Purpose:To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness(CT)around the macular region armong subjects with low,moderate and high myopia.Methods:20 myopic subjects(n=40 eyes)without other identified pathologies par...Purpose:To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness(CT)around the macular region armong subjects with low,moderate and high myopia.Methods:20 myopic subjects(n=40 eyes)without other identified pathologies participated in this study:20 eyes of≤3 diopters(D)(low myopic),10 eyes between-3 and-6D(moderate myopic),and 10 eyes of≥6D(high myopic).The mean age of subjects was 30.2 years(±7.6 years;range,24 to 46 years).A 1050 nm spectral-domain optical coberence tomography(SD-OCT)system,operating at 120kHz imaging rate,was used in this study to simultaneously capture 3D anatomical images of the choroid and measure intraocular length(IOL)in the subject.The 3D OCT images of the choroid were segmented into superior,inferior,nasal and temporal quadrants,from which the CT was measured,representing radial distance between the outer retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)layer and inner scleral border.Measurements were made within concentric regjons centered at fovea centralis,extended to 5 mm away from fovea at 1 mm intervals in the nasal and temporal directions.The measured IOL was the distance from the anterior cornea surface to the RPE in alignment along the optical axis of the eye.Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate CT at each geographic region and observe the relationship between CT and the degree of myopia.Results:For low myopic eyes,the IOL was measured at 24.619±0.016 mm.The CT(273.85±49.01μm)was greatest under fovea as is in the case of healthy eyes.Peripheral to the fovea,the mean CT decreased rapidly along the nasal direction,reaching a minimum of 180.65±58.25 pum at 5 mm away from the fovea.There was less of a change in thickness from the fovea in the temporal direction reaching a minimum of 234.25±42.27μm.In contrast to the low myopic eyes,for moderate and high myopic eyes,CTs were thickest in termnporal region(where CT=194.94±27.28 and 163±34.89μm,respectively).Like the low myopic eyes,moderate and high myopic eyes had thinnest CTs in the nasal region(where CT=100.84±16.75 and 86.64±42.6μm,respectively)-High myopic eyes had the longest mean IOL(25.983±0.021 mm),while the IOL of moderate myopia was 25.413±0.022 mm(**p<0.001).The CT reduction rate was calculated at 31.28 umn/D(diopter)from low to mod-erate myopia,whilst it is 13.49μm/D from moderate to high myopia.The similar tendency was found for the IOL reduction rate in our study:0.265 mm/D from low to moderate myopia,and 0.137 mm/D from moderate to high myopia.Conclusion:The CT decreases and the IOL increases gradually with the increase of myopic condition.The current results support the theory that choroidal abnormality may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration.展开更多
ObjectiveTo present the geographical map of malaria and identify some of the important environmental factors of this disease in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.MethodsWe used the registered malaria data to compu...ObjectiveTo present the geographical map of malaria and identify some of the important environmental factors of this disease in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.MethodsWe used the registered malaria data to compute the standard incidence rates (SIRs) of malaria in different areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province for a nine-year period (from 2001 to 2009). Statistical analyses consisted of two different parts: geographical mapping of malaria incidence rates, and modeling the environmental factors. The empirical Bayesian estimates of malaria SIRs were utilized for geographical mapping of malaria and a Poisson random effects model was used for assessing the effect of environmental factors on malaria SIRs.ResultsIn general, 64 926 new cases of malaria were registered in Sistan and Baluchistan Province from 2001 to 2009. Among them, 42 695 patients (65.8%) were male and 22 231 patients (34.2%) were female. Modeling the environmental factors showed that malaria incidence rates had positive relationship with humidity, elevation, average minimum temperature and average maximum temperature, while rainfall had negative effect on malaria SIRs in this province.ConclusionsThe results of the present study reveals that malaria is still a serious health problem in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Geographical map and related environmental factors of malaria can help the health policy makers to intervene in high risk areas more efficiently and allocate the resources in a proper manner.展开更多
