DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURE AND SPECTRUM OF EVOLUTION EQUATIONS

In this paper, we study the general structure of evolution equations of the AKNS eigenvalue problem q(x,t), r(x,t) with the spectrum varying asand AV BV CV are all positive or negative power polynomials of where q, r are not limited with any additional conditions at infinity.

Estimation Method of State-of-Charge For Lithium-ion Battery Used in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Variable Structure Extended Kalman Filter

Since the main power source of hybrid electric vehicle（HEV） is supplied by the power battery,the predicted performance of power battery,especially the state-of-charge（SOC） estimation has attracted great attention in the area of HEV.However,the value of SOC estimation could not be greatly precise so that the running performance of HEV is greatly affected.A variable structure extended kalman filter（VSEKF）-based estimation method,which could be used to analyze the SOC of lithium-ion battery in the fixed driving condition,is presented.First,the general lower-order battery equivalent circuit model（GLM）,which includes column accumulation model,open circuit voltage model and the SOC output model,is established,and the off-line and online model parameters are calculated with hybrid pulse power characteristics（HPPC） test data.Next,a VSEKF estimation method of SOC,which integrates the ampere-hour（Ah） integration method and the extended Kalman filter（EKF） method,is executed with different adaptive weighting coefficients,which are determined according to the different values of open-circuit voltage obtained in the corresponding charging or discharging processes.According to the experimental analysis,the faster convergence speed and more accurate simulating results could be obtained using the VSEKF method in the running performance of HEV.The error rate of SOC estimation with the VSEKF method is focused in the range of 5% to 10% comparing with the range of 20% to 30% using the EKF method and the Ah integration method.In Summary,the accuracy of the SOC estimation in the lithium-ion battery cell and the pack of lithium-ion battery system,which is obtained utilizing the VSEKF method has been significantly improved comparing with the Ah integration method and the EKF method.The VSEKF method utilizing in the SOC estimation in the lithium-ion pack of HEV can be widely used in practical driving conditions.

On the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe as given by the Voronoi Diagrams

The size distributions of 2D and 3D Voronoi cells and of cells of Vp（2, 3）,--2D cut of 3D Voronoi diagram--are explored, with the slngle-parameter （re-scaled） gamma distribution playing a central role in the analytical fitting. Observational evidence for a cellular universe is briefly reviewed. A simulated Vp（2, 3） map with galaxies lying on the cell boundaries is constructed to compare, as regards general appearance, with the observed CfA map of galaxies and voids, the parameters of the simulation being so chosen as to reproduce the largest observed void size.

Galactic kinematics and structure defined by open clusters

On the basis of recently published astrophysical parameters of the open clusters, we have selected 301 clusters with measurements of their kinematical parameters to trace the local structure and kinematics of the Galactic disk. The present sample covers a range of over 3.0 kpc from the Sun and gives significant estimates of the disk structure and kinematical parameters of the Galaxy. We derive the disk scale height, vertical displacement of the Sun to the Galactic plane, solar motion with respect to the local standard of rest, circular speed of the Galactic rotation, Galactocentric distance from the Sun, etc. We found that the average scale height of the disk defined by the open clusters is Zh = 58 ± 4pc, with a vertical displacement of the Sun below the Galactic plane of z0 -= - 16±4 pc. Clusters with ages older than 50 Myr are less concentrated in the average plane （Zh=67 ±6pc） than the younger clusters （Zh = 51±5pc）. Using the approximation of axisymmetric circular rotation, we have derived the distance to the Galactic center from the Sun R0 = 8.03 ±0.70 kpc, which is in excellent agreement with the best estimate of the Galactocentric distance. From a kinematical analysis, we found an agedependent rotation of the Galaxy. The older clusters exhibit a lower velocity of vorticity, but have the same shear as the younger clusters. The mean rotation velocity of the Galaxy was obtained as 235 ± 10 km s-1.

KD(D&K) and Double-Bases Cooperating Mechanism

KD(D&K) (Synthesized Knowledge Discovery System based on Database and KnowledgeBase Cooperating Mechanism) is first advanced in this paper on the basis of KDD (KnowledgeDiscovery System based on Database) and KDK (Knowledge Discovery System based on KnowledgeBase). KD (D&K) is not simple addition of KDD and KDK but a new system with absolutelynew character and essential development, which is distinct from KDD and KDK and includes them.Not only the generalized structural frame of control rules KD (D&K) acquiring method is proposed,but also the theoretical basis of its key technical problem--don ble-bases cooperating mechanism isdiscussed according to the original academic idea to restrict KDD by basic knowledge base.

Heuristic Backtrack Algorithm for Structural Match and Its Applications

The concept WALKING on structures is proposed, and the partial ordering between a structure and a query structure (substructure) is also created by means of WALKING. Based upon the above concepts, authors create the Heuristic-Backtracking Algorithm (HBA) of structural match with high performance. In the last part of the paper, the applications of HBA in molecular graphics, synthetic planning, spectrum simulation , the representation and recognition of general structures are discussed.

