Development of Modified Glasses by Transparent, Functional Hybrid Sol-Gel Nano-Ceramic Coatings, a Comparative Study

This paper concentrates on the development of glasses with self-cleaning surfaces exhibiting high water contact angles. In this study, we prepared super-hydrophobic nano-ceramic coated glass based on titania & silica using simple sol-gel & dip coating methods and studied the best composition of the coatings by altering ratios of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)/tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with different homogenizing agents. We characterized the coatings by surface roughness measurement, percentage of optical transmission, static contact angle, near-infrared (NIR) transmission, and diffuse reflectance. The fabrication of coatings on glass substrates played an important role in increasing the water contact angle of about 95° and visible & NIR transmission of about 90%. We compared our modified glass substrate with commercial low emissivity (Low E) glass using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which showed pure amorphous surface claiming excellent wettability and thus the prepared glass substrate could have a variety of applications in different fields.

Swelling behaviour of amphiphilic poly(methacryloxyethyl dimethylalkane ammonium bromide) gels in alcohol/water solvent systems

Three kinds of amphiphilic PMADAB gels were prepared through radiation-induced polymerization and crosslinking of methacryloxyethyl dimethylalkane ammonium bromide(MADAB) with different alkyl side chains(butyl,octyl and dodecyl).The length of alkyl side chains had significant influence on swelling behavior of the PMADAB gels in alcohol/water solvent.Equilibrium swelling degree(EDS) of PMBDAB(butyl) gel in water was ca.160 and decreased with increasing alcohol content(x),whereas EDS of PMODAB(octyl)and PMDDDAB(dodecyl) gels showed a convex-upward function of x,i.e.,these two gels barely swelled in pure water and swelled with increasing x and then shrank gradually.This phenomenon was explained by the hydrophobic association of long alkyl chains and a cosolvency effect of PMADAB in alcohol and water.The swelling behavior of PMADAB gels in methanol,ethanol and isopropanol were similar,and their EDS are related with the dielectric constant of alcohol solvents.The results suggest that PMADAB gels may be potential absorbents for various kinds of alcohols.

Leak-off behavior and water shut-off performance of a polymer/chromium(Cr^(3+)) gel in fractured media

During gel treatments for fractures, the leak-off behavior of gelant has a great effect on the water shut-off performance of gel. Experiments were carried out using a polymer/chromium(Cr^(3+)) gel system to explore the leak-off behavior and the water shut-off performance of gel in fractured media. Results of the gelant leak-off study show that the gelant leak-off from fracture into matrix contributes to the formation of the gelant leak-off layer during the gelant injection. Moreover, because of the gradual formation of the gelant leak-off layer along fracture, the initial leak-off ratio of gelant is relatively high, but it declines and finally levels off with the increase of the injection volume. The polymer concentration of gelant has a great effect on the chromium output in fluids produced from fractures. With the increase of the polymer concentration, the chromium concentration first decreases and then increases, and the leak-off depth of gelant into matrix is gradually reduced. Results of the water shut-off study present that the decrease of the chromium concentration inside the fracture greatly reduces the water shut-off performance after the gel formation. Therefore, because of the relatively high degree of chromium leak-off, enough injection volume of gelant is essential to ensure the sufficient chromium concentration inside the fracture and to further achieve a favorable water shut-off performance. On the premise of gel strength assurance inside the fracture, the water shut-off performance of gel gradually declines with the extension of the distance from the fracture inlet, and different leak-off degrees of gelant along the fracture are responsible for this phenomenon. Therefore, a proper degree of gelant leak-off contributes to enhancing the water shut-off performance of gel for fractures.

Synthesis and Characterization of Alumina-Zirconia Powders Obtained by Sol-Gel Method: Effect of Solvent and Water Addition Rate

The influence of solvent and the rate of addition of water on the characteristics of alumina-zirconia powders obtained by sol-gel method were investigated. The Al2O3-ZrO2 powders (1:1 molar ratio) were prepared using aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and zirconium n-propoxide as precursors. Ethanol (EtOH), isopropanol (iPrOH) and isobutanol (iBuOH) were used as solvents. The Al2O3-ZrO2 powders were characterized by nitrogen physisorption (SBET), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Prepared oxides calcined at 700℃ showed high specific surface area (200 - 240 m2/g). Obtained results suggest that the homogeneity of the mixed oxides is favored by using a water addition rate of 0.06 and 0.10 mL/min with ethanol as solvent.

