Pharmacokinetics of Gelsemium elegans in female rats

Background:Gelsemium elegans Benth(G.elegans)is a poisonous perennial evergreen vine plant that has been applied in livestock production and veterinary clinical practice.Early studies found that the toxicity of G.elegans showed significant gender differences in rats,but the underlying reasons for this difference are still not well understood.Methods:In order to explore whether the gender differences in the toxicity of G.elegans are related to pharmacokinetic differences,based on the previous pharmacokinetic study of multiple components of G.elegans in male rats,this study used HPLC-MS/MS method established in the laboratory to conduct a pharmacokinetic study of multiple alkaloids in the plasma of female rats after a single gavage administration of G.elegans(dose of 0.1 g/kg).Results:Through detection,17 alkaloid components in the plasma of female rats were identified,and the pharmacokinetic parameters of 11 of these alkaloids were calculated.We find that in female rats.The T_(max)values were generally less than 0.5 h,and the T_(1/2)values exceeded 3 h,with the longest reaching up to 32.80 h half elimination time.Additionally,the C_(max)and AUC results indicated that female rats had generally higher absorption and exposure levels for most alkaloids.Conclusion:These results suggest that the reason for the differences in the toxicology of G.elegans may be related to the absorption and exposure of gelsemidine-type alkaloids in animals.

钩吻(Gelsemium elegans)生物碱结构类型增补探讨

根据对亚洲钩吻(Gelsemium elegans)的化学研究结果,探讨将已知5种生物碱骨架类型扩展为9种,其中新增补并命名为Geleboline-type,Gelselegine-type,Gelsemamide-type,以及首次报道在亚洲钩吻中得到的Yohimbane-type类型。

Two new benzofuran lignan glycosides from Gelsemium elegans

Two new benzofuran lignan glycosides, gelsemiunoside A and B, were isolated from the whole plant of Gelsemium elegans Benth. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Furthermore, gelsemiunoside A and B were shown a potent cytotoxic activity by suppressing the proliferation of A375-S2 cells.

马钱科植物钩吻(Gelsemium elegans)的化学研究

研究钩吻(Gelsemium elegans)根茎的化学成分。采用色谱方法进行分离纯化,通过理化及波谱鉴定化学结构。经钩吻甲醇提取物的酸碱处理后的总碱分离得到13个生物碱,分别为五种结构类型,3个Sarpagine-type生物碱:Gardnerine(1),Koumidine(2),N-methoxyanhydrovo-basinediol(3);3个Humantenine-type生物碱:Humantenine(4),Humantenirine(5),Rankinidine(6),3个Gelsedine-type生物碱:Gelsedine(7),Gelsenicine(8),19-Oxo-gelsenicine(9),2个Koumine-type生物碱:Koumine(10),19S-Kouminol(11);2个Gelsemine-type生物碱:Gelsemine(12),Gelesevirine(13).这五种类型构成钩吻生物碱的基础生源途径。

STUDIES ON THE INDOLE ALKALOIDS OF GELSEMIUM ELEGANS

The modified Hofmann degradation of koumine(1) has proved abortive. The struture and stereochemistry of the main product(3) were deduced by spectral methods and confirmed by X-ray diffration analysis. From the roots of Gelsemium elegans, dihydrokounine was first isolated as a natural product.

Mechanism of Action of Low Dose Preparations from <i>Coffea arabica</i>, <i>Gelsemium</i>and <i>Veratrum</i>Based on <i>in Vivo</i>and <i>in Vitro</i>Neurophysiological Findings

