Critical Mass of Gauge Boson in Rainbow QED3

In three-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED3) with a massive gauge boson, we investigate the coupled Dyson-Schwinger equations for the fermion and photon propagators in the rainbow approximation, and obtain the critical gauge boson mass for various numbers of the fermion flavors. A comparision with the previous results is presented.

Probing the Lightest New Gauge Boson BH in the Littlest Higgs Model via Processes γγ→f■B_H at ILC

The neutral gauge boson BH with the mass of hundreds GeV is the lightest particle predicted by the littlest Higgs （LH） model, and such particle should be the first signal of the LH model at the planed ILC if it exists indeed. In this paper, we study some processes of the BH production associated with the fermion pair at the ILC, i.e., γγ→ ff^- BH. The studies show that the most promising processes to detect BH amongγγ→ ff^- BH are γγ→ l＇^＋l＇^-BH （l＇ = e,μ）, and they can produce the sufficient signals in most parameter space preferred by the electroweak precision data at the ILC. On the other hand, the signal produced via the certain BH decay modes is typical and such signal can be easily identified from the SM background. Therefore, BH, the lightest gauge boson in the LH model, would be detectable at the photon collider realized at the ILC.

The Accurate Mass Formulas of Leptons, Quarks, Gauge Bosons, the Higgs Boson, and Cosmic Rays

One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.

One-Loop Effects of Non-Universal Gauge Boson Z' in Top Quark Pair Production at LHC in TC2 Model

The topcolor-assisted technicolor model （TC2） predicts a non-universal Z′ gauge boson, which couples to the third generation fermions with enhanced strength. We study the effects of this non-universal gauge boson on the cross section and spin correlation of top quark pair production through the process gg → tt at the LHC. We find that the total cross section and the spin correlation can be reduced by-4.7% and -1.4% respectively in the allowed parameter space.

Single Production of Charged Gauge Boson W_H^-from Left-Right Twin Higgs Model in Association with Top Quark at LHC

The twin Higgs mechanism has recently been proposed to solve the little hierarchy problem. In the context of the left-right twin Higgs （LRTH） model, we discuss single production of the new charged gauge boson WH^- , which is predicted by the left-right twin Higgs model, in association with top quark at the CERN Large Hadron Collider （LHC）. It is found that, for a typical nonzero value of mass mixing parameter M = 150 GeV in the LRTH model, the production cross section is in the range of 3 ×10^-2 - 6.07×10^3 fb at the LHC. As long as the WH^- is not too heavy, the possible signatures of the heavy charged gauge boson might be detected at the LHC experiments.

Heavy Charged Gauge Bosons with General CP Violating Couplings

Heavy gauge bosons such as W＇ are expected to exist in many extensions of the Standard Model. In this paper, the most general Lagrangian for the interaction of W＇ with top and bottom quarks is considered. This Lagrangian consists of V- A and V ＋ A structure with in general complex couplings. Such interactions produce an Electric Dipole Moment （EDM） for the top quark at one loop level. We predict the allowed ranges for the mass and couplings of W＇ by using the upper limit on the top quark EDM.

Critical Behavior of Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking with Gauge Boson Mass in QED3

Since the massless quantum electrodynamics in 2＋1 dimensions （QEDa） with nonzero gauge boson mass ζ can be used to explain some important traits of high-Tc superconductivity in planar cuprates, it is worthwhile to apply this model to analyze the nature of chiral phase transition at the critical value ζ. Based on the feature of chiral susceptibility, we show that the system at ζ exhibits a second-order phase transition which accords with the nature of appearance of the high-To superconductivity, and the estimated critical exponents around ζ are illustrated.

Searches for multi-Z boson productions and anomalous gauge boson couplings at a muon collider

Multi-boson productions can be exploited as novel probes either for standard model precision tests or new physics searches,and have become a popular research topic in ongoing LHC experiments and future collider studies,including those for electron–positron and muon–muon colliders.In this study,we focus on two examples,i.e.,ZZZ direct productions through μ^(+)μ^(-) annihilation at a 1TeV muon collider,and ZZ productions through vector boson scattering(VBS)at a 10TeV muon collider,with an integrated luminosity of 10 ab^(-1).Various channels are considered,including ZZZ→4l2v and ZZZ→4l+2jets.The expected significance on these multi-Z boson production processes is reported based on a detailed Monte Carlo study and signal background analysis.Sensitivities on anomalous gauge boson couplings are also presented.

Searching for the light leptophilic gauge boson Zx via four-lepton final states at the CEPC

We investigate the possibility of detecting the leptophilic gauge boson Z_(x) predicted by the U(1)Le−Lμmodel via the processes e+e−→ℓ^(+)ℓ^(−)Z_(x)(Z_(x)→ℓ^(+)ℓ^(−))and e+e−→ℓ^(+)ℓ^(−)Z_(x)(Z_(x)→νℓ¯νℓ)at the Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)with a center of mass energy√s=240 GeV and luminosity L=5.6ab^(−1).We provide the expected sensitivities of the CEPC to the parameter space at the 1σ,2σ,3σ,and 5σlevels.