Average credit scores for people in the United States （US） differ from state to state. Some states have high, and some states have low average credit scores. Since lenders and employers use credit scores to make loa...Average credit scores for people in the United States （US） differ from state to state. Some states have high, and some states have low average credit scores. Since lenders and employers use credit scores to make loan and employment decisions, people living in states where average credit scores are high should experience the benefits of living where credit scores tend to allow more favorable loan and employment decisions. Although credit scores are the direct result of credit histories, credit histories may be impacted by demographic factors. If the demographic factors that impact credit histories are identified, ways to improve credit scores are likely to be discovered and available to people and state government policymakers. This study looks for demographic factors to indirectly explain the average credit scores for people living in each state of the US. The methodology includes statistical analyses and geographic information systems （GIS） mapping. Statistical analyses provide evidence to suggest that state average credit scores are explained by the demographic factors of education, family, income, and health. GIS mapping reveals clusters of states with similar demographics and credit scores.展开更多
The projected 300% growth rate in the population of Enugu area and its environs by the year 2020 and the expected increase in waste generation necessitated the need to map out areas for waste disposal for future utili...The projected 300% growth rate in the population of Enugu area and its environs by the year 2020 and the expected increase in waste generation necessitated the need to map out areas for waste disposal for future utilization and as a protective strategy for the environment in Enugu area. Land capability index mapping using Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the appropriate tools required for solving this problem. A total of 12 landuse determinants were selected as thematic data layers, and as basic factors influencing the choice of waste disposal landuse option in the area. The themes (thematic maps) generated from field/laboratory measurements and from literature, include slope, water table, surface and subsurface water conditions, elevation, geology, soil, drainage and geo-structural stability (fault, erosion, landslide and flooding) maps. The maps were scanned, digitized, georeferenced, and polygonized using autocard drawing capabilities to convert them into vector format and later exported to arc view software for analysis. The final processing using overlay model builder yields layers that display areas of preferred waste disposal sites in a map form, which generally shows areas of varying suitability (suitable, moderately (low) suitable and unsuitable). The waste disposal map of Enugu area shows that blocks1 (Obeagu area) and 3 (Ebe/Nsude areas) represent suitable and unsuitable areas, respectively, while block 2 (Ngwo area) has low suitability for waste disposal.展开更多
Groundwater is the main source for water provision in the arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran.The groundwater quality was simulated by using a hybrid model integrating a Self-Organizing Map(SOM)and geographic inform...Groundwater is the main source for water provision in the arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran.The groundwater quality was simulated by using a hybrid model integrating a Self-Organizing Map(SOM)and geographic information system(GIS).SOM and GIS were used as pre-processing and postprocessing tools in the Mazandaran Plain.Further,the Ground Water Quality Index(GWQI)and its effective factors were estimated by using digital maps and the secondary data.Neuro Solutions software was used for simulating the groundwater quality.To do this,a model was trained and optimized in the SOM and then the optimized model was tested.In the next step,the performance of SOM in groundwater quality simulation was confirmed(test stage,Rsqr=0.8,and MSE=0.008).Then,the digital maps of the SOM inputs were converted to raster format in GIS.In the last step,a raster layer was generated by combining the model input layers which comprised the model inputs values.The tested SOM was used to simulate GWQI in the sites without the secondary data of the groundwater quality.Finally,the groundwater quality map was generated by coupling the results of SOM estimations and GIS capabilities.The results revealed that the coupling of SOM and GIS has high performance in the simulation of the groundwater quality.According to the results,a limited area of the studied plain has groundwater resources with low quality(GWQI>0.04).Therefore,that will be a threat to the life of humans,animals,and vegetative species.Therefore,it is necessary to plan for managing the groundwater quality in the Mazandaran plain.展开更多
