A new type of micro-disseminated gold deposits in association with diabase found in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region——Their geological characteristics and metallogenic conditions

With the continuous development of gold ore prospecting and exploration in recent years a new type of micro-disseminated gold deposits have been found in the regions of Southwest Guizhou Province and Northwest Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,with the orebodies directly occurring in diabase or in the contact zone between diabase and strata.The orebodies are strictly controlled by fault structures.The discovery of this type of gold deposits has brought about new prospects for gold ore prospecting in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Golden Triangle region.From the preliminary analysis of the geological characteristics of the Qiaoxiang gold deposit in Wangmo County,in combination with the results of research work in the adjacent areas in recent years,this paper roughly described the geological characteristics and metallogenic conditions of this type of gold ore deposits with an attempt to make more and more geologists pay enough attention to this type of gold ore deposits,so as to promote gold ore prospecting in Guizhou Province to develop toward a variety of types of gold deposits in all round way.

Geological conditions and reservoir characteristics of various shales in major shalehosted regions of China

China is home to shales of three facies:Marine shale,continental shale,and marine-continental transitional shale.Different types of shale gas are associated with significantly different formation conditions and major controlling factors.This study compared the geological characteristics of various shales and analyzed the influences of different parameters on the formation and accumulation of shale gas.In general,shales in China’s several regions exhibit high total organic carbon(TOC)contents,which lays a sound material basis for shale gas generation.Marine strata generally show high degrees of thermal evolution.In contrast,continental shales manifest low degrees of thermal evolution,necessitating focusing on areas with relatively high degrees of thermal evolution in the process of shale gas surveys for these shales.The shales of the Wufeng and Silurian formations constitute the most favorable shale gas reservoirs since they exhibit the highest porosity among the three types of shales.These shales are followed by those in the Niutitang and Longtan formations.In contrast,the shales of the Doushantuo,Yanchang,and Qingshankou formations manifest low porosities.Furthermore,the shales of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations exhibit high brittle mineral contents.Despite a low siliceous mineral content,the shales of the Doushantuo Formation feature a high carbonate mineral content,which can increase the shales’brittleness to some extent.For marine-continental transitional shales,where thin interbeds of tight sandstone with unequal thicknesses are generally found,it is recommended that fracturing combined with drainage of multiple sets of lithologic strata should be employed to enhance their shale gas production.

Geometrical and Geotechnical Characteristics of Landslides in Korea under Various Geological Conditions

The goal of this study is to determine the geometrical and geotechnical characteristics of landslides under various geological conditions using detailed field surveys, laboratory soil tests and precipitation records. Three study areas are selected to consider different rocks, including gneiss in Jangheung, granite in Sangju and sedimentary rocks in Pohang, South Korea. Many landslides have occurred in these three areas during the rainy season.Precipitation records indicate that landslides occurring in the gneiss area of Jangheung and granite area of Sangju may be influenced by the hourly rainfall intensity rather than cumulative rainfall.However, landslides occurring in the sedimentary rock area of Pohang may be influenced by hourly rainfall intensity and cumulative rainfall. To investigate the factors that influence these types of landslides, a detailed landslide survey was performed and a series of laboratory soil tests were conducted.According to the detailed field survey, most landslides occurred on the flanks of mountain slopes, and the slope inclination where they occurred mostly ranged from 26 to 30 degrees, regardless of the geological conditions. The landslide in the gneiss area of Jangheung is larger than the landslides in the granite area of Sangju and sedimentary rock area of Pohang.Particularly, the landslide in the sedimentary rock area is shorter and shallower than the landslides in the gneiss and granite areas. Thus, the shape and size of the landslide are clearly related to the geological conditions. According to the integrated soil property and landslide occurrence analyses results, the average dry unit weight of the soils from the landslide sites is smaller than that of the soils obtained from the nonlandslide site. The average coefficient of permeability of soils obtained from the landslide sites is greater than that of soils obtained from the non-landslide sites with the same geology. These results indicate that the soils from the landslide sites are more poorly graded or looser than the soils from the non-landslide sites.