Low dose remedies are widely administered in medicine. We used Tele-Stereo-EEG and the hippocampal slice preparation to measure physiological effects of orally given Coffea D6 (40 mg/kg), Gelsemium D4 (10 mg/kg) and Veratrum D6 (30 mg/kg) in rats. Adult rats were implanted with electrodes positioned stereotactically into four brain regions. Changes in field potentials were transmitted wirelessly. After frequency analysis data from 6 - 8 animals were averaged. For in vitro testing, preparations were superfused directly on hippocampal slices. Stimulation of Schaffer Collaterals by single stimuli (SS) or theta burst stimulation (TBS) resulted in stable population spike amplitudes. All three low dose preparations produced decreases of spectral power. Statistically significant changes were observed in delta, theta and alpha2 spectral power. In the hippocampal slice preparation Coffea facilitated signal transfer presumably by enhancing glutamate AMPA receptor transmission. Gelsemium showed a similar effect, but only after single shock stimulation. Opposite to this, attenuation of the electric pathway was recognized after theta burst stimulation due to AMPA receptor and glutamate metabotropic II receptor mediated transmission. Veratrum was able to attenuate glutamatergic due to receptor-mediated signalling sensitive to AMPA and NMDA. The results strongly speak in favour of the existence of biologically active molecules in these low dose preparations.

Preparative Separation of Four Alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans by High-speed Counter-current Chromatography

Objective To develop an efficient preparative method for the separation of Gelsemium alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans. Methods High-speed counter-current chromatography （HSCCC） with several two-phase solvent systems was investigated for the separation of Gelsemium alkaloids. The purity and structure identification of the purified compounds were performed with HPLC and NMR spectra, respectively. Results In a single operation, 206.6 mg of crude alkaloid sample was separated to yield 28.7 mg of koumine, 24.9 mg of gelsemine, 26.9 mg of humantenine, and 7.2 mg of gelsevirine, with the purities of 97.8%, 95.4%, 97.4%, and 93.5%, respectively. Conclusion A preparative HSCCC method is successfully established for the separation of four Gelsemium alkaloids from G. elegans with a modified two-phase solvent system com posed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-O. 5% triethylamine-H2O （3：5：3：4）.

胆汁制钩吻总碱抑制结肠癌细胞增殖的作用研究

目的探讨胆汁制钩吻总碱(胆钩吻总碱)体外抗肿瘤效果,旨在为钩吻减毒后存效的研究提供科学依据。方法通过CCK-8检测观察胆钩吻总碱对人结肠HCT-116细胞、人神经胶质瘤U87细胞、人肝癌HepG2细胞、人肺癌A549细胞的增殖作用,进一步以结肠癌HCT-116为研究对象,以不同浓度胆钩吻总碱(50、100、200μg·mL-1)干预HCT-116细胞,通过流式细胞技术检测其对细胞周期阻滞的影响;Annexin V FITC/PI流式细胞术检测HCT-116细胞凋亡情况;进一步从蛋白水平检测凋亡相关蛋白表达。结果在钩吻总生物碱IC 50浓度下,胆钩吻总碱对U87、A549、HepG2、HCT-116肿瘤细胞的增殖抑制率均高于钩吻总生物碱组,并且各组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与空白组相比,不同浓度的胆钩吻总碱处理(50、100、200μg·mL-1)可有效降低HCT-116细胞的集落形成,并将细胞周期阻滞在G 2/M期。胆钩吻总碱还能引发结肠癌HCT-116细胞的晚期凋亡,并对凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3起到调控作用。结论胆钩吻总碱可以通过调控结肠癌HCT-116细胞周期和凋亡相关蛋白的表达来抑制其增殖。

钩吻枝叶乙醇提取物的化学成分

从钩吻〔Gelsemium elegans(Gardn.et Champ.)Benth.〕枝叶乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定出6个化合物,分别为熊果酸、27-O-对-(E)-香豆酰基-乌索酸、27-O-对-(Z)-香豆酰基-乌索酸、16-表伏康树卡平碱、(Z)-阿枯米定碱、N(a)-去甲基嘌呤。其中,16-表伏康树卡平碱首次从钩吻中分离获得,其余5个化合物首次从钩吻属(Gelsemium Juss.)中分离获得。

