Water Runoff Estimation Using Geographical Information System (GIS) for Alrakhmah Basin Valley Northeast of Iraq

The lack of water resources in many regions is the main challenge for the human being and to extended investigations. Water resources controlling and management is essential in the areas depending on the seasonal rainfall. This research aims to estimate the surface water runoff for Basin of Alrakhmah Valley located in the southwestern part of Kirkuk Province in northeastern of Iraq. Analyzing of Spatial data and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data has been conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) to estimate the hydrological properties for the watershed valley with 158.5 km2 surface area. The results showed that watershed valley type is from the fifth rank with a longitudinal shape and topography percentage of 0.568. The watershed textures found to be 3.24 and the drain density 1.5 at 3.49 river branching. Finally, the annual estimated surface water retreat according to the morpho-hydro climatic elements found to be 0.01286233 milliard cubic meter.

The application of geographic information technology to coastal geomorphology

With the development of modern oceanic observation technologies, coastal survey data have been experiencing a substantial growth. The integration management of the data from different disciplines, different sources and different formats has become a major research field in coastal geomorphology by using Geographic Information System （GIS）. This paper puts forward a new methodology framework of GIS techniques in coastal ocean geomorphology, including data acquisition, process, analysis, and representation. It focuses on some major GIS techniques to study the land-ocean interaction mechanism, such as spatial analysis, submarine topography model and three-dimension （3D） visualization, and apply its result to coastal urban planning, harbor site selection and geomorphology environment about coral reef and islands on the continental shelf. The case studies cover the whole coastal ocean to serve the social community, economical development and diplomatic rights for decision-making all round in the coastal zone. The research shows clearly that the application of coastal multi-source geospatial platform has changed the traditional coastal geomorphology science dramatically from its research scope, fields and methods, however, as made clear in this paper, extracting accurate information from remote sensing data and GIS databases for coastal geomorphological applications is a nontrivial challenge that requires the combined knowledge and skills of information scientists and geomorphologists.

The Geographic Information Grid System Based on Mobile Agent

We analyze the deficiencies of current application systems, and discuss the key requirements of distributed Geographie Information serviee （GIS）, We construct the distributed GIS on grid platform. Considering the flexibility and efficiency, we integrate the mobile agent technology into the system. We propose a new prototype system, the Geographic Information Grid System （GIGS） based on mobile agent. This system has flexible services and high performance, and improves the sharing of distributed resources. The service strategy of the system and the examples are also presented.

Soil Resources Information System for Improving Productivity Using Geo-Informatics Technology

Soil surveying and mapping is an important operation, since it plays a key role in the knowledge about soil nutrients, properties and how it can be used for agriculture. This study was carried out in order to map soil chemical properties and macronutrients status in North, Center and South districts zones of Gujarat state. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in this study to present the secondary data of the soil which were obtained from Anand Agriculture University (AAU), Gujarat. The major objective of this study was to analyze & visualize the secondary data of soil through IDW, spatial interpolation techniques for suitable mapping in a selected North, Central and South districts of Gujarat state. Various maps showing spatial distribution of micronutrients and chemical properties for North, Center and South districts zones of Gujarat state were prepared. These digital maps can be used in precision farming studies with the application of fertilizers and micro-nutrients as per the requirement and the recommendations. This approach is proposed as a method for the evaluation of sustainable soil management practices such as variable rate of fertilization. This study demonstrates the usefulness of geo-informatics technology in soil survey as well as applications of various micronutrients to specific areas based on recommendations.

Spatial quality evaluation for drinking water based on GIS and ant colony clustering algorithm

To develop a better approach for spatial evaluation of drinking water quality, an intelligent evaluation method integrating a geographical information system(GIS) and an ant colony clustering algorithm(ACCA) was used. Drinking water samples from 29 wells in Zhenping County, China, were collected and analyzed. 35 parameters on water quality were selected, such as chloride concentration, sulphate concentration, total hardness, nitrate concentration, fluoride concentration, turbidity, pH, chromium concentration, COD, bacterium amount, total coliforms and color. The best spatial interpolation methods for the 35 parameters were found and selected from all types of interpolation methods in GIS environment according to the minimum cross-validation errors. The ACCA was improved through three strategies, namely mixed distance function, average similitude degree and probability conversion functions. Then, the ACCA was carried out to obtain different water quality grades in the GIS environment. In the end, the result from the ACCA was compared with those from the competitive Hopfield neural network(CHNN) to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the ACCA according to three evaluation indexes, which are stochastic sampling method, pixel amount and convergence speed. It is shown that the spatial water quality grades obtained from the ACCA were more effective, accurate and intelligent than those obtained from the CHNN.