Geological Conditions and Prospect Forecast of Shale Gas Formation in Qiangtang Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The presence of shale gas has been confirmed in almost every marine shale distribution area in North America.Formation conditions of shale gas in China are the most favorable for marine,organic-rich shale as well.But there has been little research focusing on shale gas in Qiangtang Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,where a lot of Mesozoic marine shale formations developed.Based on the survey results of petroleum geology and comprehensive test analysis data for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,for the first time,this paper discusses characteristics of sedimentary development,thickness distribution,geochemistry,reservoir and burial depth of organic-rich shale,and geological conditions for shale gas formation in Qiangtang Basin.There are four sets of marine shale strata in Qiangtang Basin including Upper Triassic Xiaochaka Formation （T3x）,Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation （J2b）,Xiali Formation （J2x） and Upper Jurassic Suowa Formation （J3s）,the sedimentary types of which are mainly bathyal-basin facies,open platform-platform margin slope facies,lagoon and tidal-fiat facies,as well as delta facies.By comparing it with the indicators of gas shale in the main U.S.basins,it was found that the four marine shale formations in Qiangtang Basin constitute a multi-layer distribution of organic-rich shale,featuring a high degree of thickness and low abundance of organic matter,high thermal evolution maturity,many kinds of brittle minerals,an equivalent content of quartz and clay minerals,a high content of feldspar and low porosity,which provide basic conditions for an accumulation of shale gas resources.Xiaochaka Formation shale is widely distributed,with big thickness and the best gas generating indicators.It is the main gas source layer.Xiali Formation shale is of intermediate thickness and coverage area,with relatively good gas generating indicators and moderate gas formation potential.Buqu Formation shale and Suowa Formation shale are of relatively large thickness,and covering a small area,with poor gas generating indicators,and limited gas formation potential.The shale gas geological resources and technically recoverable resources were estimated by using geologic analogy method,and the prospective areas and potentially favorable areas for Mesozoic marine shale gas in Qiangtang Basin are forecast and analyzed.It is relatively favorable in a tectonic setting and indication of oil and gas,shale maturity,sedimentary thickness and gypsum-salt beds,and in terms of mineral association for shale gas accumulation.But the challenge lies in overcoming the harsh natural conditions which contributes to great difficulties in ground engineering and exploration,and high exploration costs.

Geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China

Based on the examination of the global researches on oil and gas provinces and large gas fields and the analysis of the features,attributes and distribution of large gas provinces and gas fields,this paper puts forward three indicators of determining large oil and gas provinces:spatial indicator,reservoir-forming indicator and resource indicator.It classifies the gas accumulated areas and large gas provinces in China and analyzes the controlling factors on the distribution of large gas provinces and large gas fields:the lateral distribution is mainly controlled by high-energy sedimentary facies and constructive diagenetic facies,palaeo-highs and their periclinal zones,deep faults,etc,and the vertical distribution is mainly controlled by unconformities,series of evaporates and deep low-velocity highly-conductive beds,etc.It also reveals the main geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China.Large gas fields in four-type basins have their own characteristics and onland large gas fields are dominantly developed in foreland basins and craton basins;there are three types of gas sources,of which,coal is the main source with high gas generating intensity and varying origins;reservoir rocks of the large gas fields(provinces)are of various types and dominated generally by low-middle permeability and porosity pore-type reservoirs;structural traps and litho-stratigraphic traps coexist in Chinese large gas fields and form dense high abundance and large-area low and middle-abundance large gas fields;most of the large gas fields have late hydrocarbon-generation peaks and reservoir formation,and experienced the process of multiple-stage charging and late finalization; large gas provinces(fields)have good sealing and preservation conditions,and evaporates seals are largely developed in large and extra-large gas fields.This paper intends to shed light on the exploration and development of large gas fields(provinces)through analyzing their geological characteristics.

The enrichment characteristics and geological controlling factors of coalbed methane occurrence in Laochang area, Yunnan Province

The enriched characters of methane content in the main coal seam of Yunnan＇s Laochang coal mine was analyzed through combined with the geologic conditions of the research area： structure type, hydrogeology condition, coal reservoir＇s macerals, ash, water content, and so on. The geology factors of controlling gas in Laochang coal mine were illustrated; and the different geology models of controlling gas of geologic condition coupling were posed. Research shows that, in the region, the methane contents of the main coal seams decrease gradually from middle to all around it; the northeast and southeast is higher than the west. In the local area, the methane content of anticline axis is higher, and the gas content is reduced to both wings and plunging crown. On macroscopic view, the distribution of methane content in coal-beds was controlled by structural type. On microscopic view, the methane content in coal-beds is mainly involved in coal reservoir＇s macerals, ash content, and water content. The enriched characters of CBM in the research area are mainly the result of structure-hydrogeology-petrophysics coupling controls of CBM. On the basis of above analysis, according to the distribution character of methane content in coalbeds, the research area was divided into low gas area, middle gas area, and high gas area.

Engineering geological conditions and features of geologic hazards in Wudongde reservoir of Jinshajiang River valley

There is a great difference between the distribution and evolvement characteristics of slope geological hazard in the same geographical location and climatic conditions,taking the similar structural-genetic connection in Wudongde reservoir area of Jinshajiang River valley for example. In all engineering geological conditions,the chronologic age and attitude of strata,and the lithologic association factors control the distributions and evolvement characteristics of slope geological hazard in the studied area. The study shows that the slopes in geological evolution are in different stages. The conclusion helps to understand the types and the intensity of geological disasters.

