Assessing the conservation impact of Chinese indigenous chicken populations between ex-situ and in-situ using genome-wide SNPs

Conservation programs require rigorous evaluation to ensure the preservation of genetic diversity and viability of conservation populations. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of two indigenous Chinese chicken breeds, Gushi and Xichuan black-bone, using whole-genome SNPs to understand their genetic diversity, track changes over time and population structure. The breeds were divided into five conservation populations(GS1, 2010, ex-situ;GS2, 2019, ex-situ;GS3, 2019, in-situ;XB1, 2010, in-situ;and XB2, 2019, in-situ) based on conservation methods and generations. The genetic diversity indices of three conservation populations of Gushi chicken showed consistent trends, with the GS3 population under in-situ strategy having the highest diversity and GS2 under ex-situ strategy having the lowest. The degree of inbreeding of GS2 was higher than that of GS1 and GS3. Conserved populations of Xichuan black-bone chicken showed no obvious changes in genetic diversity between XB1 and XB2. In terms of population structure, the GS3 population were stratified relative to GS1 and GS2. According to the conservation priority, GS3 had the highest contribution to the total gene and allelic diversity in GS breed, whereas the contribution of XB1 and XB2 were similar. We also observed that the genetic diversity of GS2 was lower than GS3, which were from the same generation but under different conservation programs(in-situ and ex-situ). While XB1 and XB2 had similar levels of genetic diversity. Overall, our findings suggested that the conservation programs performed in ex-situ could slow down the occurrence of inbreeding events, but could not entirely prevent the loss of genetic diversity when the conserved population size was small, while in-situ conservation populations with large population size could maintain a relative high level of genetic diversity.

Genome-Wide Analysis for Yield-Related Agronomic and Biochemical Traits of Chinese and Bangladeshi Grass Pea Genotypes Using SSR Markers

Grass pea(Lathyrus sativus L.)is an imperative food crop cultured in dryland agricultural ecology.It is a vital source of dietary protein to millions of populaces living in low-income countries in South-East Asia and Africa.This study highlights the improvement of genomic properties and their application in marker-trait relationships for 17 yield-related characters in 400 grass pea genotypes from China and Bangladesh.These characters were assessed via 56 polymorphic markers using general linear model(GLM)(P+G+Q)and mixed linear model(MLM)(P+G+Q+K)in the tassel software based on the linkage disequilibrium and population structure analysis.Population structure analysis showed two major groups and one admixed group in the populace.Statistically significant loci pairs of linkage disequilibrium(LD)mean value(D′)was 0.479.A total of 99 and 61 marker-trait associations in GLM and MLM models allied to the 17 traits were accepted at a 5%level of significance.Among these markers,21 markers were associated with more than one trait;12 marker-trait associations passed the Bonferroni correction threshold.Both models found six markers C41936,C39067,C34100,C47146,C47638,and C43047 significantly associated with days to maturity,flower color,plant height,and seed per pod were detected in the Hebei and Liaoyang location(p≤0.01),and the interpretation rate(R^(2)value)11.2%to 43.6%.Conferring to the consequences,the association analysis methodology may operative system for quantitative,qualitative,and biochemical traits related to gene position mapping and support breeders in improving novel approaches for advancing the grass pea quality.

SNPs分子标记在地方品种鸭鉴定中的应用

为建立利用分子标记鉴定高邮鸭等优异地方品种资源的方法,研究在全基因组范围内比较分析高邮鸭、绍兴鸭、建昌鸭、北京鸭等多个地方品种鸭遗传变异信息,筛选高邮鸭、绍兴鸭、建昌鸭品种特异性SNPs分子标记组合,基于贝叶斯定理计算SNPs分子标记组合鉴定概率,建立地方鸭品种鉴定方法。结果显示:获得高邮鸭、绍兴鸭、建昌鸭品种特异性SNPs分子标记数分别为7个、8个和6个,针对上述SNPs位点分别设计引物,共21对引物,选用不同引物组合,经PCR反应和测序鉴别鸭品种,鉴定准确率100%,利用贝叶斯公式计算品种内任意基因型及其组合的鉴定准确概率,其中任意对基因型鉴定准确概率最低为71.94%。综上所述,研究成功筛选到高邮鸭、绍兴鸭、建昌鸭特异性分子标记,并建立操作简便、准确性高的品种鉴定方法,为地方鸭种质资源鉴定提供可靠的分子鉴定手段。