Identification of water potential areas in arid regions is a crucial element for the enhancement of their water resources and socio-economic development. In fact, water resources system-planning can be used to make va...Identification of water potential areas in arid regions is a crucial element for the enhancement of their water resources and socio-economic development. In fact, water resources system-planning can be used to make various decisions and implement manage- ment of water resources policies. The purpose of this study is to identify groundwater sto- rage areas in the high Guir Basin by implementing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing methods. The required data for this study can be summarized into five critical factors: Topography (slope), lithology, rainfall, rock fracture and drainage. These critical factors have been converted by the GIS into thematic maps. For each cri- tical parameter, a coefficient with weight was attributed according to its importance. The map of potential groundwater storage areas is obtained by adding the products (coeffi- cient × weight) of the five parameters. The results show that 50% to 64% of the total area of the High Guir Basin is potentially rich in groundwater, where most of fracture systems are intensely developed. The obtained results are validated with specific yield of the aqui- fer in the study area. It is noted that there is a strong positive correlation between excel- lent groundwater potential zones with high flows of water points and it diminishes with low specific yield with poor potential zones.展开更多
Local featured program in Indonesia cannot be separated entirely from commodity strategic bases. Until in 2006, agricultural development formulation showed indicative targets for featured crops commodity production. T...Local featured program in Indonesia cannot be separated entirely from commodity strategic bases. Until in 2006, agricultural development formulation showed indicative targets for featured crops commodity production. The problem of food security is forming of farmer’s independence to protect local resources in efficiently and optimally, so these resources can be more utilized. It can be achieved by assist of information technologies and communication in forming of Geographic Information System (GIS) to support consistency of food security in Indonesia. This research designs prototype geographic information system in order to conduct the accurate mapping and to know the local featured crops production in Indonesia. This level is conducted for documentation and mapping of agricultural products which is the local featured production. This documentation requires the usage of potential physical, economic, social and cultural environment by the utilization of information technology and communication, which have the ability of relevancy and accessibility of reliable information.展开更多
文摘背景:腰椎小关节炎是引起下腰痛的一个主要原因,目前主要依靠MRI进行初步定性诊断,但仍有一定漏诊、误诊的概率发生,因此MR T2^(*)mapping成像技术有望成为定量检查腰椎小关节炎软骨损伤的重要检测手段。目的:探讨MR T2^(*)mapping成像技术在定量分析腰椎小关节炎软骨损伤退变中的应用价值。方法:收集南京医科大学第四附属医院2020年4月至2022年3月门诊或住院合并下腰痛共110例患者,设为病例组;同时招募无症状志愿者80例,设为对照组。对所有纳入对象L1-S1的小关节行3.0 T MR扫描,获取T2^(*)mapping横断位图像和T2WI图像,分别对所有小关节软骨进行Weishaupt分级及T2^(*)值测量,收集数据并行统计学分析。不同小关节Weishaupt分级之间小关节软骨T2^(*)值比较采用单因素方差分析。结果与结论:①经统计分析发现,病例组腰椎小关节软骨T2^(*)值(17.6±1.5)ms明显较对照组(21.4±1.3)ms降低,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);②在病例组中,随着腰椎小关节Weishaupt分级增加,小关节软骨T2^(*)值也呈逐渐下降趋势,且这种差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);③提示T2^(*)mapping能够较好地显示腰椎小关节软骨损伤的早期病理变化,腰椎小关节软骨的T2^(*)值能够定量评估腰椎小关节的软骨损伤程度;T2^(*)mapping成像技术能为影像学诊断腰椎小关节炎软骨早期损伤提供很好的理论依据,具有重要的临床应用价值。
基金supported in part by research grants from the National Eye Institute (R01EY024158,R01EY021242,P30001730)。
文摘Purpose:To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness(CT)around the macular region armong subjects with low,moderate and high myopia.Methods:20 myopic subjects(n=40 eyes)without other identified pathologies participated in this study:20 eyes of≤3 diopters(D)(low myopic),10 eyes between-3 and-6D(moderate myopic),and 10 eyes of≥6D(high myopic).The mean age of subjects was 30.2 years(±7.6 years;range,24 to 46 years).A 1050 nm spectral-domain optical coberence tomography(SD-OCT)system,operating at 120kHz imaging rate,was used in this study to simultaneously capture 3D anatomical images of the choroid and measure intraocular length(IOL)in the subject.The 3D OCT images of the choroid were segmented into superior,inferior,nasal and temporal quadrants,from which the CT was measured,representing radial distance between the outer retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)layer and inner scleral border.Measurements were made within concentric regjons centered at fovea centralis,extended to 5 mm away from fovea at 1 mm intervals in the nasal and temporal directions.The measured IOL was the distance from the anterior cornea surface to the RPE in alignment along the optical axis of the eye.Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate CT at each geographic region and observe the relationship between CT and the degree of myopia.Results:For low myopic eyes,the IOL was measured at 24.619±0.016 mm.The CT(273.85±49.01μm)was greatest under fovea as is in the case of healthy eyes.Peripheral to the fovea,the mean CT decreased rapidly along the nasal direction,reaching a minimum of 180.65±58.25 pum at 5 mm away from the fovea.There was less of a change in thickness from the fovea in the temporal direction reaching a minimum of 234.25±42.27μm.In contrast to the low myopic eyes,for moderate and high myopic eyes,CTs were thickest in termnporal region(where CT=194.94±27.28 and 163±34.89μm,respectively).Like the low myopic eyes,moderate and high myopic eyes had thinnest CTs in the nasal region(where CT=100.84±16.75 and 86.64±42.6μm,respectively)-High myopic eyes had the longest mean IOL(25.983±0.021 mm),while the IOL of moderate myopia was 25.413±0.022 mm(**p<0.001).The CT reduction rate was calculated at 31.28 umn/D(diopter)from low to mod-erate myopia,whilst it is 13.49μm/D from moderate to high myopia.The similar tendency was found for the IOL reduction rate in our study:0.265 mm/D from low to moderate myopia,and 0.137 mm/D from moderate to high myopia.Conclusion:The CT decreases and the IOL increases gradually with the increase of myopic condition.The current results support the theory that choroidal abnormality may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration.
文摘ObjectiveTo present the geographical map of malaria and identify some of the important environmental factors of this disease in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.MethodsWe used the registered malaria data to compute the standard incidence rates (SIRs) of malaria in different areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province for a nine-year period (from 2001 to 2009). Statistical analyses consisted of two different parts: geographical mapping of malaria incidence rates, and modeling the environmental factors. The empirical Bayesian estimates of malaria SIRs were utilized for geographical mapping of malaria and a Poisson random effects model was used for assessing the effect of environmental factors on malaria SIRs.ResultsIn general, 64 926 new cases of malaria were registered in Sistan and Baluchistan Province from 2001 to 2009. Among them, 42 695 patients (65.8%) were male and 22 231 patients (34.2%) were female. Modeling the environmental factors showed that malaria incidence rates had positive relationship with humidity, elevation, average minimum temperature and average maximum temperature, while rainfall had negative effect on malaria SIRs in this province.ConclusionsThe results of the present study reveals that malaria is still a serious health problem in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Geographical map and related environmental factors of malaria can help the health policy makers to intervene in high risk areas more efficiently and allocate the resources in a proper manner.
文摘Average credit scores for people in the United States （US） differ from state to state. Some states have high, and some states have low average credit scores. Since lenders and employers use credit scores to make loan and employment decisions, people living in states where average credit scores are high should experience the benefits of living where credit scores tend to allow more favorable loan and employment decisions. Although credit scores are the direct result of credit histories, credit histories may be impacted by demographic factors. If the demographic factors that impact credit histories are identified, ways to improve credit scores are likely to be discovered and available to people and state government policymakers. This study looks for demographic factors to indirectly explain the average credit scores for people living in each state of the US. The methodology includes statistical analyses and geographic information systems （GIS） mapping. Statistical analyses provide evidence to suggest that state average credit scores are explained by the demographic factors of education, family, income, and health. GIS mapping reveals clusters of states with similar demographics and credit scores.
