使用有限数据推求土壤水分特征曲线VG模型的参数

【目的】使用一种简易方法和有限数据来获取土壤水分特征曲线VG模型的参数。【方法】选择了黑土、褐土、黄绵土、红壤和紫色土5种地带性土壤,实测了土壤饱和含水率(θ_(s))、0.33 bar土壤含水率(θ_(0.33 bar))、最大吸湿水(θ_(97%RH))和空气相对湿度为43%时的土壤吸湿水(θ_(43%RH)),并以θ_(43%RH)为残余含水率(θ_(r)),推导VG模型的参数。将推导出的参数带入到VG模型中,进行了土壤水分特征曲线的预报,并与实测的土壤含水率进行了比较。【结果】该方法能较好地模拟褐土的土壤水分特征曲线,模拟值和测定值的残差一般在0.01 cm^(3)/cm^(3)以内;也可以较好的模拟黄绵土和红壤在0.33~15 bar的土壤含水率,残差一般在±0.01 cm^(3)/cm^(3)以内;但黑土的模拟结果相对较差,在低于0.33 bar时,残差为负,在-0.03 cm^(3)/cm^(3)以内,而在0.33~15 bar,残差为正,达到0.04 cm^(3)/cm^(3);紫色土的模拟结果最差,在低于0.33 bar时,残差为负,达到了-0.07 cm^(3)/cm^(3);但在0.33~15 bar,情况有所改善,残差在0.03 cm^(3)/cm^(3)以内。通过配对t检验,认为模拟值和测定值无显著差异,二者的相关系数(r)为0.990。造成模拟值和测定值差异的原因可能是采样时紫色土密度较低,土壤中有较多的大孔隙,而黑土可能因有机质含量较高具有较好的结构性导致持水能力较强。【结论】采用土壤饱和含水率(θ_(s))、0.33 bar土壤含水率(θ_(0.33 bar))、最大吸湿水(θ_(97%RH))和空气相对湿度为43%时的土壤吸湿水(θ_(43%RH))推导的VG模型参数,可以较好地预报土壤水分特征曲线。但对土壤密度较低、存在大孔隙的土壤,及有机质量较高或结构性较好的土壤,可能会导致部分模拟值和测定值产生较明显的差异。前者可能会影响低吸力段的模拟结果(<0.33 bar),后者则可能影响土壤有效含水率段的模拟结果(0.33~15bar)。

基于System Generator的卷积加速结构设计与实现

为解决卷积神经网络中卷积运算耗时长、运算复杂的问题,针对卷积运算的并行性特征,提出一种基于分块的流水线加速方法,并基于该方法在System Generator上进行了电路设计。通过在FPGA(Field-programmable Gate Array)上进行实验验证,该设计模型能正确输出卷积运算结果;在结构和输入数据相同的情况下,该设计模型在计算速度上相比于普通CPU最高可加速258倍,相比于服务器级CPU提高了近40倍,具有良好的加速效果。

微小扇头蜱microRNA文库建立及miR-275靶蛋白Vg-2的生物信息学分析

【目的】建立饱血状态雌性微小扇头蜱的microRNA文库,鉴定所含microRNA的种类,分析miR-275靶蛋白Vg-2的二、三级结构,检测其信号肽、跨膜结构域、磷酸化及糖基化位点,预测其优势抗原表位。【方法】以雌性、饱血状态的微小扇头蜱为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术建立其microRNA文库,利用软件miRDP及检索miRBase数据库,鉴定饱血状态雌性微小扇头蜱所含的microRNA种类;运用在线软件EXPASY、PRABI与SWISS-MODEL等分析Vg-2蛋白质理化性质,推断其二、三级结构;运用在线软件SignalP 5.0、TMHMM、NetPhos 3.1及NETCGlyc 1.0检测该蛋白的信号肽、跨膜结构域、磷酸化与糖基化位点;利用在线软件ABCpred Prediction、Scratch、IEDB和NetCTL预测Vg-2蛋白的B、T细胞优势抗原表位。【结果】获得成熟的microRNA 383个,其中67个为已被鉴定和注释的microRNA,316个为新发现的microRNA;微小扇头蜱的Vg-2基因序列全长5040 bp,共编码1679个氨基酸;Vg-2蛋白为亲水性酸蛋白,分子大小为189.89 kDa,理论等电点(pI)为6.08,其二级结构以无规则卷曲为主要结构成分,而其三级结构却以β-折叠为主要结构成分;Vg-2蛋白存在268个磷酸位点,20个糖基化位点,无信号肽和跨膜结构域,拥有58个B细胞优势抗原表位和8个T细胞优势抗原表位。【结论】在饱血状态雌性微小扇头蜱体内含有383个microRNA,受miR-275调控的Vg-2蛋白为结构不稳定的亲水性酸蛋白,具有良好的抗原性与免疫源性。