基于SLAF-Seq技术的橄榄种质资源SNP标记开发与遗传关系鉴定

【目的】开发橄榄SNP标记并分析其种质资源遗传多样性,为橄榄种质资源保护和利用提供依据。【方法】基于SLAF-Seq技术进行橄榄SNP标记开发,同时采用系统进化分析、群体聚类分析和主成分分析等研究了橄榄种质资源遗传结构和遗传多样性。【结果】基于SLAF-Seq技术共挖掘到506 701个SLAF标签,其中多态性SLAF标签27 108个,开发获得361 386个群体SNP标记;基于SNP标记,利用系统进化树和群体聚类分析可分别将橄榄种质资源分为3和6个类群,整体Nei多样性指数和Shanon-Wiener指数分别为0.321和0.472。两种分类方法分析结果均发现,不同地区之间的橄榄种质资源并未严格按照地域分布归类。【结论】橄榄种质资源遗传多样性相对丰富,且不同地域间存在种质资源交流,而采用SNP标记可有效鉴定橄榄种质资源。

基于SNP标记的小麦品种遗传相似度及其检测准确度分析

遗传相似度检测的准确度估计是对SNP标记法在农作物品种检测体系中应用的必要补充和完善。本研究基于2021年小麦品种SNP标记法跨实验室协同验证实验数据,分析了该方法的检测准确度及在品种间的遗传相似度。分析结果表明:(1)10个实验室对55组小麦品种组合的标记位点相似度检测的总体准确度约为98%。(2)GGE双标图的品种遗传关系功能图显示,7组小麦品种的组内遗传相似度在95%以上,其余组合的遗传相似度较低。(3)依据GGE双标图的“正确度-精确度”功能图和“准确度排序”功能图,发现洛旱7号/洛旱11等品种组合的相似度检测准确度较高,晋麦47/临抗11的检测准确度一般,而济麦22/婴泊700的检测准确度较差。(4)10个实验室的检测准确度存在显著差异,其中2个实验室检测的正确度、精确度和准确度表现显著差于其余实验室。(5)各实验室检测正确度的容许误差分布于1.3%~1.9%之间,平均为1.5%;准确度的容许误差分布于1.5%~2.0%之间,平均为1.7%。其中,Lab2和Lab3的检测正确度和准确度的容许误差显著差于其余实验室。本研究构建了SNP标记法对品种相似性检测的准确度统计模型,分析了品种组合和实验室的检测准确度及其容许误差,采用GGE双标图方法对检测正确度、精确度和准确度进行可视化分析,验证了各实验室对品种位点相似性检测的准确度和可靠性,为SNP标记法在农作物品种遗传相似性检测中的准确度评价提供了理论支持和应用范例。

基于转录组测序的油茶SSR、SNP和InDel位点特征分析

基于油茶转录组测序数据,利用MISA和GATK3软件对SSR、SNP和InDel位点进行搜索。结果表明:在169652条unigene序列中共发现92228个SSR位点,出现频率54.37%,平均分布距离1.61 kb。油茶转录组SSR位点中,单核苷酸和二核苷酸是主要的重复类型,A/T和AG/CT是主要的重复基元类型,基元重复次数主要集中在5~11次,基序长度主要集中在12~20 bp。共得到1912501个SNP位点,转换类型SNP数量多于颠换类型SNP数量,转换类型中A/G数量最多,而颠换类型中A/T数量最多。共筛选出298984个InDel位点。油茶转录组SSR、SNP和InDel位点数量多、类型丰富,能够为油茶分子标记开发、种质资源评价、亲缘关系鉴定等研究提供支撑。