文摘The projected 300% growth rate in the population of Enugu area and its environs by the year 2020 and the expected increase in waste generation necessitated the need to map out areas for waste disposal for future utilization and as a protective strategy for the environment in Enugu area. Land capability index mapping using Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the appropriate tools required for solving this problem. A total of 12 landuse determinants were selected as thematic data layers, and as basic factors influencing the choice of waste disposal landuse option in the area. The themes (thematic maps) generated from field/laboratory measurements and from literature, include slope, water table, surface and subsurface water conditions, elevation, geology, soil, drainage and geo-structural stability (fault, erosion, landslide and flooding) maps. The maps were scanned, digitized, georeferenced, and polygonized using autocard drawing capabilities to convert them into vector format and later exported to arc view software for analysis. The final processing using overlay model builder yields layers that display areas of preferred waste disposal sites in a map form, which generally shows areas of varying suitability (suitable, moderately (low) suitable and unsuitable). The waste disposal map of Enugu area shows that blocks1 (Obeagu area) and 3 (Ebe/Nsude areas) represent suitable and unsuitable areas, respectively, while block 2 (Ngwo area) has low suitability for waste disposal.
文摘Groundwater is the main source for water provision in the arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran.The groundwater quality was simulated by using a hybrid model integrating a Self-Organizing Map(SOM)and geographic information system(GIS).SOM and GIS were used as pre-processing and postprocessing tools in the Mazandaran Plain.Further,the Ground Water Quality Index(GWQI)and its effective factors were estimated by using digital maps and the secondary data.Neuro Solutions software was used for simulating the groundwater quality.To do this,a model was trained and optimized in the SOM and then the optimized model was tested.In the next step,the performance of SOM in groundwater quality simulation was confirmed(test stage,Rsqr=0.8,and MSE=0.008).Then,the digital maps of the SOM inputs were converted to raster format in GIS.In the last step,a raster layer was generated by combining the model input layers which comprised the model inputs values.The tested SOM was used to simulate GWQI in the sites without the secondary data of the groundwater quality.Finally,the groundwater quality map was generated by coupling the results of SOM estimations and GIS capabilities.The results revealed that the coupling of SOM and GIS has high performance in the simulation of the groundwater quality.According to the results,a limited area of the studied plain has groundwater resources with low quality(GWQI>0.04).Therefore,that will be a threat to the life of humans,animals,and vegetative species.Therefore,it is necessary to plan for managing the groundwater quality in the Mazandaran plain.
文摘Identification of water potential areas in arid regions is a crucial element for the enhancement of their water resources and socio-economic development. In fact, water resources system-planning can be used to make various decisions and implement manage- ment of water resources policies. The purpose of this study is to identify groundwater sto- rage areas in the high Guir Basin by implementing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing methods. The required data for this study can be summarized into five critical factors: Topography (slope), lithology, rainfall, rock fracture and drainage. These critical factors have been converted by the GIS into thematic maps. For each cri- tical parameter, a coefficient with weight was attributed according to its importance. The map of potential groundwater storage areas is obtained by adding the products (coeffi- cient × weight) of the five parameters. The results show that 50% to 64% of the total area of the High Guir Basin is potentially rich in groundwater, where most of fracture systems are intensely developed. The obtained results are validated with specific yield of the aqui- fer in the study area. It is noted that there is a strong positive correlation between excel- lent groundwater potential zones with high flows of water points and it diminishes with low specific yield with poor potential zones.
文摘Local featured program in Indonesia cannot be separated entirely from commodity strategic bases. Until in 2006, agricultural development formulation showed indicative targets for featured crops commodity production. The problem of food security is forming of farmer’s independence to protect local resources in efficiently and optimally, so these resources can be more utilized. It can be achieved by assist of information technologies and communication in forming of Geographic Information System (GIS) to support consistency of food security in Indonesia. This research designs prototype geographic information system in order to conduct the accurate mapping and to know the local featured crops production in Indonesia. This level is conducted for documentation and mapping of agricultural products which is the local featured production. This documentation requires the usage of potential physical, economic, social and cultural environment by the utilization of information technology and communication, which have the ability of relevancy and accessibility of reliable information.