延迟成胶弹性硅酸凝胶堵水剂及其性能研究

针对现有硅酸凝胶堵水剂普遍存在成胶时间短、成胶后脆性大的问题,结合L油田油藏条件,通过考察活化剂类型及用量,弹性改善剂类型及用量,以及水玻璃用量对成胶时间和弹性模量的影响,得出了一种延迟成胶弹性硅酸凝胶堵水剂。其配方为:6%水玻璃+0.85%活化剂三元弱酸一铵GL-1+0.1%弹性改善剂正电胶,该配方在油藏温度65℃下,成胶强度达到E级的时间为72 h,成胶后的弹性模量为589.46 Pa。采用填砂管实验评价了堵水剂的注入性及封堵性,结果表明堵水剂在L油田中具有良好的注入性及封堵性,在渗透率为1168.06×10^(-3)~5061.57×10^(-3)μm^(2)的填砂管中,注入0.8 PV的最高注入压力仅有0.72 MPa,封堵率均>96%。该堵水剂可用于L油田的油井堵水。

Preparation and Characterization of CA-MA Eutectic/Silicon Dioxide Nanoscale Composite Phase Change Material from Water Glass via Sol-Gel Method

This work mainly involved the preparation of a nano-scale form-stable phase change material（PCM） consisting of capric and myristic acid（CA-MA） binary eutectic acting as thermal absorbing material and nano silicon dioxide（nano-SiO_2） serving as the supporting material. Industrial water glass for preparation of the nano silicon dioxide matrix and CA-MA eutectic mixture were compounded by single-step sol-gel method with the silane coupling agent. The morphology, chemical characterization and form stability property of the composite PCM were investigated by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, Fourier-transform infrared（FT-IR） spectroscopy and polarizing microscopy（POM）. It was indicated that the average diameter of the composite PCM particle ranged from 30-100 nm. The CA-MA eutectic was immobilized in the network pores constructed by the Si-O bonds so that the composite PCM was allowed no liquid leakage above the melting temperature of the CA-MA eutectic. Differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA） measurement were conducted to investigate the thermal properties and stability of the composite PCM. From the measurement results, the mass fraction of the CA-MA eutectic in the composite PCM was about 40%. The phase change temperature and latent heat of the composite were determined to be 21.15 ℃ and 55.67 J/g, respectively. Meanwhile, thermal conductivity of the composite was measured to be 0.208 W·m^（-1）·K^（-1） by using the transient hot-wire method. The composite PCM was able to maintain the surrounding temperature close to its phase change temperature and behaved well in thermalregulated performance which was verified by the heat storage-release experiment. This kind of form-stable PCM was supposed to complete thermal insulation even temperature regulation by the dual effect of relatively low thermal conductivity and phase change thermal storage-release properties. So it can be formulated that the nanoscale CA-MA/SiO_2 composite PCM with the form-stable property, good thermal storage capacity and relatively low thermal conductivity can be applied for energy conservation as a kind of thermal functional material.

鄂尔多斯盆地低渗透油田注水井化学调剖体系研究

为解决高温、高pH和高盐度条件下交联聚合物凝胶不稳定的问题,使用过硫酸钾作为引发剂,通过自由基聚合合成了聚(丙烯酰胺)接枝黄原胶共聚物。采用六亚甲基四胺(HMTA)和对苯二酚(HQ)组成交联剂进行交联。为了评估凝胶化行为,进行了流变学实验和瓶测实验。结果表明:接枝共聚物凝胶的导流能力优于商业上常用的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶。随着交联剂和接枝共聚物质量浓度的增加,凝胶形成时间减少,凝胶强度增加。因此,该堵水凝胶在改善老化油田、处理高油田异质性方面具有良好的应用前景,有助于提高油田的采收率。

硅胶有效吸脱水特性研究

为了解硅胶在吸脱水过程中水含量分布特征,开展了脱附温度对硅胶吸附量与物相结构的影响,研究了脱附气氛、脱附温度、脱附时间、含水量与脱附次数对硅胶有效残留水的影响,并计算了硅胶在不同脱附条件下的有效吸附水。结果表明,当脱附温度≤130℃时,吸附量无衰减,结构保持稳定。硅胶有效残留水同脱附温度、脱附气氛相关,同脱附前含水量、脱附次数无关。在空气气氛脱附时,最佳脱附条件为130℃,1 h,有效残留水为8.5%~9.1%,当吸附20~150 min时,有效吸附水随吸附时间线性增加,特别当吸附120~150 min时,有效吸附水达到12%~14%。

非均质油藏堵水强化颗粒凝胶聚合物的合成及性能评价

在油田开发中,颗粒凝胶可用于堵水,以控制含水和封堵高渗层窜流,从而提高采收率。研究了纳米蒙脱土(Na-MMT)黏土在增强预成型颗粒凝胶(R-PPGs)中的强化作用。以丙烯酰胺为单体、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂、过硫酸钾(KPS)为还原剂、纳米Na-MMT为强化材料,合成了R-PPGs。采用X射线衍射、核磁共振、场发射扫描电镜和能量色散X射线能谱对合成的R-PPG进行了物理和化学表征。研究结果表明:Na-MMT黏土的平均粒径约为(368±20)nm,纳米黏土对PPG的基体有强化效果,δ=179.90和δ=41.89处始观察到2个峰对应酰胺基的羰基和脂肪族基团。纳米黏土强化PPG中有致密网状结构,其热稳定性较好。

