Creating a Geographical Observatory of Atmospheric Pollution （GEOAP） for the Greek Territory

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the necessity of a Geographical Observatory of Atmospheric Pollution （GEOAP） in the Greek territory. The analysis performed is mainly focused on the benefits of the future function of the GEOAP to the environmental planning of the country and it could also provide an environmental management tool for the whole region. Measuring and mapping the pollution data and at the same time performing the geographical analysis of the complexity and the characteristics of natural and human environment can be useful tool in observation, management, and planning of the environmental policy of the country.

A remote sensing monitoring method for alpine grasslands desertification in the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Alpine grassland is the typical vegetation in the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau,which has important ecological service functions,and also supports the development of alpine stock farming.In recent years,under both the natural and human disturbance,alpine grasslands in this area have appeared to different degrees of desertification.A diagnosis of the desertification degree serves as the basis for grassland ecological restoration.This study constructs a comprehensive index based on remote sensing called alpine grassland desertification index(AGDI)to monitor the areas and degree of desertification.The most relevant indicators of desertification,namely,vegetation fraction,aboveground biomass,soil moisture,and land surface temperature,were selected to establish AGDI.The geographical detector is used to reselect and assess these indicators.The results show that the overall verification accuracy of AGDI is 82.05%.In particular,the accuracy of identifying severe desertification is the highest.Our study confirms that the desertification of alpine grasslands in the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau is characterized by fragmentation.Thus,Landsat-8 OLI data with a spatial resolution of 30 m is more suitable than MODIS data for alpine grasslands desertification monitoring.The research results can provide a methodological reference for monitoring desertification of alpine grasslands and other grassland regions in the world.

Temporal-spatial Analysis on Urban and Rural Drinking Water Health Monitoring of Tianjin in 2013

Objective Grasp quality and health status of drinking water, and provide scientific basis for decision making of health administrative de- partment. Method According to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality （ GB 5749 -2006）, monitoring results of Tianjin urban and rural drinking water health in 2013 were evaluated, and software SPSS 20.0 and GeoDa was used for temporal-spatial analysis on water quality. Result There were 2 882 copies of monitoring samples in total, in which both finished water and tap water of urban district were qualified, while qualified rates of tap water and secondary water supply from the county were respectively 86.36% and 93.91%, and major exceeding indexes were pH and total number of colonies. Qualified rates of tap water and secondary water supply from the county had difference（x2 = 1 576.875, P 〈0.01 ）. Quality of tap water（ X2 = 5.425, P 〉 0.05） and secondary water supply （X2 = 16.009, P 〉 0.05） was stable at temporal distribution （ January-December）, but spatial distribution of tap water had certain regional difference（x2 = 1 255.802, P 〈0.01 ）. Conclusion General quality situation of Tianjin urban and rural drinking water was better, but qualified rate of water quality in some counties was lower, which had safety risk and threatened the health of residents in the corresponding county. The related departments should enhance the supervision and management of drinking water supply, im- prove supply water quality, strengthen water quality monitoring, and guarantee drinking water safety. Geographic information system can better real- ize visualization of drinking water quality monitoring information.

Self-Driving Algorithm and Location Estimation Method forSmall Environmental Monitoring Robot in Underground Mines

In underground mine environments where various hazards exist,such as tunnel collapse,toxic gases,the application of autonomous robots can improve the stability of exploration and efficiently perform repetitive exploratory operations.In this study,we developed a small autonomous driving robot for unmanned environmental monitoring in underground mines.The developed autonomous driving robot controls the steering according to the distance to the tunnel wall measured using the light detection and ranging sensor mounted on the robot to estimate its location by simultaneously considering the measured values of the inertial measurement unit and encoder sensors.In addition,the robot autonomously drives through the underground mine and performs environmental monitoring using the temperature/humidity,gas,and particle sensors mounted on the robot.As a result of testing the performance of the developed robot at an amethyst mine in Korea,the robot was found to be able to autonomously drive through tunnel sections with∼28 m length,∼2.5 m height,and∼3 m width successfully.The average error of location estimation was approximately 0.16 m.Using environmental monitoring sensors,temperature of 15–17◦C,humidity of 42%–43%,oxygen concentration of 15.6%–15.7%,and particle concentration of 0.008–0.38 mg/m3 were measured in the experimental area,and no harmful gases were detected.In addition,an environmental monitoring map could be created using the measured values of the robot’s location coordinates and environmental factors recorded during autonomous driving.

