“The old man”and“the sea”are two essential parts of The Old Man and the Sea;however,most critics have given priority to“the old man”when interpreting the short novel.This essay thinks that the sea is not just a ...“The old man”and“the sea”are two essential parts of The Old Man and the Sea;however,most critics have given priority to“the old man”when interpreting the short novel.This essay thinks that the sea is not just a setting for action and attempts to explore the multiple meaning of the sea from the perspective of geocriticism.With theories of Westphal’s geocriticism and Tally’s literary cartography,it analyzes what the sea as geography does to the old man,how the sea is crucial to Hemingway’s writing and how Hemingway maps the sea.Geocriticism of the novella offers new insights in understanding literature.展开更多
Mountains as archetype frame some metageographies of the vertical dimension.Mountain metaphors,thus,have remained as key guidance in developing not only animistic belief systems and religious cults,but also military s...Mountains as archetype frame some metageographies of the vertical dimension.Mountain metaphors,thus,have remained as key guidance in developing not only animistic belief systems and religious cults,but also military strategies,economic potential,and scientific innovation.This paper seeks to explain the need to integrate western knowledge,where mountains became known via natural history’s mechanistic explanations,with other epistemologies.Mountain scientists therein developed linear approaches that required exploration,experimentation,and pragmatic interpretation of generalizable mountain phenomena.Little is known,however,about other civilizations’more encompassing cognition due to heuristic explanations of mountain myths.Local knowledge holders therein developed approaches that required familiarization,observation,and romantic meditation about situated mountain phenomena.Using a multimethod approach of human geography that includes onomastics,geocritical discourse analysis,political ecology,and critical biogeography,the author posits that there is a paradigmatic shift of geographic fad,when even"nature"is thought of as a"social construct"in the socioecological mountainscapes.Between these tendencies of either Cartesian or Spinozan dogmas about scientific objectives,methods and implications,mountains continue to elicit geographical research.The author thus concludes that integrating narratives of mountain studies with geocritical analyses of political ecology that allow for transgressivity and referentialilty of mountain cognition can be done with transdisciplinary science.Montology,henceforth,couples dialectic thinking with the trifecta of spatiality,complexity and historicity in highlighting mountain microrefugia for biocultural conservation.Use of montological approaches will bring mountain scientists to a new level,where the application of local ecological knowledge and cutting-edge technological instrumentation could render sustainable mountain communities,in dynamic biocultural heritage scenarios.展开更多
基金this paper is funded by The 13th Postgraduate Education Innovation Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology(WIT),Research on Geographical Criticism of The Old Man and the Sea(Project Number:CX2021398).
文摘“The old man”and“the sea”are two essential parts of The Old Man and the Sea;however,most critics have given priority to“the old man”when interpreting the short novel.This essay thinks that the sea is not just a setting for action and attempts to explore the multiple meaning of the sea from the perspective of geocriticism.With theories of Westphal’s geocriticism and Tally’s literary cartography,it analyzes what the sea as geography does to the old man,how the sea is crucial to Hemingway’s writing and how Hemingway maps the sea.Geocriticism of the novella offers new insights in understanding literature.
基金partially funded by the Belmont Forum’s VULPES project(NSF grant ANR-15-MASC-0003)。
文摘Mountains as archetype frame some metageographies of the vertical dimension.Mountain metaphors,thus,have remained as key guidance in developing not only animistic belief systems and religious cults,but also military strategies,economic potential,and scientific innovation.This paper seeks to explain the need to integrate western knowledge,where mountains became known via natural history’s mechanistic explanations,with other epistemologies.Mountain scientists therein developed linear approaches that required exploration,experimentation,and pragmatic interpretation of generalizable mountain phenomena.Little is known,however,about other civilizations’more encompassing cognition due to heuristic explanations of mountain myths.Local knowledge holders therein developed approaches that required familiarization,observation,and romantic meditation about situated mountain phenomena.Using a multimethod approach of human geography that includes onomastics,geocritical discourse analysis,political ecology,and critical biogeography,the author posits that there is a paradigmatic shift of geographic fad,when even"nature"is thought of as a"social construct"in the socioecological mountainscapes.Between these tendencies of either Cartesian or Spinozan dogmas about scientific objectives,methods and implications,mountains continue to elicit geographical research.The author thus concludes that integrating narratives of mountain studies with geocritical analyses of political ecology that allow for transgressivity and referentialilty of mountain cognition can be done with transdisciplinary science.Montology,henceforth,couples dialectic thinking with the trifecta of spatiality,complexity and historicity in highlighting mountain microrefugia for biocultural conservation.Use of montological approaches will bring mountain scientists to a new level,where the application of local ecological knowledge and cutting-edge technological instrumentation could render sustainable mountain communities,in dynamic biocultural heritage scenarios.