钩吻总碱诱导慢性粒细胞白血病K562细胞凋亡的机制分析

目的 探讨钩吻总碱对慢性粒细胞白血病K562细胞的抑杀作用及其机制,为其抗白血病研究提供科学依据。方法 以不同浓度钩吻总碱(25、50、100、200、400μg·mL-1)干预K562细胞,MTT法测定其对K562细胞活力的影响;倒置相差显微镜观察其对K562细胞形态的影响;DAPI染色法观察K562细胞核形态变化;Annexin V FITC/PI流式细胞术检测K562细胞凋亡情况;比色法测定caspase-3活性变化;RT-PCR检测Bax和Bcl-2基因的表达水平。结果 钩吻总碱对K562细胞抑制效果呈时间、剂量依赖性,24 h时IC50为122μg·mL^(-1);TAG干预K562细胞后细胞形态逐渐不规则、胞质不清、胞核皱缩,最终胞膜的完整性破坏;DAPI染色发现细胞体积变小,整体皱缩,胞核固缩、生成典型的凋亡小体;Annexin V FITC/PI流式细胞测定显示K562细胞凋亡以早凋为主,存在量效关系;不同浓度钩吻总碱作用于K562细胞24 h后caspase-3的活性提高;RT-PCR检测发现TAG干预后会下调Bcl-2基因表达、上调Bax基因表达,二者均表现出量效关系。结论 钩吻总碱可能通过上调Bax基因表达、下调Bcl-2基因表达,活化caspase-3,从而诱导慢性粒细胞白血病K562细胞发生早期凋亡,抑制其细胞活力。

不同发酵天数赤芝钩吻的毒性及镇痛作用研究

目的比较2批不同发酵天数钩吻的急性毒性及镇痛药效。方法采用改良寇氏法测定发酵14天、21天钩吻半数致死量(LD_(50)),并获取2批不同发酵钩吻的最大安全给药剂量为药效学浓度。采用醋酸扭体法测定不同发酵钩吻对醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应疼痛阈值的影响,ELISA法检测各组小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平。结果发酵14、21天的赤芝钩吻的LD_(50)分别为10.91 g·kg^(-1)、15.4 g·kg^(-1);2批发酵钩吻对醋酸扭体镇痛模型的镇痛率分别为74%、79%,发酵钩吻显著降低血清炎症因子含量,且批次之间无显著差异。结论2批不同发酵天数赤芝钩吻毒性降低,并具有显著的镇痛作用,2批次之间镇痛药效无显著差异。

Whole-genome sequencing and analysis of the Chinese herbal plant Gelsemium elegans

Gelsemium elegans(G.elegans)(2 n=2 x=16)is genus of flowering plants belonging to the Gelsemicaeae family.Here,a high-quality genome assembly using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies(ONT)platform and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture techniques(Hi-C)were used.A total of 56.11 Gb of raw GridION X5 platform ONT reads(6.23 Gb per cell)were generated.After filtering,53.45 Gb of clean reads were obtained,giving 160 x coverage depth.The de novo genome assemblies 335.13 Mb,close to the 338 Mb estimated by k-mer analysis,was generated with contig N50 of 10.23 Mb.The vast majority(99.2%)of the G.elegans assembled sequence was anchored onto 8 pseudo-chromosomes.The genome completeness was then evaluated and 1338 of the 1440 conserved genes(92.9%)could be found in the assembly.Genome annotation revealed that 43.16%of the G.elegans genome is composed of repetitive elements and 23.9%is composed of long terminal repeat elements.We predicted 26,768 protein-coding genes,of which 84.56%were functionally annotated.The genomic sequences of G.elegans could be a valuable source for comparative genomic analysis in the Gelsemicaeae family and will be useful for understanding the phylogenetic relationships of the indole alkaloid metabolism.