用于稠油热采井的耐温凝胶堵剂研制与评价——以春光油田为例

针对河南春光油田稠油热采水平井水窜严重的问题,通过耐高温凝胶堵剂配方研究及性能评价,配套双封定位封堵工艺,实现了水平井不同水窜位置的有效封堵。所研制的耐高温凝胶堵剂,具有耐温耐盐性能好和封堵强度高的特点,耐盐1.00×10^(5)mg/L,耐温达到350℃,高温60 h后突破真空度仍保持在0.065 MPa以上,现场实施后有效延缓了稠油水平井水窜速度,改善了稠油热采水平井开发效果。

采出水中核壳型荧光微球浓度的检测方法

聚合物微球调驱是改善水驱效果的主要技术之一。微球在地层中的运移以及能否在采出水中有效检出会直接影响调驱效果。因此,将荧光碳点引入微球调驱剂中,起到示踪的作用。荧光核壳微球调驱剂由含荧光碳点的核心微球溶液和壳层水溶液混合吸附而成。为了降低油水分离后采出水中的杂质对核壳荧光微球有效检出的干扰,首先对荧光微球的浓度与荧光强度进行线性拟合,验证该方法的可行性;然后用硅胶对地层采出水进行吸附,通过对比采出水吸附前后的荧光发射光谱,验证硅胶吸附的实用性;最后用硅胶对采出水配制的荧光微球进行吸附,绘制荧光强度和微球浓度的标准曲线。结果表明,在激发波长为347 nm的条件下,荧光微球的质量浓度与445 nm发射波长处的荧光强度具有良好的线性关系,相关判定系数(R^(2))为0.9870。经硅胶处理后,水驱采出水的荧光发射强度显著降低,硅胶吸附能有效去除采出水中的杂质。在激发波长为347 nm、荧光光谱仪狭缝为10~20 nm、微球质量浓度为1~1200 mg/L时,荧光核壳微球水分散液的质量浓度(x)与462 nm处的荧光发射峰值(y)呈正比线性关系,拟合方程为y=2497.1042+3.1847x,R^(2)为0.9972,置信度较高。荧光强度与核壳微球浓度的线性阶段可满足现场检测要求。该方法可为类似油藏荧光微球含量的定量检测提供借鉴。

枸杞粉对白鲢鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

该研究以冷冻白鲢鱼糜为实验原料,向其中添加枸杞粉(wolfberry powder,WP),分析不同添加量[0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1%、1.5%(质量分数)]的WP对白鲢鱼糜凝胶持水性、蒸煮损失率、白度值、水分分布、凝胶特性、微观结构、感官评价及气味特征的影响。结果表明,随着WP含量的增加,鱼糜凝胶的持水性、硬度、咀嚼性和凝胶强度都表现出先增大后减小的趋势,当WP的添加量为0.5%时达到最大,分别为78.55%、(2716.77±75.76)g、(2185.15±32.46)g和1087 g·cm;而蒸煮损失率则表现出先减小后增大的趋势,在0.5%的添加量时,蒸煮损失率最小,为7.49%。在鱼糜中加入WP后,可以减少鱼糜凝胶中自由水的比例,增加不易流动水的比例,使鱼糜凝胶保留更多水分,且当WP在最适添加量0.5%时,鱼糜凝胶中只检测到结合水和不易流动水,未检测到自由水。适量WP的添加会增强鱼糜凝胶的网络结构,使其变得更加致密均匀。WP的添加会减小鱼糜凝胶的白度值和色泽评分,但在最适添加量0.5%时,其颜色总体可接受。此外,感官评价和电子鼻分析结果表明,当WP在最适添加量0.5%时,可以显著改善鱼糜凝胶的风味品质。研究结果可为生产高品质的鱼糜产品提供理论依据。

水驱油藏聚乙烯亚胺交联聚合物凝胶体系研究进展

聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)是一种低毒性环保材料,它与聚合物交联的凝胶体系具有适用温度范围广、成胶时间可控、成胶后强度大、高温稳定时间长、几乎不受储层岩石矿物影响等优点。本文回顾了以PEI作为交联剂的各类凝胶体系的研究动态,阐明了PEI与各类聚合物的交联反应机理及其凝胶体系特点,分析了各类因素对凝胶性能的影响,并列举了改善凝胶性能的方法和成功的矿场应用实例,重点分析了提高凝胶体系交联活性的方法研究。最后,提出聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)/PEI凝胶体系作为环保型调驱体系在中低温油藏深部调控方面具有非常大的应用前景,应继续深入研究提高PAM/PEI凝胶体系交联效率的方法及其作用机理,以降低聚合物与交联剂用量,为这一体系的推广应用提供理论依据与实验基础。