WGAN-GP结合CBAM-VGG16轻量化网络滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承故障诊断中存在的故障数据不平衡且诊断效率低的问题,提出一种将改进的生成对抗网络(Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network with Gradient Penalty,WGAN-GP)和轻量化卷积神经网络相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,利用连续小波变换(Continuous Wavelet Transform,CWT)生成二维时频图,并通过WGAN-GP进行数据增强;其次在视觉几何群网络(Visual Geometry Group Network-16,VGG16)的基础上,引入Ghost模块和全局平均池化(Global Average Pooling,GAP)对其进行轻量化改进;再次,利用卷积注意力模块(Convolutional Block Attention Module,CBAM)和带重启的余弦退火衰减法提高VGG16模型的性能,构建CBAM-VGG16轻量化卷积神经网络模型,将增强后的数据进行预处理后输入到模型中进行训练,建立故障诊断模型;最后采用西储大学轴承数据集进行模型验证和分析。实验结果表明:该方法证实了故障数据不足时进行故障诊断的可行性,缩短了模型的训练时间、诊断时间并缩减了模型的大小和参数量,提高了故障诊断的效率和准确率。

PCV-VG模式联合右美托咪定对腹腔镜袖状胃切除术患者术中呼吸力学和血气指标的影响

目的探析在腹腔镜袖状胃切除术中,使用PCV-VG通气模式联合右美托咪定镇静对肥胖患者术中呼吸力学和血气指标的影响。方法选取2022年7月至2023年12月在昆明市第一人民医院行腹腔镜袖状胃切除术的患者132例,随机分为VCV机械通气模式组(V组),PCV-VG机械通气模式组(P组),VCV模式联合静脉泵注右美托咪定组(D组),PCV-VG模式联合静脉泵注右美托咪定组(PD组),每组33例。对比4组患者麻醉诱导前20 min(T0),气管插管后10 min(T1),建立CO_(2)气腹后40 min(T2),放气腹后10 min(T3)的氧分压(PaO_(2)),二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2)),气道峰压(P_(peak)),气道平均压(P_(mean)),肺动态顺应性(C_(dyn))。结果(1)血气指标:在T2、T3时点,P、D、PD组的PaO_(2)均高于V组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中PD组高于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);PaCO_(2)均低于V组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中PD组低于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)呼吸力学指标:在T1时点4组的P_(peak)无明显统计学差异,P﹥0.05。PD组的P_(peak)在T2、T3时点均低于V、P、D组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);C_(dyn)均高于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);P_(mean)在T1、T2、T3时点PD组均低于P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论PCV-VG通气模式联合静脉泵注右美托咪定在腹腔镜袖状胃切除术中可改善肥胖患者术中的氧和功能,降低气道峰压,提高肺顺应性,减少机械性肺损伤。

热激活的Vg1转基因文昌鱼品系构建及表型分析

[目的] Vg1作为Nodal信号通路的重要配体之一参与了早期胚胎发育过程中的背腹分化调控及左右不对称模式的建立.构建Vg1转基因文昌鱼品系以研究其在文昌鱼胚胎不同发育阶段的功能.[方法]结合Tol2转座子转基因系统和热敏启动子Hsp70构建文昌鱼BbHsp70-BfVg1稳定转基因品系;并用热激实验、表型统计和原位杂交等手段对该转基因品系的有效性进行评估.[结果]热激结果显示,在囊胚晚期热激处理Vg1转基因文昌鱼导致胚胎背腹轴形成异常;在原肠胚中期热激处理Vg1转基因文昌鱼导致胚胎原本左右不对称的器官变为对称分布.基因表达分析结果显示,在囊胚晚期热激F1代胚胎中有部分比例胚胎的Vg1呈现全身性表达,背部中胚层标记基因Gsc表达扩张,腹部标记基因Evx表达下调,神经标记基因SoxB1a向腹侧蔓延;在原肠胚中期热激F1代胚胎中有部分比例胚胎的左侧特异基因Pitx呈现两侧对称表达,左侧口前窝标记基因Pit呈现两侧对称表达.[结论]初步构建了一个能够实现实时热激活Vg1的文昌鱼稳定转基因品系,并为后续在文昌鱼中进行基因功能研究提供了一个新手段.