钩吻总碱对肺腺癌细胞增殖和凋亡作用的研究

目的 以人肺腺癌细胞(A549、SPCA1)为研究对象,通过在培养液中加入不同浓度的钩吻总碱(TAG)研究其抗肿瘤作用。方法 采用加热回流、萃取等方法提取TAG,利用薄层色谱法鉴定TAG的提取,通过Incucyte S3活细胞动态分析系统拟合不同浓度的TAG作用A549、SPCA1细胞的细胞融合度并观察A549、SPCA1细胞的形态,采用CCK-8法、集落形成实验检测细胞增殖,Hoechst33258染色、Rhodamine123染色检测细胞凋亡,碘化丙啶单染法检测细胞周期,Western blotting检测凋亡指标蛋白Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3蛋白表达。结果 经薄层色谱法鉴定成功提取TAG。Incucyte S3活细胞动态分析系统拟合出TAG作用A549、SPCA1细胞的EC50值分别是99.2、82.0μg/mL,由此确定TAG作用A549、SPCA1细胞的低、中、高浓度依次为50、100、150μg/mL,且细胞拍照观察到随着药物浓度增加细胞融合度下降、细胞数目减少。CCK-8法和集落形成实验结果表明TAG抑制A549、SPCA1细胞增殖(P <0.05)。Hoechst 33258细胞核染色实验发现给药组细胞出现核碎裂;流式细胞术检测Rhodamine123探针发现给药组出现荧光信号强度增加,检测细胞周期发现TAG使A549、SPCA1细胞周期阻滞在G_2/M期;Western blot结果显示TAG诱导Bcl-2蛋白表达下调,Bax表达上调、Caspase-3蛋白切割活化增加,通过细胞染色实验、流式细胞术及Western blotting表明TAG促进A549、SPCA1细胞凋亡(P <0.05)。结论 TAG抑制肺腺癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。

An integrated strategy toward comprehensive characterization and quantification of multiple components from herbal medicine: An application study in Gelsemium elegans

Objective: To develop a powerful integrated strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry(LC-MS) systems for the comprehensive characterization and quantification of multiple components of herbal medicines.Methods: Firstly, different mobile phase additives, analysis time, and MS acquisition modes were orthogonally tested with liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(LC-QTOF/MS) in order to detect as many components of Gelsemium elegans as possible with high peak intensity. Secondly, several data mining strategies, including database searching, diagnostic ion filtering and neutral loss filtering, were utilized to perform chemical profiling. Subsequently, this study focused on the quantification and validation of the performance of a liquid chromatography-triple mass spectrometry(LC-Qq Q/MS) assay based on derivative multiple reaction monitoring(De MRM).Results: A total of 147 components from G. elegans were characterized, among them 116 nontarget components were reported for the first time. A sensitive and reproducible LC-Qq Q/MS method was successfully developed and validated for the simultaneous relative quantification of 41 components of G. elegans.This LC-Qq Q/MS method was then applied to compare the contents of components in the roots, stems and leaves.Conclusion: The present integrated strategy would significantly contribute to chemical studies on herbal medicine, and its utility could be extended to other research fields, such as metabolomics, quality control,and pharmacokinetics.

钩吻脂氧合酶基因GeLOX1的鉴定及低温胁迫表达分析

近年来,钩吻(Gelsemium elegans)的药用和饲用价值日益凸显,但钩吻在生长过程中不耐低温,挖掘其低温响应基因,为钩吻的抗寒育种研究奠定基础。植物中,脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX)在种子老化、抗逆境胁迫等方面的生理生化过程中有重要影响。基于课题组构建的钩吻转录组数据库,挖掘响应低温胁迫的钩吻LOX基因,运用RT-PCR技术,从中克隆到一条GeLOX1的cNDA全长序列,对其进行生物信息学、亚细胞定位、基因表达、原核表达及平板胁迫等分析。结果显示,GeLOX1所编码蛋白的氨基酸长度为761 aa,蛋白相对分子质量为87.00 kD,预测为不稳定的亲水性蛋白,含有28个丝氨酸磷酸化位点,22个苏氨酸磷酸化位点和9个酪氨酸磷酸化位点。进化树分析结果表明,GeLOX1属于9-LOX家族的成员。亚细胞定位检测结果显示,GeLOX1蛋白定位于细胞质中。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,GeLOX1在钩吻的根中高表达,且其在4℃低温胁迫下的表达量呈现下调的趋势。经原核表达诱导后,GeLOX1的重组蛋白在约111 kD处出现目标条带,且重组蛋白的积累量在诱导8 h时达到峰值。此外,平板胁迫试验表明,GeLOX1的原核表达菌株相较于对照组对低温胁迫更敏感。钩吻GeLOX1能够应答低温胁迫。

