Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,this paper summarized the pharmacological effects of the active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma.The pharmacological effects of the active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system include improving the ability of learning and memory,analgesia,sedation and hypnosis,anticonvulsant,anti-aging,anti-anxiety and neuroprotective effects.The active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma have certain curative effect in the treatment of some diseases of the central nervous system.At present,it has been widely used clinically.There are no toxic and side effects at conventional doses,and it is worth popularizing and applying.

红乌杂交天麻栽培及其不同海拔的质量比较

在海拔1800 m处栽培红乌杂交天麻(Gastrodia elata Blvme.)商品麻、麻种,分析红乌杂交天麻箭麻农艺性状相关性。在海拔1800、500 m处栽培红乌杂交天麻商品麻并进行产量、相关性分析。结果表明,在海拔1800 m处栽培红乌杂交天麻商品麻,箭麻的数量少、单个重、产量高,箭麻单个重量与块茎长、块茎形指数呈极显著正相关。与海拔500 m相比,在海拔1800 m处栽培的红乌杂交天麻,箭麻的单个块茎鲜重、干重、对羟基苯甲醇含量、天麻素与对羟基苯甲醇总含量均显著较高。在栽培红乌杂交天麻麻种时,麻种数量、产量、市场价格及栽培效益均较高。

Effects of Tianma(Rhizoma Gastrodiae)and Gouteng(Ramulus Uncariae Rhynchophyllae cum Uncis)on cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in rats

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the efficacy of Tianma(Rhizoma Gastrodiae)and Gouteng(Ramulus Uncariae Rhynchophyllae cum Uncis)on cytochrome P450(CYP450)enzyme activities in rats.METHODS:A cocktail strategy was followed to evaluate the influence of Tianma(Rhizoma Gastrodiae)and Gouteng(Ramulus Uncariae Rhynchophyllae cum Uncis)on the activities of CYP450 isoforms(CYP1A2,CYP3A4,CYP2E1,CYP2C19,CYP2C9,CYP2D6),which were determined by changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of six probe drugs,theophylline,dapsone,chlorzoxazone,omeprazole,tolbutamide and dextromethorphan.Study groups included,Control group(CG),Tianma(Rhizoma Gastrodiae)group(TM),Gouteng(Ramulus Uncariae Rhynchophyllae cum Uncis)group(GT)and Tianma Gouteng(Gastrodia Uncaria)group(TMGT).RESULTS:No significant differences between Tianma(Rhizoma Gastrodiae)and control groups were found.Compared with the control group,in the Gouteng(Ramulus Uncariae Rhynchophyllae cum Uncis)group both the AUC and t1/2 of dapsone and tolbutamide were reduced,whereas the CL(clearance rate)of dapsone and tolbutamide were increased.Compared with the control group,in the Tianma Gouteng group,the AUC and t1/2 of dapsone and tolbutamide were reduced,the CL of dapsone and tolbutamide were increased,and the AUC and t1/2 of chlorzoxazone were increased and the CL of chlorzoxazone was reduced.CONCLUSION:Tianma(Rhizoma Gastrodiae)has no significant effect on the six CYP450 subtypes.The activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 were increased by Gouteng(Ramulus Uncariae Rhynchophyllae cum Uncis).The activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 were increased,whereas the activity of CYP32E1 was reduced by combined Tianma(Rhizoma Gastrodiae)and Gouteng(Ramulus Uncariae Rhynchophyllae cum Uncis).

Advances in Research of Chinese Medicine Tianma in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

In this study,a systematic review was conducted on the experimental study as well as the clinical application of Tianma(Gastrodia elata Blume),a traditional Chinese medicine,in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease(PD).On this basis,a summary and outlook were made,so as to provide ideas and theoretical basis for the study,development and utilization of Tianma PD field.