基于GIS的灌区土壤投入品残留污染监测预警系统

为了解决工业发展导致的灌区土壤投入品残留污染问题,给出一种基于地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)的土壤污染监测预警系统。该系统结合VOC-PF1型传感器、STM32主控芯片和GSM通信模块,实现了高效的数据采集和通信功能。通过反距离加权(inverse distance weighted,IDW)插值法进行空间分析,并设立预警阈值,实现对灌区土壤投入品残留污染的实时监测和预警。实验结果表明:该系统的监测精度高达98%,监测时长最高为49 s,具有很高的实用性和效率。研究结果不仅为灌区土壤投入品残留污染监测提供了有效手段,也为环境保护和农业可持续发展提供有力支持。

基于Landsat影像的城市土地利用动态监测

土地是自然界不可或缺的资源,土地利用反映了人地关系。随着人口数量的持续增加和社会工业化、城市化的持续推进,如何科学地开发利用宝贵的土地资源越来越受到人们的重视。本文通过2013年和2023年的Landsat影像数据,结合遥感与GIS,对10年间合肥市土地资源进行监测与分析,结果表明,经过10年的城市发展,合肥市耕地面积减少了65707.92 hm 2,建设用地增长了39181.05 hm 2,林地减少了1728.27 hm 2,水域增加了28255.14 hm 2。

城市国土空间监测初探

城市国土空间监测是我国首次基于土地利用大规模对城市自然资源和人文地理要素实施全面监测的一项重要举措,是一项涉及行业众多,时间和空间尺度各不相同,内容繁杂的科技工程。本文通过试点探索项目关键技术和作业流程,总结组织管理和实施中的问题,为《技术方案(征求意见稿)》(自然资调查函[2022]30号和36号)提出补充完善意见,提升生产效率和质量,归纳可复制,可推广的经验,形成一套行之有效的管理模式,推动城市国土空间监测项目关键技术创新。

基于地理国情监测数据的景观生态评价研究

本文以黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区作为研究对象,应用景观生态学理论,提出基于地理国情监测数据的人为干扰度划分方法,选取合适指标,构建景观生态评价指标体系。本文以500 m×500 m格网作为评价单元,采用2015―2020年六期地理国情监测数据,运用熵权法确定单个指标的权重,得到景观生态安全指数(LESI),并从空间和时间维度对保护区内景观生态情况进行分析评价。研究结果表明,2015―2020年期间,保护区的景观生态状况得到逐步改善,尤其是2020年,不仅生态安全指数全部提升到良好及以上水平,空间分布也呈现出更好的趋势。

基于深度学习的地表覆盖变化检测方法研究

研究地表覆盖的自动变化检测对于常态化地理国情监测具有重要意义。结合全卷积神经网络(FCN)和孪生(Siam)神经网络,设计了一种全卷积孪生网络模型(FCSCN),并通过构建城市地表覆盖变化样本库、模型训练和测试、精度评价,得到了适用于沈阳城市地表覆盖变化检测的深度学习模型。以2022年度地理国情监测项目局部区域为试点,开展了实践探索,结果发现该方法可以提高作业效率,对于高频次、全覆盖的地理国情监测具有一定的实践参考意义。

Understanding geographical conditions monitoring: a perspective from China

The geographical condition is a very important component of a country’s national condition,and geographical conditions monitoring(GCM)has been of great concern to the Chinese government.GCM has a close relation with‘Digital China’and is a concrete embodiment of Digital China.This paper discusses the content and classification of GCM.In accordance with application areas,GCM can be divided into fundamental monitoring,thematic monitoring,and disaster monitoring.The application areas perspective includes the content of the three other perspectives,like the monitoring elements,the monitoring scope,and the monitoring cycle and fully reflects the essence of the GCM.Fundamental monitoring mainly focuses on monitoring all of the geographical elements,which provides a basis for follow-up thematic monitoring;thematic monitoring is a special type of designated subject monitoring that concerns the public or the government;disaster monitoring focuses on the dynamic monitoring of the pre-disaster and disaster periods for natural disasters.The monitoring results will provide timely information for governments so that they can meet management or decision-making requirements.A GCM case study in the area of the Qinghai−Tibet plateau was made,and some concrete conclusions were drawn.Finally,this paper presents some thoughts on conducting GCM.