Production of the new gauge boson BH via e^-y collision in the littlest Higgs model

The lightest new gauge boson BH with mass of hundreds GeV is predicted in the littlest Higgs model. BH should be accessible in the planned ILC and the observation of such particle can strongly support the littlest Higgs model. The realization of 7Y and e^-γ collisions would open a wider window to probe BH. In this paper, we study the new gauge boson BH production processes e^-γ→e^-BH and e^-γ→e^-BH at the ILC. Our results show that the production cross section of the process e^-γ→e^-BH is less than 0.1 fb in most parameter spaces allowed by the electroweak precision data while the cross section of the process e^-γ→e^-BH can be over one fb in the favorable parameter spaces. With the high luminosity, the enough typical signals could be produced via e^-γ→e^-BH. Because the final electron and photon beams can be easily identified and the signal can be easily distinguished from the backgrounds produced by Z and H decaying, e^-γ→e^-BH is a promising process to probe BH.

Associated productions of the new gauge boson B_H in the Littlest Higgs model with a SM gauge boson via e^+e^- collision

With the high energy and luminosity, the planned ILC has the considerable capability to probe the new heavy particles predicted by the new physics models. In this paper, we study the potential to discover the lightest new gauge boson BH of the Littlest Higgs model via the processes e^＋e^- →γ（Z）BH at the ILC. The results show that the production rates of these two processes are large enough to detect BH in a wide range of the parameter spaces, specially for the process e^＋e^- →γ TBH. Furthermore, there exist some decay modes for BH which can provide the typical signal and clean backgrounds. Therefore, the new gauge boson BH should be observable via these production processes with the running of the ILC if it exist.

Searches for new neutral gauge boson at the Tevatron and LHC in the left-right twin Higgs model

In the framework of the left-right twin Higgs （LRTH） model, we study the possibilities to detect the new Z＇ boson at the Tevatron and LHC. First, using pp collision data collected by the DO and CDF II detectors, we find that the LRTH Z＇ boson is excluded with masses below 940 GeV. Then we search for signatures of the Z＇ boson at the LHC from the analysis of some distributions for pp --＊ It＋g- ＋ X, such as the number of events, the differential cross section of the dimuon invariant mass, the distributions of the transverse momentum and the forward-backward charge asymmetry. We do our calculation for two typical values of the LHC center of mass energy （7 and 14 TeV）. The numerical results show that, by applying convenient cuts on some of the observables, the dimuon invariant mass and final particle PT distributions can reveal the presence of the heavy neutral gauge boson Z＇ contribution in the LRTH model.

Littlest Higgs Model and Higgs Boson Associated Production with Top Quark Pair at High Energy Linear e^＋e^- Collider

In the parameter space allowed by the electroweak precision measurement data, we consider the contributions of the new particles predicted by the littlest Higga model to the Higgs hoson associated production with top quark pair in the future high energy linear e^＋e^- collider （ILU）. We find that the contributions mainly come from the new gauge bosons ZH and BH. For reasonable values of the free parameters, the absolute value of the relative correction parameter δσ/σ^SM can be signiticanly large, which might be observed in the future ILU experiment with √S = 800 GeV.

What Is the Universe Ultimately Made of?

As the ultimate building blocks of the universe, the limit structureless quark u∞ and its anti-quark are considered at the infinite sublayer level of the quark model. Then CP is violated in the doublet of u∞ and u∞CP quarks to account for the asymmetry of the number of particles and anti-particles. This CP violation is explained by a SU(2) noncommutative geometry. The second, third and fourth generation quarks are considered only as the excited states of the first generation u∞ and u∞CP quarks. The fourth generation quarks are derived from both CPT transformation and the SU(2)L×U(1) gauge theory. The dark matter, quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and Higgs bosons are composed of only the u∞ and u∞CP quarks and the cosmological constant in Einstein’s field equation is also derived from the Higgs potential. Thus, the limit particle u∞ and its anti-particle u∞CP are the ultimate particles of the universe and produced thermally in the hot early universe of the Big Bang.

SU(3) Simple Group Model and New Z' Properties in Future Linear Colliders

In the SU（3） simple group model, the new neutral gauge boson Z＇ couples to pairs of SM fermions with couplings fixed in terms of the SM gauge couplings and depending only on the choice of the fermion embedding. In this paper, we calculate the contributions of this new particle to the processes e^＋e^-→l^＋l^-, bb^-, and cc^- and study the possibility of detecting this new particle via these processes in the future high-energy linear e^＋e^- collider（LC） experiments with √s= 500 GeV and ￡int= 340 fb^-1. We find that the new gauge boson Z＇ is most sensitive to the process e^＋e^-→b^＋b^-. As long as Mz,≤2 TeV , the absolute values of the relative correction parameter are larger than 5%. We calculate the forward-backward asymmetries and left-right asymmetries for the process e^＋e^-→c^＋c^-, with both the universal and anomaly-free fermion embeddings. Bounds on Z＇ masses are also estimated within 95% confidence level.

