Space plays a critical role in Romance of the Three Kingdoms.This paper examines the construction of feminine space in the fiction by applying the theory of gendered space and using methods such as induction,compariso...Space plays a critical role in Romance of the Three Kingdoms.This paper examines the construction of feminine space in the fiction by applying the theory of gendered space and using methods such as induction,comparison,and mutual corroboration of literature and history.The feminine space in the fiction was constructed on the basis of“gender segregation.”The female characters mainly stayed at the“backyard”of homesteads,and were rarely seen in external spaces,leaving space power in the hands of men.However,thanks to certain special opportunities,status,or class,women could acquire some knowledge and abilities not available to them in the space.Under such circumstances,they had the chance to reverse the space power.The fiction presents the richness and complexity of feminine space and circumstances in the late Han Dynasty.展开更多
Background:The expression of gender in gymnosperms is challenging because the extent of variability in gender segregations in tree crowns and selection pressure of nature can modify the gender through time.Methods:An ...Background:The expression of gender in gymnosperms is challenging because the extent of variability in gender segregations in tree crowns and selection pressure of nature can modify the gender through time.Methods:An in-depth investigation on spatial segregation of genders in tree crowns and sex expression of a total of 500 trees in five different natural populations of Cedrus deodara was carried out and verified the occurrence of subdioecious(co-existence of male,female,and monoecious)genders in C.deodara.Results:Five different sexual morphs were apparent among the 500 selected individuals as(1)pure male(M):bearing only male strobili in the whole crown with 22.2%;(2)pure female(F):bearing only female strobili in the whole crown with 12.4%;(3)mixed-monoecious(MM):bearing both male and female strobili with 13.6%;(4)predominantly female(PF)with 25.6%;and(5)predominantly male(PM)with 26.2%.The occurrence of multiple sexual morphs resulted from the complex selection pressure,which increased the stability of the populations.The segregation of genders in crown layers deemed to increase the fitness that may be a mechanism for accelerating outcrossing.The results of the study suggest that the subdioecious gender expression in C.deodara is evolved through the monoecy–paradioecy pathway.The production of male strobili revealed non-significant effect of tree sizes whereas a significant effect was observed for the production of female strobili.Our study established that the total pollen and seed outputs in C.deodara changed frequently according to gender expression.Conclusions:The size of the tree,resource availability,sex allocation,plant architecture,gender segregation in crowns,and habitat conditions are the prominent causes for gender plasticity.展开更多
基金funded by Sichuan Center for Zhuge Liang Studies(21ZGL03).
文摘Space plays a critical role in Romance of the Three Kingdoms.This paper examines the construction of feminine space in the fiction by applying the theory of gendered space and using methods such as induction,comparison,and mutual corroboration of literature and history.The feminine space in the fiction was constructed on the basis of“gender segregation.”The female characters mainly stayed at the“backyard”of homesteads,and were rarely seen in external spaces,leaving space power in the hands of men.However,thanks to certain special opportunities,status,or class,women could acquire some knowledge and abilities not available to them in the space.Under such circumstances,they had the chance to reverse the space power.The fiction presents the richness and complexity of feminine space and circumstances in the late Han Dynasty.
文摘Background:The expression of gender in gymnosperms is challenging because the extent of variability in gender segregations in tree crowns and selection pressure of nature can modify the gender through time.Methods:An in-depth investigation on spatial segregation of genders in tree crowns and sex expression of a total of 500 trees in five different natural populations of Cedrus deodara was carried out and verified the occurrence of subdioecious(co-existence of male,female,and monoecious)genders in C.deodara.Results:Five different sexual morphs were apparent among the 500 selected individuals as(1)pure male(M):bearing only male strobili in the whole crown with 22.2%;(2)pure female(F):bearing only female strobili in the whole crown with 12.4%;(3)mixed-monoecious(MM):bearing both male and female strobili with 13.6%;(4)predominantly female(PF)with 25.6%;and(5)predominantly male(PM)with 26.2%.The occurrence of multiple sexual morphs resulted from the complex selection pressure,which increased the stability of the populations.The segregation of genders in crown layers deemed to increase the fitness that may be a mechanism for accelerating outcrossing.The results of the study suggest that the subdioecious gender expression in C.deodara is evolved through the monoecy–paradioecy pathway.The production of male strobili revealed non-significant effect of tree sizes whereas a significant effect was observed for the production of female strobili.Our study established that the total pollen and seed outputs in C.deodara changed frequently according to gender expression.Conclusions:The size of the tree,resource availability,sex allocation,plant architecture,gender segregation in crowns,and habitat conditions are the prominent causes for gender plasticity.
