Geochemical records of phosphorus in Jiaozhou Bay sediments—Impli-cations for environmental changes in recent hundred years

Phosphorus is a key element and plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycles. The evolution of sedimentary environment is also influenced by phosphorus concentrations and fractions as well as phosphate sorption characteristics of the marine sediments. The geochemical characteristics of phosphorus and their environmental records were presented in Jiaozhou Bay sediments. Profiles of different forms of phosphorus were measured as well as the roles and vertical distributions of phosphorus forms in response to sedimentary environment changes were investigated. The results showed that inorganic phosphorus （IP） was the major fraction of total phosphorus （TP）; phosphorus which is bound to calcium, iron and occluded phosphorus, as well as the exchangeable phosphorus were the main forms of IP, especially calcium - phosphorus, including detrital carbonate-bound phosphorus （Det- P） and authigenic apatite-bound phosphorus （ACa- P）, are the uppermost constituent of IP in Jiaozhou Bay sediments. Moreover, the lead-210 chronology technology was employed to estimate how much phosphorus was buried ultimately in sediments. And the research showed that the impacts of human activities have increased remarkably in recent years especially between the 1980s and 2000. According to research, the development of Jiaozhou Bay environment in the past hundred years can be divided into three stages ： （ 1 ） before the 1980s characterized by the relatively low sedimentation rate, weak land-derived phosphorus inputs and low anthropogenic impacts; （2） from the 1980s to around 2000, accelerating in the 1990s, during which high sedimentation rates, high phosphorus abundance and burial fluxes due to the severe human activities impacted on the whole environmental system ; （ 3 ） after 2000, the period of the improvement of environment, the whole system has been improved including the decreasing sedimentation rates, concentration and the burial fluxes of phosphorus.

长江中下游浅水湖沉积物磷形态及其分布特征研究

对长江中下游7个浅水湖泊的表层沉积物,应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)测定了其中的总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷和钙磷等5个部份,分析了各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与沉积物理化性质如总氮、有机质、主要氧化物组成之间的相关性。结果表明,研究区域内,表层沉积物总磷含量在217.8～3337.2mg·kg-1之间,城市湖泊总磷含量总体上高于太湖等五大淡水湖;表层沉积物中的磷以无机磷为主,有机磷为辅,前者占总磷的比例多数处于60%～80%之间;从各形态磷含量的变化范围来看,Fe/Al-P>OP>Ca-P,而从百分含量的变化范围来看,则是Fe/Al-P>Ca-P>OP。表层沉积物中TP含量的增加主要来自Fe-P部分,其次来自OP部分;OP含量与Ca-P和Fe/Al-P的含量均有较好的正相关关系,而Ca-P与Fe/Al-P只有很弱的相关性。TN、有机质含量与OP、TP、Ca-P和Fe/Al-P均呈极显著正相关。TFe2O3与Fe/Al-P、TP、OP呈极显著正相关,而与Ca-P的相关性较弱;CaO与Ca-P呈极显著正相关,与OP有一定的正相关,与其他形态的磷则没有或只有微弱的相关性。

大亚湾表层沉积物中氮的形态分布特征

首次采用逐级分离浸取的方法将大亚湾表层沉积物中不同形态的氮分离开,继而分析表层沉积物中不同形态氮的含量、分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,表层沉积物中总氮的含量较高,平均值高达1692.52 mg.kg-1;有机氮所占的比例很高,平均达77.32%,平均含量为1341.11 mg.kg-1;无机氮的平均含量为351.41mg.kg-1。表层沉积物中总可转化态氮的平均含量为229.45 mg.kg-1;强氧化剂可浸取态氮是可转化态氮的主要赋存形态,平均占总可转化态氮的96.88%;离子交换态氮是释放能力最强的形态,为可转化态无机氮的主体,平均占总可转化态氮的2.10%;弱酸可浸取态氮和强碱可浸取态氮仅占总可转化态氮的一小部分,分别为0.57%和0.44%。在空间分布上,各站间不同形态氮的含量差异与污染物的陆源输入、海水养殖污染及沉积物性质等因素有关。

大亚湾表层沉积物中磷的形态分布特征

沉积物中不同形态的磷具有不同的生物有效性和地球化学行为,它们的含量和分布特征包含着许多环境地球化学信息。因此,对沉积物中磷的地球化学形态的研究具有重要的环境地球化学意义。采用SEDEX法将大亚湾表层沉积物中不同形态的磷分离开,继而分析表层沉积物中不同形态磷的含量、分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,表层沉积物中总磷的含量较高,平均高达341.87 mg/kg;无机磷所占的比例很高,平均达85.11%,平均含量为290.81 mg/kg;有机磷的平均含量为51.05 mg/kg。表层沉积物中的碎屑态磷是无机磷的主要赋存形态,平均占无机磷的47.67%;其次为自生磷灰石及钙结合态磷,平均占无机磷的34.79%;铁结合态磷和吸附态磷分别仅占无机磷中的10.23%和7.31%。其中,潜在的生物有效性磷(包括Ads-P、Fe-P和OP)平均占总磷的29.40%。在空间分布上,各站间不同形态磷的含量差异与污染物的陆源输入、沉积物性质等因素有关。

大亚湾沉积物中氮和磷的地球化学形态分配特征

本文介绍了大亚湾沉积物中N和P的地球化学形态(包括形态总量、有机态、无机态及其细分态)的分析方法,并对7个测站沉积物中该两元素的各种形态分配特征进行了研究。结果表明:N和P的总量、有机态和无机态都具有几乎完全相同的分布规律;N和P的主要地球化学形态分别是有机态和无机态,分别占各自总态的80％和60％左右,有机态中的N/P比值非常接近于浮游生物体中该两元素组成典型比值16;N和P的各种形态含量与其相关的结合成分都有较好的相关关系。