补偿不平衡负载的HC-SVG相间电压平衡控制与直流电压取值分析

针对由中点钳位型(neutral-point clamped,NPC)功率单元和H桥级联型(cascade H-bridge,CHB)功率单元构成的混合级联型静止无功发生器(hybrid cascade static var generator,HC-SVG)在补偿不平衡负载时产生的CHB功率单元相间电压失衡问题,提出一种基于零序电压前馈的CHB功率单元相间电压平衡控制方法,并对零序电压注入后HC-SVG直流侧电压取值进行分析。首先,分析CHB功率单元承担基波电压分量与HC-SVG输出基波电压的关系。推导HC-SVG补偿不平衡负载时CHB功率单元相间电压平衡所需的零序电压,建立零序电压前馈控制。其次,基于零序电压与补偿电流的解析关系,讨论补偿电流不平衡度与HC-SVG直流侧电压取值之间的约束关系。以6 kV/3 Mvar装置为算例,进行直流侧电压的取值分析。并与星接CHB-SVG进行对比,揭示补偿不平衡负载时HC-SVG所需直流电压低的特点。仿真验证了相间电压平衡控制与直流电压取值分析的有效性。

Demonstration of a small‐scale power generator using supercritical CO_(2)

The supercritical CO_(2)(sCO_(2))power cycle could improve efficiencies for a wide range of thermal power plants.The sCO_(2)turbine generator plays an important role in the sCO_(2)power cycle by directly converting thermal energy into mechanical work and electric power.The operation of the generator encounters challenges,including high temperature,high pressure,high rotational speed,and other engineering problems,such as leakage.Experimental studies of sCO_(2)turbines are insufficient because of the significant difficulties in turbine manufacturing and system construction.Unlike most experimental investigations that primarily focus on 100 kW‐or MW‐scale power generation systems,we consider,for the first time,a small‐scale power generator using sCO_(2).A partial admission axial turbine was designed and manufactured with a rated rotational speed of 40,000 rpm,and a CO_(2)transcritical power cycle test loop was constructed to validate the performance of our manufactured generator.A resistant gas was proposed in the constructed turbine expander to solve the leakage issue.Both dynamic and steady performances were investigated.The results indicated that a peak electric power of 11.55 kW was achieved at 29,369 rpm.The maximum total efficiency of the turbo‐generator was 58.98%,which was affected by both the turbine rotational speed and pressure ratio,according to the proposed performance map.

10 kV nanosecond pulse generator with high voltage gain and reduced switches

In the article,a new type boost high-voltage nanosecond pulse generator is proposed.The distributed inductance of the transmission line is utilised as the energy storage unit and cooperated with the variable impedance transmission line transformer to generate nanosecond pulses with extremely high-voltage gain.What’s more,the isolation effect caused by the transmission line time delay is applied to achieve modular stacking.The demand for charging power supply can be greatly reduced,and few switches are used.Finally,the topological principle is verified by experiments,and a prototype of the fivestage stacking prototype is built.With the charging voltage of 28 V,the generator can output pulse with a voltage amplitude of 10 kV and pulse width of 12 ns whose voltage gain is up to 357 times.

Energy regulation of impulse current generator modulated DC arc discharge

This paper proposes a method of impulse current generator modulated DC arc by combining the advantages of pulse and the RF to solve the low electron energy problem of direct current arc.Through experimental analyzing the electrical,spectral,and optical characteristics of the arc,the effect of impulse current generator(ICG)on improving electron energy is discussed.The results show that the ICG consumes more energy to enhance the strength of arc discharge,and therefore electron energy is increased in a microsecond scale.In addition,it is found that the electron energy of the arc discharge can be adjusted by varying inductance,capacitance,and discharge tube:increasing the inductance or capacitance can increase the electron energy firstly and then decrease it.In adjusting the three adjustable components,adjusting the inductor is the most effective method,followed by adjusting the capacitor,and adjusting the repetition frequency has the least effect.The reason is discussed,and it is believed that the results are related to leakage inductance and distributed capacitance.