激光刻蚀sol-gelTiO_2薄膜的浸润性研究

应用 35 5nm脉冲激光在sol gelTiO2 薄膜表面刻蚀出微米级的沟槽形貌 ,讨论了具有微槽形貌TiO2 薄膜的浸润行为及其浸润性与亲水区域面积的关系 ,以及紫外光照对具有微槽形貌TiO2

乳糖胆盐体系大肠菌群测试片的研制及性能验证

该文以结晶紫中性红胆盐培养基(violet red bile agar,VRBA)组分为体系基础,通过筛选凝胶,正交试验优化凝胶、乳糖与胆盐添加量,以及添加乳糖发酵诱导剂,进行了大肠菌群测试片的研制。研究表明,使用卡拉胶代替琼脂作为载体,将卡拉胶、乳糖与胆盐的添加量分别优化为15、10、1.2 g/L,同时添加250 mg/L乳酰基-N脂酰基鞘氨醇作为乳糖发酵诱导剂,大肠菌群测试片的理化与微生物性能达到最优。测试片性能符合国标方法对VRBA培养基的控制要求;与国标大肠菌群平板计数方法相比,测试片方法在实际样本的检测结果无明显差异的同时,将检测周期缩短了24 h,结果观察更为直观,提升了对弱产气型目标菌的检测能力。该文所研制的大肠菌群测试片便捷快速准确,可适用于食品检测,并可为商业化测试片的研制提供借鉴意义。

多重复合网络增韧凝胶在裂缝油藏中的封堵行为研究

采用水溶液聚合法,研究了在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中同时引入共价键交联、氢键交联、缠结交联和疏水微区交联四种交联结构的复合交联凝胶的力学性能,结果表明,含有疏水单体和聚乙烯醇(PVA)的多重复合交联结构的凝胶可以有效提高凝胶颗粒的变形能力,断裂伸长率高达800%,可以作为一种裂缝油藏用颗粒堵剂,对裂缝产生有效的封堵,颗粒与裂缝宽度的配伍最低临界值为1.25,封堵强度大于0.034 MPa/cm,应用中推荐使用与裂缝宽度比值为1.25~1.87粒径的颗粒作为封堵剂。

海藻酸钠口腔用水凝胶治疗牙周炎老年吸烟患者的短期疗效观察

目的探析海藻酸钠口腔用水凝胶对老年吸烟牙周炎患者牙周状况及龈沟液可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β水平的短期疗效。方法选取杭州市萧山区中医院2020年8月至2022年10月收治的152例老年吸烟牙周炎患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方法分为2组,对照组76例,在龈下刮治后应用碘甘油,观察组76例,在龈下刮治后应用海藻酸钠口腔用水凝胶。测量并统计分析2组治疗前后牙周指标[牙龈指数(GI)、龈沟出血指数(SBI)、牙菌斑指数(PLI)、牙周袋深度(PD)及附着丧失(AL)]和龈沟液sICAM-1、IL-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、不良反应发生率及短期复发率。结果2组治疗后GI、SBI、PLI、PD及AL均减小(P<0.001),观察组治疗后GI、SBI、PLI、PD及AL小于对照组,差异有统计意义(t=10.450、6.295、7.372、14.454、7.280,P<0.001);2组治疗后龈沟液sICAM-1、IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平均降低(P<0.001),观察组治疗后龈沟液sICAM-1、IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平低于对照组,相比差异有统计意义(t=8.993、9.684、10.184、5.664,P<0.001)。2组患者的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访3个月,失访率为3.3%,观察组的复发率为低于对照组的复发率(1.3%与9.6%),2组对比差异存统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.846,P=0.028)。结论海藻酸钠口腔用水凝胶能够有效改善老年吸烟牙周炎患者牙周状况,抑制牙周袋深处炎症反应,减少短期复发率,值得临床予以推广应用。

sky gel保水剂对不同规格穴盘番茄育苗用量的研究

进行了skygel保水剂对不同规格穴盘(72孔和128孔)番茄育苗用量的研究。研究结果表明,2种规格穴盘,在测定的3个育苗时期(苗龄为16d,19d,22d)内,基质含水量都随着保水剂浓度的增加而增加,呈线形正相关;基质含水量在测定时间内变化范围较小,说明skygel保水剂的反复吸水能力较强。通过对番茄幼苗各形态指标进行测定,表明72孔穴盘较128孔穴盘更适合番茄幼苗的生长,保水剂浓度为每1L基质加2g保水剂较适合。综合各因素表明,采用72孔穴盘、保水剂浓度为2g/L时,番茄幼苗生长茁壮,商品出苗率高。

煤矿用凝胶阻化剂的优化及性能研究

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