天麻病虫害及其防治研究进展

天麻(Gastrodia elata)为中国名贵药材,属药食两用品种,市场需求量大。病虫害的发生与防治是影响天麻质量和产量的关键性因素,通过查阅已经发表的相关文献,对天麻常见病虫害的发生与为害、主要症状、病原菌生物学特性及其防治方法进行总结,同时提出问题与展望,以期为天麻病虫害防治提供新的思路。

德江红天麻主要农艺性状的数量分析

研究638株德江红天麻(Gastrodia elata BI. f. elata)的18个农艺性状,并进行变异系数、相关性、因子和通径分析。结果表明,德江红天麻地上部分农艺性状中,花茎粗度、花被筒长度、花被筒宽度、子房长度、果实长度和果实宽度具有较高的一致性和特异性,其因子贡献率和通径分析的正向直接作用也较大;地下部分主要农艺性状中,纵长、横长和环纹数的变异系数较小,与单个块茎鲜重有极为显著的相关性,其因子贡献率和通径分析的正向直接作用也较大。上述主要农艺性状可作为德江红天麻品质控制和品种选育的关键性状指标。

Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Gastrodia elata and its active ingredients in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Gastrodia elata,a traditional Chinese medicine belonging to the Orchidaceae family,contains several major components such as gastrodin,polysaccharides of Gastrodia elata,and parishin.The pharmacological studies conducted on Gastrodia elata have revealed a variety of therapeutic properties,including antihypertensive,hypolipidemic,analgesic,and sedative-hypnotic properties.Thus,in this paper,we summarized the pharmacological effects of Gastrodia elata’s major components,namely gastrodin,polysaccharides of Gastrodia elata,parishin,and different types of Gastrodia elata extracts,on cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis,hypertension,hyperglycemia,myocardial ischemia,myocardial hypoxia,myocarditis,and heart failure.Additionally,we conclude the mechanisms through which these active ingredients exert their therapeutic effects,including antioxidants,anti-inflammatory,and nitric oxide regulation.We provide insights into the therapeutic potential of Gastrodia elata with a detailed review of its pharmacological effects and molecular targets in cardiovascular disease protection and therapy,and can better understand the effect of traditional medicines in cardiovascular disease.

野生与人工栽培天麻多糖清除自由基作用研究

[目的]研究野生与人工栽培天麻多糖清除自由基作用。[方法]用邻苯三酚自氧化法、Fenton反应法和DPPH体系法对野生、人工栽培天麻多糖清除O2-.、.OH及DPPH.3种自由基的效果进行比较。[结果]野生、人工栽培天麻多糖对O2-.、.OH和DPPH.3种自由基清除效果相近,均具有较好清除作用,存在良好的量效关系,即随着其质量浓度的增大,清除效果逐渐增强。野生天麻多糖清除O2-.、.OH、DPPH.3种自由基的IC50值分别为1.01、2.61和2.44 mg/ml;人工栽培天麻多糖清除O2-.、.OH及DPPH.3种自由基的IC50值分别为1.08、2.75和2.54 mg/ml。[结论]野生、人工栽培天麻多糖均具有很好的体外抗氧化活性。

湖北野生天麻的遗传分化及栽培天麻种质评价

采用7条ISSR引物对天麻(Gastrodiaelata)8个自然居群和6个人工栽培居群共483个样本的居群遗传多样性进行了初步检测,共检测出清晰、重复性好的DNA带77条,其中64条为多态性带,总多态位点百分比PPB=83.12%。遗传多样性分析结果表明:天麻自然居群的遗传多样性参数分别为:多态位点百分比PPB=59.09%,有效等位基因数Ae=1.29,Nei’s遗传多样度H=0.176,Shannon’s多态信息指数I=0.270,明显高于人工栽培居群(PPB=35.71%,Ae=1.16,H=0.100,I=0.155),揭示出栽培居群存在明显的遗传基础狭窄和遗传均质性问题。UPGMA聚类分析表明,自然居群与栽培居群存在明显的分化而分别聚为两大类群。自然居群间基因分化系数GST=0.2558,与AMOVA分析所揭示的居群间遗传变异量占总变异的27.25%的结果相近,说明天麻自然居群间亦存在一定程度的遗传分化;居群间基因流(Nm)为1.4547,相对较弱,可能对自然居群的遗传分化有一定影响。自然居群聚类结果显示出一定程度的地理区域聚类趋势,但Mantel检验表明自然居群间遗传距离与地理距离并不存在显著相关(r=0.1669,P=0.2110),揭示出天麻自然居群的分化现状可能是其生活史特性、地理隔离与人为破坏综合作用的结果。栽培居群的遗传均质化趋势,揭示了引种驯化的瓶颈效应和长期无性繁育所导致的遗传多样性丧失,也反映出栽培天麻种质的遗传基础狭窄。而栽培居群与自然居群间存在着明显的遗传分化,反映天麻栽培居群与自然居群间可能存在基因流的阻断。