Statistical Identification of Syndromes Feature and Structure of Disease of Western Medicine Based on General Latent Structure Model

Syndrome differentiation is the character of Chinese medicine （CM）. Disease differentiation is the principle of Western medicine （WM）. Identifying basic syndromes feature and structure of disease of WM is an important avenue for prevention and treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine. The idea here is first to divide all patients suffering from a disease of WM into several groups in the light of the stage of the disease, and secondly to identify basic syndromes feature in a distinct stage, and finally to achieve the purpose of syndrome differentiation. Syndrome differentiation is simply taken as a classifier that classifies patients into distinct classes primarily based on overall observation of their symptoms. Previous clustering methods are unable to cope with the complexity of CM. We therefore show a new multi-dimensional clustering method in the form of general latent structure （GLS） model, which is a suitable statistical learning technique of latent class analysis. In this paper, we learn an optimal GLS model which reflects much better model quality compared with other latent class models from the osteoporosis patient of community women （OPCW） real data including 40 65 year old women whose bone mineral density （BMD） is less than mean2.0 standard deviation （M 2.0SD）. Further, we illustrate a case analysis of statistical identification of CM syndromes feature and structure of OPCW from qualitative and quantitative contents through the GLS model. Our analysis has discovered natural clusters and structures that correspond well to CM basic syndrome and factors of osteoporosis patients （OP）. The GLS model suggests the possibility of establishing objective and quantitative diagnosis standards for syndrome differentiation on OPCW. Hence, for the future it can provide a reference for the similar study from the perspective of a combination of disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation.

Research on the discrete variational method for a Birkhoffian system

In this paper, we present a new integration algorithm based on the discrete Pfaff-Birkhoff principle for Birkhoffian systems. It is proved that the new algorithm can preserve the general symplectic geometric structures of Birkhoffian systems. A numerical experiment for a damping oscillator system is conducted. The result shows that the new algorithm can better simulate the energy dissipation than the R-K method, which illustrates that we can numerically solve the dynamical equations by the discrete variational method in a Birkhoffian framework for the systems with a general symplectic structure. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the results of the numerical experiments are determined not by the constructing methods of Birkhoffian functions but by whether the numerical method can preserve the inherent nature of the dynamical system.

Candidate members of the Pal 5, GD-1, Cetus Polar and Orphan tidal stellar halo streams from SDSS DR9, LAMOST DR3 and APOGEE catalogs

We present candidate members of the Pal 5, GD-1, Cetus Polar and Orphan tidal stellar streams found in LAMOST DR3, SDSS DR9 and APOGEE catalogs. In LAMOST DR3, we find 20, 4 and 24 high confidence candidates of tidal streams GD-1, Cetus Polar and Orphan respectively. We also list 59, 118 and 10 high confidence candidates of tidal streams Cetus Polar, Orphan and Pal 5, respectively from the SDSS DR9 spectroscopic catalog. Furthermore, we find seven high confidence candidates of the Pal 5 tidal stream in the APOGEE data. Compared with SDSS, the new candidates from LAMOST DR3 are brighter, so that together, more of the color-magnitude diagram, including the giant branch, can be explored. Analysis of the SDSS data shows that there are three metallicity peaks associated with the Orphan stream which also exhibit some spatial separation. The LAMOST data confirm multiple metallicities in this stream. The metallicity, given by the higher resolution APOGEE instrument, of the Pal 5 tidal stream is [Fe/H] ,- -1.2, higher than that given earlier by SDSS spectra. Many previously unidentified stream members are tabulated here for the first time, along with existing members, allowing future researchers to further constrain the orbits of these objects as they move within the Galaxy＇s dark matter potential.

New atomic data for Kr XXXV useful in fusion plasma

Energy levels and emission line wavelengths of high-Z materials are useful for impurity diagnostics due to their potential application in the next generation fusion devices.For this purpose,we have calculated the fine structural energies of the 67 levels belonging to the 1s 2,1s2l,1s3l,1s4l,1s5l,and 1s6l configurations of Kr XXXV using GRASP（general purpose relativistic atomic structure package） code.Additionally,we have reported the transition probabilities,oscillator strengths,line strengths,and transition wavelengths for some electric dipole（E1） transitions among these levels.We predict new energy levels and radiative rates,which have not been reported experimentally or theoretically,forming the basis for future experimental work.

Modeling the Newtonian dynamics for rotation curve analysis of thin-disk galaxies