Rare-earth Magnet Free Flux-switching Generator for Wind Turbines in Micro-grids:A Review

In traditional electricity generation plants,large powerful synchronous,induction,and direct current generators were used.With the proliferation of microgrids focused on electricity generation from renewable energy sources in today’s power grids,studies have been conducted on different types of generators.Instead of the traditional generator architecture,generators with brushless structures,particularly those utilizing magnets for excitation,have found broad applications.Fluxswitching generators(FSGs)are innovative types owing to their robust structure,active stator design,and high power density capabilities.However,designs have typically relied on rare-earth element magnets.Rare-earth magnets possess negative characteristics such as price uncertainty,the potential risk of scarcity in the future,and limited geographical production,leading to research on FSGs that do not depend on rare-earth magnets.This study comprehensively examines FSGs that do not use rare-earth element magnets.The study delves into the usage areas,operational mechanisms,structural diversities,and counterparts in the literature of these generators.

Numerical Study on the Effect of Vortex Generators on the Aerodynamic Drag of a High-Speed Train

A relatively high aerodynamic drag is an important factor that hinders the further acceleration of high-speed trains.Using the shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model,the effect of various vortex generator types on the aerodynamic characteristics of an ICE2(Inter-city Electricity)train has been investigated.The results indi-cate that the vortex generators with wider triangle,trapezoid,and micro-ramp arranged on the surface of the tail car can significantly change the distribution of surface pressure and affect the vorticity intensity in the wake.This alteration effectively reduces the resistance of the tail car.Meanwhile,the micro-ramp vortex generator with its convergent structure at the rear exhibits enhancedflow-guiding capabilities,resulting in a 15.4%reduction in the drag of the tail car.

人工智能参与数字政府建设的范式革新——基于行政领域人工智能通用大模型(GovGPT)的交互性敏捷治理

数字政府建设的范式革新与技术变迁紧密相关。传统人工智能参与政府治理存在诸多短板,主要体现在数据质量和开放共享有待优化、算法透明度和解释性有待增强、行政决策和执行效率有待提升几个方面。行政领域人工智能通用大模型(GovGPT)为交互性敏捷治理的实现提供了技术支持,通过建构行政领域的人工智能通用大模型,得以克服传统人工智能参与行政治理的诸多难题,从而促进数字政府建设走向交互式与敏捷性的发展方向。在此基础上,首先要树立“数智服务”的行政生态观,其次完善基于GovGPT的交互性敏捷治理的基础机制,最后防范GovGPT大模型可能带来的一系列风险,将人工智能参与数字建设纳入法治化轨道。

Analysis of pseudo-random number generators in QMC-SSE method

In the quantum Monte Carlo(QMC)method,the pseudo-random number generator(PRNG)plays a crucial role in determining the computation time.However,the hidden structure of the PRNG may lead to serious issues such as the breakdown of the Markov process.Here,we systematically analyze the performance of different PRNGs on the widely used QMC method known as the stochastic series expansion(SSE)algorithm.To quantitatively compare them,we introduce a quantity called QMC efficiency that can effectively reflect the efficiency of the algorithms.After testing several representative observables of the Heisenberg model in one and two dimensions,we recommend the linear congruential generator as the best choice of PRNG.Our work not only helps improve the performance of the SSE method but also sheds light on the other Markov-chain-based numerical algorithms.

Analytical Model and Topology Optimization of Doubly-fed Induction Generator

As the core component of energy conversion for large wind turbines,the output performance of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) plays a decisive role in the power quality of wind turbines.To realize the fast and accurate design optimization of DFIGs,this paper proposes a novel hybriddriven surrogate-assisted optimization method.It firstly establishes an accurate subdomain model of DFIGs to analytically predict performance indexes.Furthermore,taking the inexpensive analytical dataset produced by the subdomain model as the source domain and the expensive finite element analysis dataset as the target domain,a high-precision surrogate model is trained in a transfer learning way and used for the subsequent multi-objective optimization process.Based on this model,taking the total harmonic distortion of electromotive force,cogging torque,and iron loss as objectives,and the slot and inner/outer diameters as parameters for optimizing the topology,achieve a rapid and accurate electromagnetic design for DFIGs.Finally,experiments are carried out on a 3MW DFIG to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Novel Defender-Attacker-Defender Model for Resilient Distributed Generator Planning with Network Reconfiguration and Demand Response

To improve the resilience of a distribution system against extreme weather,a fuel-based distributed generator(DG)allocation model is proposed in this study.In this model,the DGs are placed at the planning stage.When an extreme event occurs,the controllable generators form temporary microgrids(MGs)to restore the load maximally.Simultaneously,a demand response program(DRP)mitigates the imbalance between the power supply and demand during extreme events.To cope with the fault uncertainty,a robust optimization(RO)method is applied to reduce the long-term investment and short-term operation costs.The optimization is formulated as a tri-level defenderattacker-defender(DAD)framework.At the first level,decision-makers work out the DG allocation scheme;at the second level,the attacker finds the optimal attack strategy with maximum damage;and at the third level,restoration measures,namely distribution network reconfiguration(DNR)and demand response are performed.The problem is solved by the nested column and constraint generation(NC&CG)method and the model is validated using an IEEE 33-node system.Case studies validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model according to the enhanced resilience and reduced cost.