基于转录组测序的花斑裸鲤SSR、SNP和InDel位点特征分析

为利用分子标记规模化开发与辅助花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)良种选育,以花斑裸鲤(2+龄)的鳃、肾脏和肝脏组织为材料,经总RNA提取和cDNA文库构建后采用Illumina Novaseq 2000平台进行转录组测序,并采用MISA和GATK3软件分析转录组的SSR、SNP和插入缺失标记(InDel)位点特征。结果表明:在486221条Unigenes序列中共发现了128727个SSR,出现频率为26.47%,平均每3.76 kb出现1个SSR;花斑裸鲤SSR包括6个重复类型,以单碱基和二碱基重复基元类型为主,分别占总SSR位点数的46.53%和42.45%,重复基元类型共77种,其中,A/T和AC/GT两种基元的出现频率最高,是花斑裸鲤SSR的优势重复基元;所有重复次数中出现次数最多的为5~15次,占所有SSR位点的87.52%;通过GATK3软件搜索得到399080个SNP位点,转换类型多于颠换类型,分别占总SNP的56.29%和43.71%,转换类型中A/G发生频率略高于C/T,而颠换类型中A/T发生频率最高,C/G发生频率最低;InDel分析显示,从花斑裸鲤转录组Unigenes中共筛选出254065个InDel位点,平均每1903 bp出现1个InDel位点,且SNP位点和InDel位点均以含1个位点的Unigenes数最多。研究表明,花斑裸鲤转录组中SSR、SNP和InDel位点非常丰富,这些位点对花斑裸鲤种质资源鉴定、种群遗传学研究及保护管理具有重要价值。

KASP-SNP标记鉴别白菜自交系结球或非结球性状的应用

为提高传统结球型或非结球型白菜的育种效率,提高遗传分析的准确性和育种的有效性。利用SNP分子标记,选取KBr43、KBr111、KBr233和KBr258共4套引物,对206份白菜自交系,包括148份结球型白菜和58份非结球型白菜分别进行了KASP分析。KASP分析结果表明,KBr111或KBr2582套引物显示结球白菜与不结球白菜之间存在显著差异。在由3组引物KBr43、KBr111和KBr258标记的SNP位点组成的8个单倍基因型中,发现结球型白菜具有相对较高的ATG和ATC单倍基因型百分比,而非结球型白菜具有相对高的AGG或AGC单倍基因型比例。因此,我们推断,结球白菜更倾向于ATG和ATC单倍基因型,而非结球白菜更倾向于AGG和AGC单倍基因型。

陆地棉纤维强度KASP-SNP标记的开发及效应评价

纤维强度(fiber strength,FS)是判断棉花纤维品质优劣的重要指标之一,开发可用于目标性状选择的分子标记将会大大提高选择准确性并加快育种进程。设计KASP引物,对国内外的376份品种(系)进行基因型鉴定,筛选多态性标记并验证其对高强纤维材料选择的有效性。3个SNP位点在材料中均具有多态性,标记FS-15对高强纤维材料的选择率为63.2%,FS-16和FS-29分别为60.0%和56.1%。对单倍型组合(Hap1、Hap2、Hap3和Hap4)的有效性评价表明,携带Hap3(TTA)的材料纤维强度显著高于其他组合,对高强纤维材料选择率达72.7%。此外,Hap3对纤维长度、铃重、籽指和衣指无不利影响。以上结果表明,开发的KASP标记及Hap3可用于高纤维强度材料的辅助选择,同时未对纤维长度、铃重、籽指和衣指等性状产生不利影响。

基于全基因组关联分析挖掘甘蓝型油菜油酸含量QTL与SNP分子标记

本研究以国内外收集的300份甘蓝型油菜种质为材料,在2个环境下种植,结合油酸含量的表型和基因型数据,利用EMMAX软件进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明,关联群体的油酸含量分布呈连续性双峰分布,受2个主效基因位点控制;GWAS分析检测到一个控制油酸含量性状的主效QTL位点,位于C03染色体的第53853975~57808820位碱基之间,贡献率为62.51%,与chrC03_53853975(A/G)、chrC03_57808820(C/T)SNP分子标记及峰值SNP分子标记chrC03_56392730(G/T)紧密连锁,对应碱基突变导致多态性。峰值SNP等位基因为TT时,该性状表型效应值为57.93%。本研究首次揭示一种甘蓝型油菜籽油酸含量性状的C03染色体主效QTL位点及其SNP分子标记,贡献率高,为该性状的高效改良与分子标记辅助选择提供了重要理论依据。

Genome-wide mining, characterization, and development of microsatellite markers in Marsupenaeus japonicus by genome survey sequencing

The kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, is one of the most cultivated and consumed species of shrimp. However, very few molecular genetic/genomic resources are publically available for it. Thus, the characterization and distribution of simple sequence repeats(SSRs) remains ambiguous and the use of SSR markers in genomic studies and marker-assisted selection is limited. The goal of this study is to characterize and develop genome-wide SSR markers in M. japonicus by genome survey sequencing for application in comparative genomics and breeding. A total of 326 945 perfect SSRs were identified, among which dinucleotide repeats were the most frequent class(44.08%), followed by mononucleotides(29.67%), trinucleotides(18.96%), tetranucleotides(5.66%), hexanucleotides(1.07%), and pentanucleotides(0.56%). In total, 151 541 SSR loci primers were successfully designed. A subset of 30 SSR primer pairs were synthesized and tested in 42 individuals from a wild population, of which 27 loci(90.0%) were successfully amplified with specific products and 24(80.0%) were polymorphic. For the amplified polymorphic loci, the alleles ranged from 5 to 17(with an average of 9.63), and the average PIC value was 0.796. A total of 58 256 SSR-containing sequences had significant Gene Ontology annotation; these are good functional molecular marker candidates for association studies and comparative genomic analysis. The newly identified SSRs significantly contribute to the M. japonicus genomic resources and will facilitate a number of genetic and genomic studies, including high density linkage mapping, genome-wide association analysis, marker-aided selection, comparative genomics analysis, population genetics, and evolution.

Identification of new cotton fiber-quality QTL by multiple genomic analyses and development of markers for genomic breeding

Cotton fiber is one of the main raw materials for the textile industry.In recent years,many cotton fiber quality QTL have been identified,but few were applied in breeding.In this study,a genome wide association study(GWAS)of fiber-quality traits in 265 upland cotton breeding intermediate lines(GhBreeding),combined with genome-wide selective sweep analysis(GSSA)and genomic selection(GS),revealed 25 QTL.Most of these QTL were ignored by only using GWAS.The CRISPR/Cas9 mutants of GhMYB_D13 had shorter fiber,which indicates the credibility of QTL to a certain extent.Then these QTL were verified in other cotton natural populations,5 stable QTL were found having broad potential for application in breeding.Additionally,among these 5 stable QTL,superior genotypes of 4 showed an enrichment in most improved new varieties widely cultivated currently.These findings provide insights for how to identify more QTL through combined multiple genomic analysis to apply in breeding.

Genome-wide development of interspecific microsatellite markers for Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum

Sugarcane has a large,complex,polyploid genome that has hindered the progress of genomic research and molecular marker-assisted selection.The user-friendly SSR markers have attracted considerable attention owing to their ideal genetic attributes.However,these markers were not characterized and developed at the genome-wide scale due to the previously lacking high-quality chromosome-level assembled sugarcane genomes.In this present study,744305and 361638 candidate SSRs were identified from the genomes of S.officinarum and S.spontaneum,respectively.We verified the reliability of the predicted SSRs by using 1200 interspecific SSR primer pairs to detect polymorphisms among 11 representative accessions of Saccharum,including S.spontaneum,S.officinarum,S.robustum,and modern sugarcane hybrid.The results showed that 660 SSR markers displayed interspecific polymorphisms among these accessions.Furthermore,100 SSRs were randomly selected to detect the genetic diversity for 39 representative Saccharum accessions.A total of 320 alleles were generated using 100 polymorphic primers,with each marker ranging from two to seven alleles.The genetic diversity analysis revealed that these accessions were distributed in four main groups,including group I(14 S.spontaneum accessions),group II(two S.officinarum accessions),group III(18 modern sugarcane hybrid accessions),and group IV(five S.robustum accessions).Experimental verification supported the reliability of the SSR markers based on genome-wide predictions.The development of a large number of SSR markers based on wet experiments is valuable for genetic studies,including genetic linkage maps,comparative genome analysis,genome-wide association studies,and marker-assisted selection in Saccharum.