矿区生态监测的地理加权遥感生态指数构建及评价

矿区生态是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,准确监测矿区生态对保护生态环境、维持生态平衡具有重要意义。遥感技术为矿区生态监测提供了有效手段,针对遥感生态指数(remote sensing ecological index,RSEI)在矿区生态监测中存在监测精度低、针对性弱和指标权重空间上均一化问题,该研究对RSEI进行了改进。首先,考虑矿区特殊的生态成因,在绿度、热度、湿度、干度的基础上加入煤尘污染因子构成矿区遥感生态指数;然后,利用地理加权主成分分析法确定各指标的空间权重,构建了地理加权遥感生态指数(geographically weighted-remote sensing ecological index,GWRSEI);最后,以山西省大同煤田为例,基于多期遥感影像对GW-RSEI在矿区生态监测中的有效性、适用性进行了验证。结果表明:GW-RSEI能准确捕捉矿区大气中的煤尘污染,从整体和局部尺度实现了矿区生态的精准监测,有效提高了矿区生态监测的精度;地理加权主成分分析法能够明确表征矿区生态的空间异质性和生态环境变化的空间连续性;2000—2020年大同煤田的GW-RSEI均值分别为0.51、0.48、0.46、0.59、0.56,整体生态环境经历了先恶化后改善的过程,其东南部生态环境变化趋势与整体一致,而西北部生态环境呈现先改善后恶化的变化趋势。研究成果为准确监测矿区生态提供了一种更加科学、有效的方法。

新疆生态脆弱性特征及其驱动力

新疆作为我国生态脆弱区之一,常年受到气候和人为因素的严重干扰,使其生态系统出现退化。新疆生态脆弱性聚类特征及从县域尺度和不同土地类型呈现新疆生态脆弱区,尚有待进一步探究。以“敏感性-恢复力-压力度”为评价模型,选取15个评价指标采用主成分分析、地理探测器方法评价2000—2019年新疆生态脆弱性状况及驱动力,旨在探讨新疆生态脆弱性的时空变化、聚类特征、不同地类脆弱程度及其各指标对新疆生态脆弱性指数的驱动力影响。(1)时间上,2000—2019年新疆生态脆弱性指数呈波动下降。不同脆弱性等级占比波动较大,各等级面积占比均呈先增后减再增变化;各脆弱性程度均向更低级或不变的脆弱性等级转变。(2)空间上,近2000—2019年新疆生态脆弱性呈“南高北低”分布规律特征,县域尺度下,生态脆弱性南北分异特征明显,以天山山脉为界,形成南部高脆弱区、北部低脆弱区和东部中脆弱区。(3)新疆生态脆弱性呈“南热北冷聚集”,不同地类的生态脆弱性等级面积占比变化不大,脆弱性程度呈现波动减弱的向好趋势。(4)单因子探测器与交互作用探测器均证明归一化植被指数、植被覆盖度、降水量、净初级生产力、干燥度、年平均气温、土壤有机质为新疆生态脆弱性的主要影响因素。研究结果可为新疆生态环境保护和可持续发展提供科学参考与决策依据。

测绘地理信息技术在土地调查监测中的应用

通过应用先进的测绘地理信息技术,可以更准确、高效地获取土地信息,为土地调查监测提供有力支持。文章重点探讨测绘地理信息技术在土地调查监测中的应用,以期为土地调查监测工作中测绘地理信息技术的深化应用提供参考。

基于地理模型和多源遥感的林草生态综合监测方法——以日照市莒县为例

随着生态系统保护工作的不断推进,林草生态系统成为人们关注的重点问题。分析林草生态监测现状可确定目前林草生态监测存在的问题。针对当前林草生态综合监测过程,由于遥感图像分析能力不足,造成监测结果精度不足等问题,提出基于地理模型和多源遥感的林草生态综合监测方法。采集遥感图像,完成3D标定及预处理工作。通过纹理特征提取与支持向量机算法,对林草生态环境遥感影像进行判读。应用多源遥感技术构建地理加权回归模型,实现林草地图斑监测。将图斑带入马尔科夫矩阵模型中,获取林草生态综合变化监测结果。至此,基于地理模型和多源遥感的林草生态综合监测方法设计完成。通过实验证实,此方法的遥感图像分类精度以及监测精度均优于当前方法。

