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-13(interleukin-13,IL-13)表达。结果病证结合的脾胃湿热证、脾气虚证组较TMXFR组、SPEM组织恢复明显延迟;脾胃湿热证较对照组及TMXFR组的胃泌素表达异常升高(P<0.05),SPEM模型组小鼠胃黏膜中miR-7a-5p较对照组水平降低(P<0.05),病证结合的脾胃虚实组miR-7a-5p表达较TMXFR有下降趋势;病证结合的脾胃虚实组IL-1β表达较TMXFR组、对照组升高(P<0.05),脾胃湿热证、脾气虚证组中IL-13表达有升高趋。结论此项研究结果侧面证实了在癌前病灶已形成的前提下,虽无幽门螺杆菌感染,在外感湿热之邪、进食肥甘厚腻、饥饱失常、过劳伤脾等诱因下,机体可突破自身代偿修复能力,延缓SPEM恢复甚至使GPL进一步进展。这可能跟miR-7a-5p介导炎症因子IL-1β使得Th1/Th2细胞失衡相关,但具体机制尚待进一步研究。

胆汁酸通过调控 HOXB7 促进胃黏膜肠化生

目的探究HOXB7在胆汁酸诱导的胃黏膜肠化生(GIM)中的作用。方法利用qRT-PCR和Western blotting检测HOXB7及多种肠型标志分子在不同细胞系和黏膜组织中的表达水平。借助过表达质粒及特异性siRNA转染分别建立HOXB7过表达和敲低细胞模型,并检测肠型标志分子的表达变化。结果在胃上皮细胞GES-1中,脱氧胆酸(DCA)以时间依赖和浓度依赖的方式诱导HOXB7和肠型标志分子CDX2、MUC2的表达上调(P<0.01)。HOXB7在多种胃癌细胞系及正常肠上皮细胞系中的表达水平远高于GES-1(P<0.01)。HOXB7在小鼠大肠黏膜组织中的表达水平显著高于食管和胃黏膜组织(P<0.05),呈吻尾轴表达模式。HOXB7在GIM患者肠化生组织中的表达水平显著高于配对正常胃黏膜组织(P<0.01)。HOXB7能够调控肠型标志分子CDX2、KLF4和MUC2在胃上皮细胞系中的表达(P<0.05,P<0.01),而敲低HOXB7能减弱DCA对多种肠型标志分子的表达诱导作用(P<0.01)。结论HOXB7参与了胆汁酸对GIM的诱导调控,深入揭示HOXB7的上下游分子通路有助于寻找新的GIM防治靶点。

共聚焦内镜诊断胃肠上皮化生及胃癌的Meta分析

目的运用Meta分析方法探究共聚焦显微内镜(confocal lasser endomicroscopy,CLE)对胃肠上皮化生(gastrointestinal epithelial metaplasia,GIM)及胃癌的诊断价值。方法系统检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、CNKI、万方、Sinomed数据库,搜集CLE诊断GIM及胃癌的相关文献,搜索时间为建库至2022年10月,根据评价诊断性试验质量表(QUADAS-2)对纳入文献行质量评价;采用Review Manager 5.4和Stata 15.0软件行Meta分析,采用随机效应模型计算合并敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比(positive likelihood ratio,PLR)、阴性似然比(negative likelihood ratio,NLR)、诊断比值比(diagnostic ratio,DOR)及95%CI,进行SROC拟合分析,通过I 2评价由非阈值效应所致的异质性,若存在明显异质性,进一步进行回归分析判断产生异质性来源;采用Deek’s漏斗图和Fagan图,评估发表偏倚及验前、验后概率。结果最终GIM组中纳入7篇文献,胃癌组中纳入6篇文献,发现CLE诊断GIM及胃癌的合并敏感度分别为0.88和0.96,合并特异度分别为0.93和0.94,PLR分别是12.43和17.34,NLR分别是0.13和0.04,DOR分别为98.96和416.87,SROC下面积分别为0.92和0.98。Fagan图显示CLE诊断胃肠上皮化生时,明确患有该病变的概率为93%,排除GIM时,明确患有该病变的概率为11%,诊断胃癌时,明确患有该病变的概率为95%,排除胃癌时,明确患有该病变的概率为4%。纳入研究间存在较高异质性,经计算各研究间不存在阈值效应及发表偏倚,进一步行回归分析发现GIM组异质性来源于其他非变量因素,胃癌组异质性较大的原因来源于CLE诊断状态。结论基于本Meta分析结果发现,CLE对GIM及胃癌具有较好的诊断价值,可作为临床诊断辅助工具。

基于“脾虚邪滞”理论探讨胃解痉多肽表达化生中医病机与微观辨证

胃癌前病变(Gastric precancerous lesions,GPL)具有发展为胃癌的风险,而胃解痉多肽表达化生(Spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia,SPEM)是GPL的初始步骤,具有恶性进展为胃癌前病变的风险。目前关于该化生阶段发病机制的探讨尚不完整,中医药依托扎实的中医理论基础及丰富的中药资源,在防治GPL上具有独特优势。因此,笔者基于“脾虚邪滞”理论,从疾病的病理生理状态、标志物、信号通路三方面进行微观辨证分析,提出以健脾化瘀解毒法为主要疗法,结合文献分析其可行性,以期为SPEM的中医治疗提供新的思路与方法。

基于队列研究的胃肠上皮化生非幽门螺杆菌危险因素及血清学筛查研究进展

胃肠上皮化生(GIM)作为重要的胃癌癌前病变,研究其危险因素及筛查方法对于胃癌的早期预防和干预意义重大。幽门螺杆菌(Hp)被认为是诱发GIM的第一大原因,此外,越来越多的非Hp因素引起研究者们的关注,且不断有新的影响因素被发现,但目前诱发GIM的危险因素及发病机制尚缺乏统一定论。近年用于诊断GIM的血清学生物标志物不断被探索发现,但更多便于社区推广的、低成本的、高灵敏度和高特异度的标志物或检测手段仍有待开发。因此,未来深入了解GIM的血清学标志物,将为探索GIM的非创伤性筛查策略提供可参考的方法,以便为胃癌的早期诊断和治疗提供理论依据。