We present an efficient, robust computational method for modeling the Newtonian dynamics for rotation curve analysis of thin-disk galaxies. With appropriate mathematical treatments, the apparent numerical difficulties associated with singularities in computing elliptic integrals are completely removed. Using a boundary element discretization procedure, the governing equations are transformed into a linear algebra matrix equation that can be solved by straightforward Gauss elimination in one step without further iterations. The numerical code implemented according to our algorithm can accurately determine the surface mass density distribution in a disk galaxy from a measured rotation curve （or vice versa）. For a disk galaxy with a typical flat rotation curve, our modeling results show that the surface mass density monotonically decreases from the galactic center toward the periphery, according to Newtonian dynamics. In a large portion of the galaxy, the surface mass density follows an approximately exponential law of decay with respect to the galactic radial coordinate. Yet the radial scale length for the surface mass density seems to be generally larger than that of the measured brightness distribution, suggesting an increasing mass-tolight ratio with the radial distance in a disk galaxy. In a nondimensionalized form, our mathematical system contains a dimensionless parameter which we call the ＂galactic rotation number＂ that represents the gross ratio of centrifugal force and gravitational force. The value of this galactic rotation number is determined as part of the numerial solution. Through a systematic computational analysis, we have illustrated that the galactic rotation number remains within 4-10% of 1.70 for a wide variety of rotation curves. This implies that the total mass in a disk galaxy is proportional to V02 Rg, with V0 denoting the characteristic rotation velocity （such as the ＂flat＂ value in a typical ro- tation curve） and Rg the radius of the galactic disk. The predicted total galactic mass of the Milky Way is in good agreement with the star-count data.

Recovering 3D structural properties of galaxies from SDSS-like photometry

Because of the 3D nature of galaxies, an algorithm for constructing spatial density distribution models of galaxies on the basis of galaxy images has many advan- tages over approximations of the surface density distribution. We present a method for deriving the spatial structure and overall parameters of galaxies from images and estimate its accuracy and derived parameter degeneracies on a sample of idealised model galaxies. The test galaxies consist component with varying proportions and of a disc-like component and a spheroidal properties. Both components are assumed to be axially symmetric and coplanar. We simulate these test galaxies as if they had been observed in the SDSS project through ugriz filters, thus gaining a set of realis- tically imperfect images of galaxies with known intrinsic properties. These artificial SDSS galaxies were thereafter remodelled by approximating the surface brightness distribution with a 2D projection of a bulge＋disc spatial distribution model and the restored parameters were compared to the initial ones. Down to the r-band limiting magnitude of 18, errors in the restored integral luminosities and colour indices re- main within 0.05 mag and errors in the luminosities of individual components within 0.2 mag. Accuracy of the restored bulge-to-disc luminosity ratio （B/D） is within 40% in most cases, and becomes worse for galaxies with low B/D, but the general balance between bulges and discs is not shifted systematically. Assuming that the intrinsic disc axial ratio is ≤ 0.3, then the inclination angles can be estimated with errors 〈 5° for most of the galaxies with B/D 〈 2 and with errors 〈 15° up to B/D = 6. Errors in the recovered sizes of the galactic components are below 10% in most cases. The axial ratios and the shape parameter N of Einasto＇s distribution （similar to the Sersic index） are relatively inaccurate, but can provide statistical estimates for large samples. In general, models of disc components are more accurate than models of spheroidal components for geometrical reasons.

Observations of the first light and the epoch of reionization

Studying the first generation of stars, galaxies and supermassive black holes as well as the epoch of reionization is one of the fundamental questions of modern as- trophysics. The last few years have witnessed the first confirmation of the discoveries of galaxies, quasars and Gamma-Ray Bursts at z 〉 7, with possible detections at z - 10. There is also mounting evidence that cosmic reionization is a prolonged pro- cess that peaks around z - 10 and ends at z- 6 - 7. Observations of the highest redshift intergalactic medium and the most metal-poor stars in the Galaxy begin to constrain the earliest chemical enrichment processes in the Universe. These observa- tions provide a glimpse of cosmic history over the first billion years after the Big Bang. In this review, we will present recent results on the observations of the high-redshift Universe over the past decade, highlight key challenges and uncertainties in these observations, and preview what is possible with the next generation facilities in studying the first light and mapping the history of reionization.

Estimate of an environmental magnetic field of fast radio bursts

Fast radio bursts （FRBs） are a type of newly-discovered transient astronomical phenomenon. They have short durations, high dispersion measures and a high event rate. However, due to unknown dis- tances and undetected electromagnetic counterparts at other wavebands, it is difficult to further investigate FRBs. Here we propose a method to study their environmental magnetic field using an indirect method. Starting withdispersion measures and rotation measures （RMs）, we try to obtain the parallel magnetic field component ^-B ││ which is the average value along the line of sight in the host galaxy. Because both RMs and redshifls are now unavailable, we demonstrate the dependence of ^-B ││ on these two separate quantities. This result, if the RM and redshift of an FRB are measured, would be expected to provide a clue towards understanding an environmental magnetic field of an FRB.

Characteristic Analysis of UHVAC/DC Hybrid Power Grids and Construction of Power System Protection

Strong DC coupling with weak AC and large-scale renewable energy integration are the two significant characteristics of ultra-high-voltage AC/DC(UHVAC/DC)hybrid power grids in China.Strong coupling between AC and DC grids and the different integration performance of renewable energy sources have profoundly changed the stability characteristics of the power system.The traditional stability control system is inadequate for the stability control of UHVAC/DC power grids.This paper analyzes the requirements for constructing an integrated defense system in a UHVAC/DC hybrid power grid(i.e.power system protection).The definition,connotation,and designing principles of power system protection are put forward.The relationship between the power system protection and the traditional three-defense lines is investigated.The design principles,general hardware structure and main functions of a power system protection are presented.Key problems and technologies are specified in the construction of the power system protection.