Application of GIS-Based Spatial Filtering Method for Neural Tube Defects Disease Mapping

This study is to assess the prevalence rates spatial pattern of neural tube defects with geographic information system and spatial filtering technique. A total of 80 infants who diagnosed from neural tube defects in the area being studied between 1998 and 2001 were analyzed. Firstly, the geographic information system （GIS） software ArcGIS was used to map the crude prevalence rates. Secondly, the data were smoothed by the method of spatial filtering. We evaluated that the effect of changes in spatial filtering radius size was assessed by creating maps based on various filtering radius sizes. The 3 miles or larger filtering radius gives better section variability than the 2 and 2.5 miles or smaller ones. The maps produced by the spatial filtering technique indicate that prevalence rates in the villages in the southeastern region are to produce higher prevalence than that in the other regions. The smoothed maps based on Heshun County display a more adequate data representation than the raw prevalence rate map.

Spatial Estimation of Rainfall Distribution and Its Classification in Duhok Governorate Using GIS

Rainfall is a significant portion of hydrologic data. Rainfall records, however, are often incomplete due to several factors. In this study, the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method integrated with GIS is used to estimate the rainfall distribution in Duhok Governorate. A total of 25 rain fall stations and rainfall data between 2000 and 2010 were used, where 6 rainfall stations were used for cross-validation. In addition, the relationship between interpolation accuracy and two critical parameters of IDW (Power α value, and a radius of influence) was evaluated. Also, the rainfall distribution of Duhok Governorate was classified. As an output of this study and in most cases, the optimal parameters for IDW in interpolating rainfall data must have a radius of influence up to (15 - 60 km). However, the optimal α values varied between 1 and 5. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that the IDW is an appropriate method of spatial interpolation to predict the probable rainfall data in Duhok Governorate using α = 1 and search radius = 105 km for all the 25 rainfall stations.

GIS as an Information Infrastructure for Recovery and Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake

This study considers the regional characteristics of the Tohoku region and the extent of the damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake and makes proposals for recovery and reconstruction of the areas affected by this disaster as well as for a reduction of the impact of natural disasters that may occur in the future with GIS （geographic information systems） as a social infrastructure positioned at the heart of the information infrastructure. Due to the fact that social media that used ICT （information and communication technology） was useful in the days directly after the disaster, it can be said that it is necessary to investigate the provision of an information infrastructure that uses ICT to reduce the impact of disasters. Therefore, this study proposes the construction of a geographical information database using GIS and the provision and sharing of information using social media GIS after discussion of the relationship between the development of the computerization of Japan and GIS as a valid example of using information systems for recovery and reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

GIS-Based Spatial Analysis for the Integrated Transport-Land Use-Energy Planning:An Application to the Greater London

This work focuses on examining the possible advantages for the urban sustainability,derived from the integration of transport,land use and energy systems.The main aim is to develop a GIS-based method that can help decision makers,either public or private,improve the economic,social and environmental sustainability of urban areas through an integrated transformation approach.As a result,it was possible to provide a spatial analysis technique based on seven synthetic variables and on the application of a cluster method able to identify the portions of urban areas where investments and urban integrated transformation processes can be more suitable,according to the dynamic relationships among transport,land use and energy systems.The methodology was applied to the Greater London area and led to significant results:the cluster classes follow the transport railway network evolution within the study area boundary.The paper is organized as follows:in Section 1 the integration of transport,land use and energy planning is investigated;following the introduction,in Section 2,the GIS-based method is presented,followed by a description of the application to the Greater London area;in Section 4,findings of the methodology are explained.In the last section,results and future developments are discussed.

