Mutagenesis reveals that the rice OsMPT3 gene is an important osmotic regulatory factor

Plant mitochondrial phosphate transporters regulate phosphate transport and ATP synthesis. Determining whether they function in abiotic stress response process would shed light on their response to salt stress. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system to mutagenize two mitochondrial phosphate transporters, OsMPT3;1 and OsMPT3;2, to investigate their regulatory roles under salt stress. Two cas9(CRISPR-associated protein9)-free homozygous mutants, mpt33 and mpt30, were confirmed to be stable. Both OsMPT3;1 and OsMPT3;2 were markedly induced by salt stress, and their mutagenesis strongly inhibited growth and development, especially under salt stress. Mutagenesis sharply reduced the accumulation of ATP, phosphate, calcium, soluble sugar, and proline and increased osmotic potential, malondialdehyde, and Na^+ /K^+ ratio under salt stress. Both mutants demonstrate normal growth and development in the presence of ATP, revealing high sensitivity to exogenous ATP under salt stress. The mutants showed lowered rates of Na^+ efflux but also of K^+ and Ca^(2+) influx under salt stress. Mutagenesis of OsMPT3;2 altered the enrichment profiles of differentially expressed genes involved mainly in synthesis of secondary metabolites, metabolism of glycolysis, pyruvate, tricarboxylic acid cycle, in response to salt stress. The mutant displayed significant accumulation differences in 14 metabolites involved in 17 metabolic pathways, and strongly up-regulated the accumulation of glutamine, a precursor in proline synthesis, under salt stress. These findings suggest that the OsMPT3 gene modulates phosphate transport and energy supply for ATP synthesis and triggers changes in accumulation of ions and metabolites participating in osmotic regulation in rice under salt stress, thus increasing rice salt tolerance. This study demonstrates the effective application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing to the investigation of plant functional genes.

Comparative Analysis of Human Genes Frequently and Occasionally Regulated by m^6A Modification

The m^6A modification has been implicated as an important epitranscriptomic marker, which plays extensive roles in the regulation of transcript stability, splicing, translation, and localization. Nevertheless, only some genes are repeatedly modified across various conditions and the principle of m^6A regulation remains elusive. In this study, we performed a systems-level analysis of human genes frequently regulated by m^6A modification （m^6Afreq genes） and those occasionally regulated by m^6A modification （m^6Aocca genes）. Compared to the m^6Aocca genes, the m^6Afreq genes exhibit gene importance-related features, such as lower dN/dS ratio, higher protein-protein interaction network degree, and reduced tissue expression specificity. Signaling network analysis indicates that the m^6Afreq genes are associated with downstream components of signaling cascades, high-linked signaling adaptors, and specific network motifs like incoherent feed forward loops. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis indicates significant overlaps between the m^6Afreq genes and genes involved in various layers of gene expression, such as being the microRNA targets and the regulators of RNA processing. Therefore, our findings suggest the potential interplay between m^6A epitranscriptomic regulation and other gene expression regulatory machineries.

Systematic Analysis of 42 Autographa Californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Genes Identifies An Additional Six Genes Involved in the Production of Infectious Budded Virus

Baculoviruses have been widely used as a vector for expressing foreign genes.Among numerous baculoviruses,Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus(AcMNPV)is the most frequently used and it encodes 155 open reading frames(ORFs).Here,we systematically investigated the impact of 42 genes of AcMNPV on the production of infectious budded viruses(BVs)by constructing gene-knockout bacmids and subsequently conducting transfection and infection assays.The results showed that among the 39 functionally unverified genes and 3 recently reported genes,36 are dispensable for infectious BV production,as the one-step growth curves of the gene-knockout viruses were not significantly different from those of the parental virus.Three genes(ac62,ac82 and ac106/107)are essential for infectious BV production,as deletions thereof resulted in complete loss of infectivity while the repaired viruses showed no significant difference in comparison to the parental virus.In addition,three genes(ac13,ac51 and ac120)are important but not essential for infectious BV production,as gene-knockout viruses produced significantly lower BV levels than that of the parental virus or repaired viruses.We then grouped the 155 AcMNPV genes into three categories(Dispensable,Essential,or Important for infectious BV production).Based on our results and previous publications,we constructed a schematic diagram of a potential mini-genome of AcMNPV,which contains only essential and important genes.The results shed light on our understanding of functional genomics of baculoviruses and provide fundamental information for future engineering of baculovirus expression system.