This study examines the acquisition of variation from the vernacular Syrian input of 22 parents in the output of their 21 children in the village of Oyoun Al-Wadi in Syria, using the four rural vowel variables (o), (...This study examines the acquisition of variation from the vernacular Syrian input of 22 parents in the output of their 21 children in the village of Oyoun Al-Wadi in Syria, using the four rural vowel variables (o), (o:), (e), and (e:). Each variable has two realizations: rural [o, o:, e, e:] respectively and urban [a, a:, a, a:] respectively.Fathers use the rural vowels more than mothers, but the difference is statistically insignificant. Like fathers, boys use more rural vowels than girls. However, the difference between boys and girls is statistically significant. No correlation emerged between the children’s and parents’ use of the variants, indicating that children are not acquiring their parents5 exact frequencies, which suggests developmental effect rather than statistical learning of parental input effect. The boys’ higher use of the rural forms after age eight is attributed to a social, psychological polarization process between boys and girls to create a highly differentiated gendered linguistic behavior in line with another highly differentiated gendered linguistic behavior related to a stereotypical consonant variable, (q), which is observed in both parents and children.展开更多
As a Chinese English learner,it is really a hard part to recognize well the usage of he,she,and it in the spoken English.Since in Chinese,the pronunciation between he,she,and it is the same one:"ta".Just the...As a Chinese English learner,it is really a hard part to recognize well the usage of he,she,and it in the spoken English.Since in Chinese,the pronunciation between he,she,and it is the same one:"ta".Just the writing is different.However,in English,the meaning of he,she,it is totally different.Sometimes if people choose the wrong one,it is pretty possible to make some misunderstandings since the meaning will be different.展开更多
文摘This study examines the acquisition of variation from the vernacular Syrian input of 22 parents in the output of their 21 children in the village of Oyoun Al-Wadi in Syria, using the four rural vowel variables (o), (o:), (e), and (e:). Each variable has two realizations: rural [o, o:, e, e:] respectively and urban [a, a:, a, a:] respectively.Fathers use the rural vowels more than mothers, but the difference is statistically insignificant. Like fathers, boys use more rural vowels than girls. However, the difference between boys and girls is statistically significant. No correlation emerged between the children’s and parents’ use of the variants, indicating that children are not acquiring their parents5 exact frequencies, which suggests developmental effect rather than statistical learning of parental input effect. The boys’ higher use of the rural forms after age eight is attributed to a social, psychological polarization process between boys and girls to create a highly differentiated gendered linguistic behavior in line with another highly differentiated gendered linguistic behavior related to a stereotypical consonant variable, (q), which is observed in both parents and children.
文摘As a Chinese English learner,it is really a hard part to recognize well the usage of he,she,and it in the spoken English.Since in Chinese,the pronunciation between he,she,and it is the same one:"ta".Just the writing is different.However,in English,the meaning of he,she,it is totally different.Sometimes if people choose the wrong one,it is pretty possible to make some misunderstandings since the meaning will be different.