Site Suitability Evaluation for Sustainable Distribution of Hospital Using Spatial Information Technologies and AHP: A Case Study of Upper Egypt, Aswan City

Site selection for location of a hospital is one of the crucial policy-related decisions taken by the government. In upper Egypt, the cities suffer from a shortage and bad distribution of hospital site. The selection of the appropriate hospital site requires consideration of multiple alternative solutions and evaluation factor. We develop a Multi-Criteria Decision Support System (MCDSS) process that combines Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and use this process to determine the optimum site for a new hospital in the Aswan urban area. Based on actual conditions Aswan city, we used three main factors and seven sub-factors. The main factors are urban, environmental and economic factors. An application adopting AHP process was developed to calculate weights of every factor. Spatial analysis in GIS was used to overlay and generate factors maps and suitability evaluation map. All maps are classified from 1 (low suitable) to 5 (high suitable) using spatial information technologies. The candidate sites are divided by best, good and unsuitable hospital areas. Best hospital site represents optimal sites;good hospital site can be used as back-up candidate sites. The study was found that best area (S3) is about 30%, and most of these are located in the south part of the study area;good area (S2) is about 58%, and most of these are located in the central part of the study area;unsuitable area (S1) is about 12%, and most of these are located in the Eastern and Western parts of the study area. Finally, the study ends with an assessment of proposed sites.

基于GIS格网模型的广州市土地生态安全格局演化

以公里格网为评价单元,构建基于PSR-NES(压力-状态-响应和经济-环境-社会)模型的土地生态安全测度指标体系,运用突变级数法动态识别2010—2020年广州市土地生态安全格局。结果表明:广州土地生态安全水平空间异质性较为明显,整体呈现“中间低,四周高”的分布格局;2010—2020年,广州市土地生态安全水平先下降后提高,其中,北部生态涵养区土地生态安全水平呈下降趋势,南部生态调节区土地生态安全状况逐渐好转,中部建成区土地生态安全状况不容乐观。未来城镇扩张应尽量避免侵占土地生态安全水平较高的区域,可通过分区治理,科学布局生产、生活、生态空间,优化产业结构,加强生态用地保护力度等措施持续改善土地生态安全状况。

基于GIS的林业调查技术研究

随着地理信息系统(GIS)技术的不断发展和应用,基于GIS的林业调查技术在林业资源管理、生态环境保护、林火监测和森林病虫害监测等方面得到了广泛应用。该文通过概述GIS的基本概念和定义,介绍了GIS在林业调查中的应用重要性和现状,并总结了林业调查中常用的GIS技术,比如,遥感、GPS和DEM技术。同时,通过实际案例阐述了GIS在林业调查中的应用技术,并探讨了GIS在林业调查中的优势和挑战。最后,提出了加强技术研究和应用推广的建议,以促进GIS在林业调查中的进一步应用和发展,实现更科学、可持续的林业资源管理和保护。

基于GIS的地下水质疏水性污染地理空间分布研究

地下水质疏水性污染涉及多种污染物,如重金属、有机物和微生物等,其迁移、转化和积累过程具有复杂性和多样性。为了制定地下水治理策略,提出基于GIS的地下水质疏水性污染地理空间分布研究方法。介绍研究区域以及土壤和地下水的采样测定方法;建立疏水性污染物的迁移模型,获得水性污染特征,并采用GIS技术绘制疏水性污染元素的地理空间分布图;结合单因子污染指数与潜在生态风险指数分析风险分布特征,完成污染地理空间分布研究。结果表明,研究区域内富集了多种疏水性重金属,主要以Zn和Cu为主,疏水性污染重金属的空间分布较为相似。

GIS技术在空气污染物数值预报中的应用研究

为实现空气污染物数值预报精度的提升,研究GIS技术在空气污染物数值预报中的应用。选择十六个预报点,通过3S技术采集预报点的地理信息数据、遥感数据与栅格数据、矢量数据。选取12个常规地面观测的相关气象要素作为空气污染物预报试验中的预报因子,利用逐步回归的方式构建该地区的空气污染物预报回归模型。预报该地区各预报点的空气污染物浓度,计算实测值与预报结果之间的平均相对误差与平均绝对误差。实验结果表明,模型对于PM_(10)、NO_(2)、SO_(2)的小时预报整体比较准确,小时预报平均相对误差与平均绝对误差均较低。

基于GIS和无人机摄影技术的边坡三维建模研究

为了实现高精度还原地表纹理和空间起伏的目的,提出基于地理信息系统(GIS)和无人机摄影技术的边坡三维建模方法,使用无人机摄影与测量技术构建地形地貌模型,通过GIS技术建立地层模型,从而得到高精度的三维模型。在某高速工程的部分标段中,应用该方法建立由地表、地层及地下矿体3部分组成的边坡三维模型。建立的边坡三维模型可视化好,能够准确地反映边坡的真实情况。