欧拉羊角性状相关RXFP2基因SNPs检测及分析

旨在分析有角和无角欧拉羊群体RXFP2基因对犄角表型的调控作用及相关SNP分子标记,以期为欧拉羊的遗传改良、品种培育提供技术支持。通过采集青海省河南县健康成年欧拉羊母羊血液样品100份,其中有角、无角各50份,提取DNA,随机选取有角、无角样品各15份开展全基因组测序,随后采用多重PCR扩增全部血样验证RXFP2基因SNP。全基因组检测结果表明,包含RXFP2基因在内的欧拉羊10号染色体存在强选择信号,最强选择信号出现在RXFP2基因区段;多重PCR检测验证了全基因组重测序筛查到的4个编码区SNP的准确性,并检测到7个欧拉羊RXFP2基因内含子区域高频SNPs(29508704G>A、29509428A>C、29509766G>A、29512170G>A、29512176G>A、29514968T>A、29521377C>A);经统计检验,该7个SNP位点的基因型在犄角有无表型上表现出分离,纯合子基因型均100%表现为无角或有角,杂合子基因型89.66%表现为无角,10.34%表现为有角;突变等位基因频率小于野生等位基因频率,群体表现为哈代温伯格不平衡状态,受到人工选择强度大,但多态信息含量中等,选育改良潜力仍较大。综上,确认了RXFP2基因在欧拉羊群体中对犄角有无的强调控作用,并筛选出了欧拉羊RXFP2基因的7个犄角有无表型的分子标记,相关结果可作为欧拉羊无角性状群体的遗传改良的分子标记。

基于SNP标记的玉米自交系S155、PHA458和A01的遗传多样性分析

为了分析玉米品种新科891的遗传结构和遗传多样性,本研究利用Affymetrix Axiom 10K SNP芯片对玉米品种新科891的双亲自交系(母本S155、父本PHA458)及自交系A01进行全基因组扫描,获得多态性标记4926个。结果表明,群体聚类分析和群体遗传结构分析的杂种优势类群划分结果基本一致。母本S155为SS类种质,父本PHA458含有NSS和塘四平头类血缘,自交系A01为塘四平头类血缘,新科891的杂种优势模式为SS×NSS,这为新科891双亲的后续改良与创新奠定基础,并为杂交组配的育种工作提供依据。

利用SNP芯片构建玉米品种新科910和新科891 DNA指纹数据库

以玉米品种新科910和新科891,玉米自交系K381、H865、S155和PHA458为试验材料,利用玉米10K SNP芯片进行基因分型,选择双亲和杂交种SNP相同的纯合型标记构建SNP指纹数据库,新科910共有3720个纯合型标记,新科891共有2670个纯合型标记,可有效鉴定该品种的真实性和特异性。

Significant association of the novel Rf4-targeted SNP marker with the restorer for WA-CMS in different rice backgrounds and its utilization in molecular screening

In the rice cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility （CMS） system, the combination of a CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line carrying the restorer gene to restore fertility, is indispensable for the development of hybrids. However, the process of screening for the trait of fertility restoration is laborious and time-consuming. In the present study, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of the Rf4 gene, which is the major locus controlling fertility restoration, to identify allele-specific variation. A single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） A/C at ＋474 in the coding sequence （CDS） was found to be capable of strictly distinguishing groups of alleles Rf4 （A） and rf4 （C）. Using KASP genotyping, this valuable SNP was converted to an allele-specific PCR marker. We evaluated and validated the marker among three-line parents with different backgrounds, and the results revealed a complete correlation between SNP alleles and the fertility restoration phenotype. Molecular screening was subsequently carried out for the presence of alleles of Rf4 and Rf3 among 328 diverse rice cultivars with worldwide distribution. The results demonstrate that this SNP marker could be the optimal choice for the molecular identification of potential restorers.

一种快速挖掘鸡品种特征性SNP标记集合的方法

旨在建立一种快速挖掘鸡品种/品系特征性SNP标记集合的方法,实现通过少量SNP标记将目标品种/品系与其他品种/品系区分的目标。本研究以北京油鸡、京星黄鸡、7个山东地方鸡种、5个云南地方品种、藏鸡和白羽肉鸡专门化品系等19个品种/品系全基因组重测序数据为素材,通过群体分化指数分析后,提取MEAN_FAST≥0.65的SNP标记,进一步通过连锁不平衡分析提取独立SNP来缩减特征性SNP标记集合。随机选择6个品种/品系对该方法进行检验,结果表明,通过一次群体分化指数和连锁不平衡分析后进行位点筛选后,即可分别获得白羽肉鸡品系、京星黄鸡H系和京星黄鸡D2系的114、220和226个特征性SNPs位点,将目标品系与其它共18个代表性品种分开。对于在主成分和聚类分析中聚集在同一个分支的武定鸡和瓢鸡,通过该方法可分别获得204和178个特征性SNPs标记,将之与其它代表性品种分开。综上,通过本方法,可得到目标品种114~226个SNPs标记构成的集合,进一步利用主成分分析即可将目标品种/品系与其它代表性品种进行区分。该方法流程简便,获得的特征性SNP标记相对较少,有利于控制检测成本,可应用于地方品种或商业化品系的“分子身份证”构建,辅助种质资源保护和鉴定工作。