不同产地红天麻挥发性成分分析

对比分析了湖北宜昌、陕西宁强、云南昭通3个不同产地所产红天麻(Gastrodia elsta BI.)的挥发性成分。采用正己烷回流提取天麻块茎的挥发性成分,通过气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对挥发性成分进行分离鉴定,并用面积归一化法计算各成分相对含量。结果鉴定出3个不同产地红天麻主要成分均为4-羟基苯甲醇、γ-谷甾醇、亚油酸、n-十六烷酸、豆甾烷-3,5-二烯、角鲨烯、双环[10.1.0]十三碳-1-烯。

UPLC-MS/MS法检测不同产地野生天麻中天麻素及对羟基苯甲醇含量

[目的]采用超高效液相色谱质谱联用法同时测定6个产地天麻中天麻素和对羟基苯甲醇含量。[方法]采用Phenomenex C18柱（50 mm ×2．1 mm，3μm），乙腈－5 mmol／L乙酸铵（0．1％甲酸）水溶液作流动相，流速0．2 mL／min；多反应监测正离子模式（MRM －Pos）。[结果]天麻素在0．1220～1220．0000 ng／mL、对羟基苯甲醇在0．5020～5020．0000 ng／mL浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系。所有样品中天麻素和对羟基苯甲醇的含量均超过《中国药典》2015年版中“天麻”含量测定要求，按照2种成分总含量排序从大到小依次为云南昭通、贵州毕节、四川雅安、重庆城口、陕西汉中、甘肃陇南。[结论]该方法精密度、重现性和分离效果好，分析快速、准确，适用于对天麻中天麻素和对羟基苯甲醇的定性、定量研究。

不同天麻品种中天麻素含量的比较分析

为分析不同天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)品种中的天麻素含量,采用高效液相色谱法,以Hypersil ODS-2色谱柱为固定相,乙腈-0.05%(V/V)磷酸溶液(3∶97)为流动相,比较了乌天麻(产地云南)、红天麻、乌红杂交天麻(产地湖北麻城)中天麻素含量。结果表明,乌天麻中的天麻素含量为0.423%,乌红天麻为0.321%,红天麻为0.225%。大别山低海拔地区种植的乌红杂交天麻中天麻素含量高于红天麻。

天麻种植工艺及机械化生产技术体系探讨

天麻是名贵的中药材,具有很高的药用价值。该文介绍了天麻的特性、云南天麻的种植概况、种植特点及工艺流程,根据天麻的种植工艺特性,分析了目前天麻种植存在的问题,针对天麻规模化和标准化发展的趋势,提出了天麻机械化生产的建议。

Isolation of a Genomic DNA for Gastrodia Antifungal Protein and Analyses of Its Promoter in Transgenic Tobacco

A genomic DNA containing 5'-upstream region and complete open reading frame of a Gastrodia antifungal protein was isolated by screening of a genomic library from Gastrodia elata B1. To investigate the promoter activity, the 5'-flanking region - 1 157 lip upstream from the putative transcription start site was fused to the coding sequence of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum. The strongest GUS activity was detected in the roots of transgenic tobacco, followed by stems. The leaves only showed a low GUS activity. Furthermore, the promoter established inducible expression pattern in transgenic tobacco upon fungus Trichoderma viride inoculation and jasmonic acid and salicylic acid treatments.