基于遥感和GIS的水资源调查与评价方法研究

探讨基于遥感和地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术的水资源调查与评价方法,旨在提高水资源管理的效率和准确性。使用遥感技术进行数据采集和处理,以及利用GIS进行空间数据的管理和分析,研究内容涵盖了水资源量的计算、水质评价、水资源管理策略等方面。结果显示,遥感和GIS技术能有效提供水资源量化评估,识别和分析水质状况,支持水资源的合理分配和可持续利用。遥感和GIS技术在水资源调查和管理中展现出巨大的潜力,但也面临数据精度、处理复杂性和成本效益的挑战。未来研究需要集成跨学科知识,优化技术应用,以更全面、高效地解决全球水资源问题。

一种基于GIS呈现的密集城区CRAN区分裂评估方法

文章提出了一种基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)呈现的密集城区集中无线接入网络(Centralized Radio Access Network,CRAN)区分裂评估方法。该方法利用GIS技术,通过数据收集和参数GIS呈现,综合评估CRAN区域内微网格的业务需求和设备接入能力。通过现网环路带宽分析和判断是否需要分裂,制订最优匹配调整CRAN范围和CRAN分裂回传组网的方案,满足网络的健康发展和适应未来需求。该方法为密集城区CRAN网络规划和优化提供了科学的参考和决策依据。

基于GIS技术的巴东新城区滑坡灾害危险性区划

基于ArcGIS8软件平台开发了三峡库区巴东县新城区滑坡灾害信息系统,通过全面分析巴东新城区滑坡灾害的地形条件,工程地质岩组、构造与斜坡结构类型、人类工程活动、水的作用等影响因素,建立了相应的滑坡灾害危险性评价指标体系。采用基于GIS技术的信息量模型和敏感性评价方法,实现了巴东县新城区滑坡灾害危险性区划,其中,高危险区面积3.30km2,占7.1%;中危险区面积5.77km2,占12.4%;低危险区面积16.40km2,占35.3%;基本安全面积21.05km2,占45.2%,可以作为巴东新城区城镇建设规划和减灾防灾的参考依据。

基于GIS及气候-土壤-地形因子的浙江省茶树栽培适宜性评价

进行茶树栽培精细化的综合区划研究可为浙江省茶叶产业的规划布局提供科学依据。该文根据茶叶产量与气象、地形、土壤条件的相关分析,提出了茶树栽培综合区划指标为4个气候因子(年平均气温、稳定通过10℃的积温、极端最低气温≤-13℃出现的频率和4-10月的平均相对湿度)、2个土壤因子(土壤类型和土壤质地)和3个地形因子(坡度、坡向和海拔高度)。应用混合插值法(趋势面模拟+残差内插)对气候因子进行了细网格推算;采用加权指数求和法,建立了茶树栽培的综合区划评估模型,借助GIS技术,计算了综合评估指数的分布规律,参照土地利用现状,屏蔽不宜栽培区域,将浙江省茶树栽培区域划分为适宜、较适宜和不适宜3个等级,完成茶树专题综合区划图。结果表明,浙江省适宜茶树栽培的地域面积约占46.40%,主要分布在海拔高度为600～900m的半高山地区;较适宜区占44.94%,多分布在600m以下的平原、丘陵和低山区或介于900～1200m的山区;不适宜区占8.66%,为1200m以上的高山地区。结合茶叶生产现状,对浙江省茶树栽培的适宜性进行了分区评述,为浙江茶叶生产提供了依据。

基于GIS的水资源管理信息系统

地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）因为其强大的空间数据处理能力，为水资源管理提供了一个新颖、高效的工具。本文深入ＧＩＳ的功能和水资源管理的实际，通过山西汾阳县的应用实例，阐明了应用ＡｒｃＩｎｆｏ／ＡｒｃＶｉｅｗ构建水资源管理信息系统过程中的信息收集、储存、分析以及二次开发的方法和过程，分析了两者结合应用的可行性和优越性，并讨论了这种方法在水资源系统模拟、辅助决策支持等方面的广泛应用前景。