基于转录组测序的中华鳖SSR和SNP特征分析及性别标记筛选

【目的】挖掘更多中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)性别分子标记,为中华鳖保护、繁育以及遗传多样性的分子机制等研究提供基础。【方法】基于中华鳖转录组测序数据,利用MISA和GATK挖掘中华鳖转录本中SSR和SNP位点信息,开发与中华鳖性别紧密相关的SNP标记。【结果和结论】共组装获得341632条Unigenes,识别到14804个SSR位点,含有SSR位点的Unigenes序列数量为13904条,占总序列的4.1%。中华鳖转录组中SSR位点类型较为丰富,共识别到6种不同核苷酸重复类型,单核苷酸串联重复基元类型的含量最多(10981个),占总位点数的74.18%。SSR位点以重复11~15次为主(6173个),占总位点数的41.70%。转录组SSR的片段长度大部分集中在10~14 bp,占SSR总数的50.01%。搜索到32299个SNP位点,SNP的分布密度为1/1339 bp。SNP变异类型以转换类型为主,转换类型占70.05%,颠换类型占29.95%。SNP测序深度统计发现,在31~100范围内,SNP数目最多,占43.68%。初步筛选并鉴定出位于Ptpn11基因上与性别紧密关联的SNP位点(29144910),为中华鳖性别分子标记提供候选基因和标记。

Detecting mislabeling and identifying unique progeny in Acacia mapping population using SNP markers

Acacia hybrids offer a great potential for paper industry in Southeast Asia due to their fast growth and ability to grow on abandoned or marginal lands. Breeding Acacia hybrids with desirable traits can be achieved through marker assisted selection(MAS) breeding. To develop a MAS program requires development of linkage maps and QTL analysis. Two mapping populations were developed through interspecific hybridization for linkage mapping and QTL analysis. All seeds per pod were cultured initially to improve hybrid yield as quality and density of linkage mapping is affected by the size of the mapping population. Progenies from two mapping populations were field planted for phenotypic and genotypic evaluation at three locations in Malaysia,(1) Forest Research Institute Malaysia field station at Segamat, Johor,(2) Borneo Tree Seeds and Seedlings Supplies Sdn, Bhd.(BTS) field trial site at Bintulu, Sarawak, and(3) Asiaprima RCF field trial site at Lancang, Pahang. During field planting, mislabeling was reported at Segamat, Johor, and a similar problem was suspected for Bintulu, Sarawak. Early screening with two isozymes effectively selected hybrid progenies, and these hybrids were subsequently further confirmed by using species-specific SNPs. During field planting, clonal mislabeling was reported and later confirmed by using a small set of STMS markers. A large set of SNPs were also used to screen all ramets in both populations. A total of 65.36% mislabeled ramets were encountered in the wood density population and 60.34% in the fibre length mapping population. No interpopulation pollen contamination was detected because all ramets found their match within the same population in question.However, mislabeling was detected among ramets of the same population. Mislabeled individuals were identified and grouped as they originated from 93 pods for wood density and 53 pods for fibre length mapping populations.On average 2 meiotically unique seeds per pod(179 seeds/93 pods) for wood density and 3 meiotically unique seeds per pod(174 seeds/53 pods) for fibre length mapping population were found. A single step statistical method was used to evaluate the most informative set of SNPs that could subsequently be used for routine checks for mislabeling in multi-location field trials and for labelling superior clones to protect breeder’s rights. A preliminary set of SNPs with a high degree of informativeness was selected for the mislabeling analysis in conjunction with an assignment test. Two subsets were successfully identified,i.e., 51 SNPs for wood density and 64 SNPs for fibre length mapping populations to identify all mislabeled ramets which had been previously identified. Mislabeling seems to be a common problem due to the complexity involved in the production of mapping populations. Therefore, checking for mislabeling is imperative for breeding activities and for analyses such as linkage mapping in which a correlation between genotypic and phenotypic data is determined.