基于RSEI和地理探测器的西昌市生态环境质量时空演变特征及其驱动力分析

生态环境保护对于推动社会经济可持续发展非常重要,对生态环境质量进行及时有效的监测可为城市发展规划提供依据。本文选取西昌市2001-2020年5期Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI时间序列影像为研究数据,耦合绿度、湿度、干度、热度构建遥感生态指数RSEI,并结合研究区气候、降水量、人口密度等驱动因素探究西昌市生态环境质量变化规律。结果表明:20年间,西昌市生态环境质量得到了有效改善;生态环境质量恶化区域主要位于中部流域耕作区、主城区周边及西部山脉,改善区域主要分布在海拔稍低的山区;由单因子探测分析可知,土地利用、年平均气温、年平均降水量对RSEI影响较大;由多因子探测分析可知,各因子交互作用对RSEI均有增强效果,其中年平均气温在土地利用交互作用下表现出了更强的解释力。

信息化背景下的环境应急监测技术研究

本文主要围绕信息化背景下的环境应急监测技术进行研究。首先,阐述了信息化背景下环境应急监测技术的重要性。其次,介绍了信息化背景下环境应急监测的技术原则。最后,深入探讨了信息化背景下的环境应急监测技术要点,包括地理信息技术、油污监测技术、通信技术、数据库和注意事项等技术要点。这些技术的综合应用有助于更好地保护自然环境和人类健康,提高环境管理的效力。

精准扶贫期湖南武陵山片区陆路交通网络时空变化分析

湖南武陵山片区是我国精准扶贫政策的发源地,区内交通基础设施相对落后。为准确分析评价精准扶贫期间片区道路网的时空变化特征和交通基础设施建设的成效,支撑当前片区乡村振兴战略推进和交通网络空间规划,以2015—2020年地理国情普查与监测成果为基础,运用地理空间分析技术,采用线密度模型、核密度模型、欧氏最短距离模型等方法,从陆路交通网整体格局、铁路网密度、公路网密度、高速公路便捷度、等级公路技术结构、农村公路通达性等多个角度分析精准扶贫期间湖南武陵山片区陆路交通网时空演变特征。研究表明:在精准扶贫政策的支持下,湖南武陵山片区陆路交通基础设施得到较大改观,公路技术等级结构持续升级,农村道路覆盖度进一步提升,路网结构更加合理,但铁路网和高速公路网在纵向上联通还不够,网络结构性不强,各县城之间的通达性还有待提升,铁路网密度、公路网密度、高等级公路网密度等方面仍然低于全省平均水平,远低于全省东部地区水平。研究分析方法能够为当前国内外正探索推进的国土空间可持续发展综合分析评价工作提供参考。

地理国情监测数据驱动的城市内水环境监测方法研究

城市内水环境的安全与居民的生命安全相关,考虑其监测困难的问题,提出基于地理国情监测数据的方法。通过分析波段反射率比值与水环境监测指标关系,引入波段参数,确保数据准确性。在水环境数据获取中,结合监测指标与反演参数,确定具体参数。测试结果表明:输出的水体污染面积占比误差低于0.03%,可靠性高,从而有效提升了城市内水环境监测的效率和准确性,为环境管理提供了有力支持。

地理信息技术在金属矿山监测方面的应用

在金属矿山资源开采的过程中,矿区的生态环境会受到影响,应当加强金属矿山监测,为金属矿山资源开采提供充足的地理信息资源。为了充分发挥地理信息技术的优势,本文对遥感技术、全球定位系统、地理信息系统进行分析,借助地理信息技术构建金属矿山监测管理信息化平台,深入研究地理信息技术在金属矿山监测工作中的应用策略。

地理国情监测数据的耕地后备资源潜力空间分析方法

以地理国情监测数据为基础,结合国土调查数据,对“耕地”地类图斑进行对比分析研究,挖掘可进行耕地恢复的潜力空间。采用GIS空间分析、遥感解译、数理统计和外业核查方法,对湖北省2020年地理国情监测数据和2021年国土变更调查数据中的“耕地”图斑进行差异性综合分析,研究耕地后备资源潜力空间。结果表明:2020年湖北省地理国情与2021年国土变更调查数据中的“耕地”差异图斑共有711.78万亩,内业判读“确认耕地”和“疑似耕地”图斑共有131.80万亩,经外业核查,实地现状为耕地的图斑占比约55.28%,能够为耕地后备资源空间挖掘提供参考。