钩吻中毒的应急检验方法研究及思考

目的探讨钩吻中毒的应急检验方法。方法选取导致2022年3月广东普宁市鸡矢藤煲汤中毒事件的涉案样品为研究对象,采用性状、显微、薄层色谱和液相色谱-质谱鉴别等检验方法鉴定致毒中草药。结果样品外皮具深纵沟及横裂隙,截面具放射状纹理,含有石细胞和草酸钙簇晶,提示其为钩吻。涉案样品与钩吻对照药材及钩吻素子、钩吻素甲对照品在薄层色谱相应位置显相同颜色的斑点,并在液相色谱-质谱中检测到涉案样品含有钩吻素子和钩吻素甲。讨论本次中毒事件是由于误食混入鸡矢藤药材的钩吻而导致。基于长期从事有毒中草药中毒应急检验的经验,总结钩吻等有毒中草药中毒应急检验的常用方法,对有毒中草药监管和应急检验工作提出思考与建议,加强精准识别和快速筛查方法的研究等,为误用有毒中草药中毒应急检验提供参考,以期进一步避免钩吻等剧毒中草药中毒事件的发生。

钩吻生物碱衍生物的设计、合成和抗结直肠癌活性研究

目的:围绕有毒中药钩吻生物碱抗肿瘤药效骨架,引入经典抗肿瘤药效基团,设计并合成新型钩吻生物碱衍生物,评价其对结直肠癌细胞株体内外抗肿瘤活性。方法:通过药效结构拼合的方法,以钩吻生物碱共同药效骨架C3-氧化吲哚螺环结构为出发点,引入抗肿瘤药效基团异噁唑片段,设计目标化合物;以含氧化吲哚骨架的MBH碳酸酯和3-甲基-4-硝基-5-烯基异噁唑为原料,通过高度区域选择性1,6-环加成反应,制得新型钩吻生物碱衍生物——含有异噁唑基团的3-螺环戊烯-2-氧化吲哚;用cell counting Kit-8(CCK-8)法测定新型钩吻生物碱衍生物对多种人结直肠癌肿瘤细胞株的增殖抑制作用;用人结直肠癌细胞HCT116采用皮下注射法构建小鼠肿瘤模型,观察不同浓度钩吻生物碱衍生物的体内抗肿瘤作用。结果:得到产率为84%的目标钩吻生物碱衍生物(3),新化合物结构经~1H-NMR,^(13)C-NMR和HRMS确证,为甲基-5′-氯-4-(4-异丙基苯基)-5-(3-甲基-4-硝基异噁唑-5-基)-2′-氧代-螺[环戊烷-1,3′-吲哚]-2-烯-2-羧酸酯;该新型钩吻生物碱衍生物能抑制LS180、HT-29、 DLD-1、HCT116、SW620、SW480和SW1116细胞增殖,其半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))分别为0.69,1.26,2.26,0.38,3.26,4.98和2.57 mg/L,其中对HCT116的抑制作用较阳性对照药物阿霉素更好;钩吻生物碱衍生物高、中、低剂量组腹腔注射给药均能抑制HCT116模型小鼠肿瘤生长,其体内抗肿瘤生物活性呈剂量依赖。结论:该新型钩吻生物碱衍生物具有良好的抗结直肠癌活性,可作为抗肿瘤先导药物进行进一步研究,拓展创新中药途径。