Top Quark Pair Production at e^＋e^— Colliders in the Topcolor—Assisted Technicolor Model

In the framework of topcolor-assisted technicolor model we calculate the contributions from the pseudo Goldstone bosons and new gauge bosons to . We find that for reasonable ranges of the parameters, the pseudo Goldstone bosons afford dominate contribution, the correction arising from new gauge bosons is negligibly small, the maximum of the relative corrections is with the center-of-mass energy ; whereas in the case of , the relative corrections could be up to 16%. Thus large new physics might be observable at the experiments of next-generation linear colliders.

Associated Productions of HZZ and HHZ at Linear Colliders in Large Extra Dimension Model

In this paper we investigate the effects of the large extra dimensions on the two processes e＋ e-→＋ H^0 Z^0 Z^0 and e^＋e^-→ H^0H^0 Z^0 at linear colliders in both unpolarized and polarized collision modes. We find that the virtual Kaluza-Klein graviton exchange can significantly enhance the cross section from their standard model expectations for these two processes. The results show that the LED effect on the process e＋ e-→＋ H^0 Z^0 Z^0 allows the observation limits on the effective scale Ms to be probed up to 9. 75 TeV and 10.1 TeV in the unpolarized and ＋-（λe＋ =1/2, λe-= -1/2） polarized beam collision modes （with Pe＋ = 0.6, Pe-=0.8）, respectively. For the process e＋ e-→＋ H^0 H^0 Z^0, these limits on Ms can be probed up to 6.06 TeV and 6.38 TeV in the unpolarized and polarized collision modes separately. We find that the λe＋ = 1/2, λe-= -1/2 polarization collision mode in both processe＋ e-→＋ H^0 Z^0 Z^0 and e＋ e-→＋ H^0 H^0 Z^0 may provide a possibility to improve the sensitivity in probing the LED effects.

Probing Topcolor-Assisted Technicolor Models from Like-Sign Γ Pair Production in rγ Collisions

We consider the contributions of the extra gauge boson Z＇ to the like sign ^- production processes e-＇γ→e＋（μ＋）τ-τ-, induced by the tree-level flavor changing interactions. Since these rare production are far below the observable level in the Standard Model and other popular new physics models such as the minimal supersymmetric model, we find that, in the topcolor-assisted technicolor models, the Z＇ can give significant contributions to these processes, and with reasonable values of the parameters, the cross section cr can reach several tens of tb and may be detected at the eγ collisions.

Towards the Unification of All Interactions (The First Part: The Spinor Wave)

For the unification of gravitation with electromagnetism, weak and strong interactions, we use a unique and very simple framework, the Clifford algebra of space . We enlarge our previous wave equation to the general case, including all leptons, quarks and antiparticles of the first generation. The wave equation is a generalization of the Dirac equation with a compulsory non-linear mass term. This equation is form invariant under the group of the invertible elements in the space algebra. The form invariance is fully compatible with the gauge invariance of the standard model. The wave equations of the different particles come by Lagrange equations from a Lagrangian density and this Lagrangian density is the sum of the real parts of the wave equations. Both form invariance and gauge invariance are exact symmetries, not only partial or broken symmetries. Inertia is already present in the part of the gauge group and the inertial chiral potential vector simplifies weak interactions. Relativistic quantum physics is then a naturally yet unified theory, including all interactions.

The Explanation for the Origin of the Higgs Scalar and for the Yukawa Couplings by the Spin-Charge-Family Theory

The spin-charge-family theory is a kind of the Kaluza-Klein theories, but with two kinds of the spin connection fields, which are the gauge fields of the two kinds of spins. The SO(13,1) representation of one kind of spins manifests in d = (3 + 1) all the properties of family members as assumed by the standard model;the second kind of spins explains the appearance of families. The gauge fields of the first kind, carrying the space index m = (0,...,3), manifest in d = (3 + 1) all the vector gauge fields assumed by the standard model. The gauge fields of both kinds of spins, which carry the space index (7, 8) gaining at the electroweak break nonzero vacuum expectation values, manifest in d = (3 + 1) as scalar fields with the properties of the Higgs scalar of the standard model with respect to the weak and the hyper charge ( and , respectively), while they carry additional quantum numbers in adjoint representations, offering correspondingly the explanation for the scalar Higgs and the Yukawa couplings, predicting the fourth family and the existence of several scalar fields. The paper 1) explains why in this theory the gauge fields are with the scalar index s = (5,6,7,8) doublets with respect to the weak and the hyper charge, while they are with respect to all the other charges in the adjoint representations;2) demonstrates that the spin connection fields manifest as the Kaluza-Klein vector gauge fields, which arise from the vielbeins;and 3) explains the role of the vielbeins and of both kinds of the spin connection fields.