不同包装方式对鲜天麻保鲜效果的比较

为了探究不同包装方式对天麻的保鲜效果,以昭通乌天麻为材料,设置清洗和不清洗条件下牛皮纸信封包装、塑料袋包装和真空包装6个处理,常温保存10、20、30和40 d后,观测各处理下天麻的外观形态及水分散失情况。结果表明,清洗和不清洗对天麻保鲜影响不显著;包装方式对天麻保鲜影响显著,牛皮纸信封包装水分散失快,天麻外观形态差,保鲜效果不佳;塑料袋包装水分散失少,能维持鲜天麻品质及良好的外观形态,保鲜效果好;真空包装很快就腐烂变质,保鲜效果差。

红天麻箭麻发育进程中天麻素和多糖含量的变化规律研究

[目的]研究红天麻箭麻在不同发育阶段的天麻素和天麻多糖含量的相关性规律,确定其品质特征,为红天麻GAP质量控制提供科学依据。[方法]在川天麻主产区采集传统主流红天麻品系箭麻块茎样品,在原产地室内采用原位动态沙藏法贮藏箭麻;在采样后沙藏10、80、95、175和220 d分别采集天麻块茎样品,采用高效液相色谱法和苯酚-硫酸比色法分别测定天麻素含量和天麻多糖含量,并运用SPSS17.0版统计软件分析在红天麻箭麻不同发育阶段进程中天麻素和天麻多糖含量的相关性规律。[结果]川产红天麻箭麻块茎的天麻素和天麻多糖的平均含量分别为0.36%和8.17%;随着天麻沙藏休眠期-萌动期-抽茎开花-果实成熟至腐烂发育阶段进程增加,红天麻箭麻块茎的天麻素和天麻多糖含量下降,且呈极显著的负相关(P<0.001),其回归方程分别为:天麻素y1=-2E-08x3-1E-06x2-0.0001x+0.365(R2=0.996),天麻多糖y2=-5E-07x3-1E-06x2-0.008x+8.267(R2=0.996)。[结论]红天麻箭麻品质较优良,其块茎沙藏发育进程和品质下降密切相关,开花后空心和腐烂的红天麻块茎不宜作药用和制药原料。

林下种植的天麻质量分析与评价

[目的]对重庆七跃山林下种植的天麻质量进行分析与评价。[方法]采用药典标准以及显微和薄层鉴别方法,对重庆七跃山林下种植天麻的水分、总灰分和浸出物含量进行测定,同时采用高效液相色谱法测定天麻中天麻素含量,并对天麻的质量进行评价。[结果]样品粉末中检测出较少量的草酸钙针晶,水分含量为8.90%、总灰分为3.81%、浸出物为15.49%,均符合药典规定。生品中天麻素的含量为0.162%,经过蒸制后天麻素的含量为0.534%。[结论]重庆七跃山林下种植的天麻经蒸制后天麻素的含量符合药典规定要求。

菌材树种及用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖的影响

研究不同菌材树种、菌材用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.f.glauca S.Chow)无性繁殖的影响。结果表明,菌材树种对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖的产量和箭麻折干率均有极显著影响,刺叶栎类材质紧密树种所培养的天麻的产量和折干率极显著高于白桦类材质疏松树种;菌材用量对甘孜州野生乌天麻无性繁殖产量有极显著影响,但对箭麻折干率无影响。

天麻蚜蝇无公害综合防控技术研究

天麻蚜蝇(Azpeytia shirakii)以幼虫钻蛀危害天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)球茎,是天麻生产中危害性很大的地下害虫。按照良好农业规范(GAP)的要求,对天麻蚜蝇无公害综合防控技术进行了研究。

Simple Culture Techniques for Germinationpromoting Fungi and Armillariella mellea in Artificial Planting of Gastrodia elata

This study aimed to explore simple culture techniques for symbiotic germination-promoting fungi and Armillariella mellea in artificial planting of Gastrodia elata, i.e., how to use a corner of ordinary house as inoculation room and cultivating site, how to use a pressure cooker for cooking food as sterilization tool, and how to use ordinary household heating as heating measures.