钩吻生物碱对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

为了研究日粮中添加钩吻生物碱对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态,以及对腹泻仔猪治疗效果的影响,本试验选取64头健康仔猪和32头腹泻仔猪,各随机分成4个组。对照组饲喂未添加钩吻生物碱的基础饲粮;剂量组分别在基础饲粮中添加25 mg/(kg·bw)(低剂量)、50 mg/(kg·bw)(中剂量)、100 mg/(kg·bw)(高剂量)的钩吻生物碱,健康仔猪喂养28 d,腹泻仔猪喂养7 d。试验结束后,对于健康仔猪,统计平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G),计算仔猪各段肠道长度与肠道全长的比值,以及小肠重、大肠重分别与肠道总重、体重的比值,测量各肠段的圆周、管壁厚度,观察肠道组织形态测定肌层厚度、绒毛高度(V)、隐窝深度(C),并计算V/C;对于腹泻仔猪,测定每天的腹泻指数和腹泻率。结果显示:在健康仔猪日粮中添加钩吻生物碱可提高其ADG、降低F/G(P<0.05);与对照组相比,剂量组十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛高度均显著增加(P<0.05),绒毛整齐、密集,且高剂量组的空肠隐窝深度、十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)也显著增加(P<0.05);而各组间仔猪各段肠道长度占肠道全长的比值,小肠重、大肠重分别与肠道总重、体重的比值,各肠段的圆周、管壁厚度均未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。腹泻仔猪使用钩吻生物碱后第4~6天,腹泻率和腹泻指数均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,钩吻生物碱虽不能增加仔猪小肠在整个肠道的长度占比,但能促进小肠绒毛发育,并能提高断奶仔猪的抗腹泻能力,促进断奶仔猪的生长。

钩吻提取物对猪肝脏药物代谢酶活性的影响

为了研究钩吻提取物对猪肝脏细胞色素P450(CYP450)和醌氧化还原酶(NQO1)活性的影响,本试验选用95%乙醇溶液制备钩吻醇提取物和0.5%硫酸溶液制备钩吻酸水提取物,将56日龄仔猪随机分为5个组,每组15只,分别为T1组(基础日粮)、T2组(基础日粮+150μg/mL钩吻酸水提取物)、T3组(基础日粮+25μg/mL钩吻醇提取物)、T4组(基础日粮+50μg/mL钩吻醇提取物)和T5组(基础日粮+100μg/mL钩吻醇提取物),连续饲喂47 d,取肝脏制备微粒体和胞液,通过比色法分析钩吻提取物对肝微粒体中氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶(AND)和红霉素-N-脱甲基酶(ERND)活性的影响,并探究钩吻提取物对肝胞液中NQO1活性的影响。结果显示,与T1组相比,T2组对AND和ERND活性无显著影响(P>0.05),而T3组和T4组对两者活性均具有诱导作用(P<0.05或P<0.01);2种提取物均能极显著抑制NOQ1活性(P<0.01)。结果表明,钩吻醇提取物对CYP450活性具有诱导作用,钩吻提取物对NQO1活性有抑制作用。本试验揭示了钩吻对药物代谢酶存在影响,与其他药物联合使用时存在相互作用,为钩吻在临床上的进一步应用提供药理学依据。

钩吻总生物碱及常绿钩吻碱的体外抗肿瘤作用及机制

目的探讨钩吻总生物碱(TA)和常绿钩吻碱(SPV)的体外抗肿瘤作用及机制。方法观察低、中、高浓度TA(50、100、200μg/mL)和SPV(10、30、50μmol/L)对人肝癌细胞(HepG2、Bel-7402)、人肺癌细胞(A549)、人结肠癌细胞(HCT-8)形态的影响并实时监测TA和SPV对4种肿瘤细胞的毒性;检测TA和SPV对HCT-8细胞上清液中胱天蛋白酶3(caspase-3)、caspase-9含量和细胞中磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-Akt)(Thr308、Ser473)、B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、生存素、C/EBP-同源蛋白(CHOP)、免疫球蛋白结合蛋白(Bip)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3Ⅱ(LC3Ⅱ)蛋白表达的影响。结果TA和SPV干预后的4种肿瘤细胞形态均出现体积缩小、细胞核皱缩的现象,细胞活性均出现不同程度的降低,其中TA和SPV对HCT-8细胞的抑制效果最好。TA和SPV干预后的HCT-8细胞上清液中caspase-3、caspase-9含量和细胞中Bax、CHOP、Bip、LC3Ⅱ蛋白表达水平均不同程度升高,p-Akt(Thr308、Ser473)、Bcl-2、生存素蛋白表达水平均不同程度降低。结论TA和SPV对上述4种肿瘤细胞均具有抑制作用,其对HCT-8细胞的抑制效果最好;二者对HCT-8细胞的作用机制可能与促进细胞凋亡、激活内质网应激和细胞自噬有关。