Solar-and/or Radiative Cooling-Driven Thermoelectric Generators:A Critical Review

Thermoelectric generators(TEGs)play a critical role in collecting renewable energy fromthe sun and deep space to generate clean electricity.With their environmentally friendly,reliable,and noise-free operation,TEGs offer diverse applications,including areas with limited power infrastructure,microelectronic devices,and wearable technology.The review thoroughly analyses TEG system configurations,performance,and applications driven by solar and/or radiative cooling,covering non-concentrating,concentrating,radiative cooling-driven,and dual-mode TEGs.Materials for solar absorbers and radiative coolers,simulation techniques,energy storage management,and thermal management strategies are explored.The integration of TEGs with combined heat and power systems is identified as a promising application.Additionally,TEGs hold potential as charging sources for electronic devices.This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into this energy collection approach,facilitating improved efficiency,reduced costs,and expanded applications.It also highlights current limitations and knowledge gaps,emphasizing the importance of further research and development in unlocking the full potential of TEGs for a sustainable and efficient energy future.

Moisture‑Electric–Moisture‑Sensitive Heterostructure Triggered Proton Hopping for Quality‑Enhancing Moist‑Electric Generator

Moisture-enabled electricity(ME)is a method of converting the potential energy of water in the external environment into electrical energy through the interaction of functional materials with water molecules and can be directly applied to energy harvesting and signal expression.However,ME can be unreliable in numerous applications due to its sluggish response to moisture,thus sacrificing the value of fast energy harvesting and highly accurate information representation.Here,by constructing a moisture-electric-moisture-sensitive(ME-MS)heterostructure,we develop an efficient ME generator with ultra-fast electric response to moisture achieved by triggering Grotthuss protons hopping in the sensitized ZnO,which modulates the heterostructure built-in interfacial potential,enables quick response(0.435 s),an unprecedented ultra-fast response rate of 972.4 mV s^(−1),and a durable electrical signal output for 8 h without any attenuation.Our research provides an efficient way to generate electricity and important insight for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of moisture-generated carrier migration in ME generator,which has a more comprehensive working scene and can serve as a typical model for human health monitoring and smart medical electronics design.

Transient Damping of Virtual Synchronous Generator for Enhancing Synchronization Stability during Voltage Dips

Virtual synchronous generators(VSGs)are widely introduced to the renewable power generation,the variablespeed pumped storage units,and so on,as a promising gridforming solution.It is noted that VSGs can provide virtual inertia for frequency support,but the larger inertia would worsen the synchronization stability,referring to keeping synchronization with the grid during voltage dips.Thus,this paper presents a transient damping method of VSGs for enhancing the synchronization stability during voltage dips.It is revealed that the loss of synchronization(LOS)of VSGs always accompanies with the positive frequency deviation and the damping is the key factor to remove LOS when the equilibrium point exists.In order to enhance synchronization stability during voltage dips,the transient damping is proposed,which is generated by the frequency deviation in active power loop.Additionally,the proposed method can realize seamless switching between normal state and grid fault.Moreover,detailed control design for transient damping gain is given to ensure the synchronization stability under different inertia requirements during voltage dips.Finally,the experimental results are presented to validate the analysis and the effectiveness of the improved transient damping method.

Quick evaluation and regulation of the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance for droplet-based electricity generators

Droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) leveraging triboelectric effects are simple and high-performance devices for harvesting energy from ubiquitous water droplets. Instantaneous power plays a vital role in wide applications of DEGs. However, the governing law of the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance is lacking and their determination suffers from heavy repetitive experiments, hindering the development of DEGs. Herein, we propose a quick evaluation method for the internal droplet impedance, instantaneous peak power, maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance which exhibits broad universality and excellent accuracy. Moreover, effects of diverse factors pertaining to droplets and devices are fully investigated, highlighting that the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance can be effectively regulated across multiple orders of magnitudes by controlling the salt concentration. Our findings shed insights into the understanding, evaluation, and regulation of instantaneous power for DEGs, and shall promote the renovation of the DEG technology.