Research on characters of surrounding rock in complex geology conditions and supporting time

The methods combined by test, field monitoring and theoretical analysis were adopted to do the systemic research on the rock mass from micro-structure to macro-deformation, and rheological model of Jinchuan rock mass was established to discuss the reasonable supporting time. Resuhs show that supporting after suitable stress and displacement release can benefit for the long-term stability of surrounding rock.

Assessing Future Flooding Risk in a Coastal Lagoon Using Hydrogeological Approaches and Analysis of the 2021 Flood Event: A Case Study of Tasi-Tolu Lagoon, Dili, Timor-Leste

This study aims to apply a hydrogeological approaches and analysis of the 2021 flood event of Tasi-Tolu Lagoon to achieve four specific goals. Firstly, the study seeks to determine the natural characteristics of the lagoon, which include factors such as size, depth, water quality, and ecosystem composition. Secondly, the influence of precipitation on the water volume in the lagoon will be examined. This analysis involves assessing historical rainfall patterns in the region, as well as the amount and frequency of precipitation during the 2021 flood event. Thirdly, the hydrogeologic and geologic conditions of the lagoon will be evaluated. This involves examining factors such as the type and structure of the soil and bedrock, the presence of aquifers or other underground water sources, and the movement of water through the surrounding landscape. Finally, the study seeks to assess the risk of future flooding in Tasi-Tolu Lagoon, based on the insights gained from the previous analyses. Overall, this study’s goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological factors that contribute to flooding in Tasi-Tolu Lagoon. This knowledge could be used to inform flood mitigation strategies or to improve our ability to predict and respond to future flooding events in the region.

CBM geology conditions study of Gemudi syncline,Western Guizhou Province

Through the analysis of the surrounding rock, coal seam burial depth, coal quality and hydrologic geological condition, the methane-bearing property characteristics of the coal reservoir in the Gemudi syncline were elucidated. Most of the wall rock of the coal reservoir is mudstone and silt, which is a favourable enclosing terrane. Burial depth of the main excavating coat seam is moderate. The groundwater activity is thin, and there are absolute groundwater systems between each coal seam, which make poor intercon- nections to accelerate CBM enrichment. In our research, the area coal reservoir meta- morphosis is high, CBM content is high, hole-cranny system development degree is high, and permeability of the great mass of the main coal seam exceeds 0.1×10^-3 μm2, The result demonstrates that the southeast of the Gemudi syncline has the best conditions for prospecting and exploiting CBM.

氦气资源形成地质条件、成因机理与富集规律

借鉴含油气系统思路及方法,基于典型富氦气田解剖,并利用地球化学成藏方法技术,研究天然气中氦气资源形成的地质条件、成因机理与富集规律。结果表明:①氦气“生-运-聚”机理与天然气有显著差异性,氦气主要为基底富U、Th元素缓慢α衰变或深部壳幔氦释放,沿岩石圈复合输导体系运移至天然气成藏系统,依附适宜载体气聚集成藏。②氦运移输导主要受“岩石圈断裂、基底断裂、沉积层断裂、有效输导层”复合输导体系控制,基于地下流体中“氦-气-水”相平衡及相-势耦合综合分析,提出氦气运聚过程中具有“水溶相、气溶相、游离相”3种主要赋存状态,存在氦气“集流、渗流、扩散”3种运移方式。③富氦气藏形成和氦气富集通常受控于“优质氦源、高效输导、适宜载体”3大主控要素,具有“脱溶汇聚、浮力驱动、压差驱替”3种聚集成藏动力类型,已发现富氦气藏具有相对“近氦源、邻断裂、低势区、高部位”的分布规律和成藏模式。④氦气富集区勘探和评价需要依托天然气兼探/并探,在评价落实氦气“源-运-聚”要素与天然气“生-储-盖”条件耦合匹配性、局部相对低势高部位有利圈闭载体气区的基础上,综合评价优选“通源连圈、低势高位、气氦适配”的有利氦气富集区。

南秦岭安康成矿带金矿地质特征与成矿条件研究

安康金成矿远景区位处南秦岭安康成矿带,区内赋矿层位为志留系下统斑鸠关组、梅子垭组,受北西西-南东东向展布的叶坪河复式向斜构造控制,成矿类型属沉积改造型。岩石地球化学分析表明,Au元素在各地层的平均质量分数值范围为1.19×10^(-9)-~6.68×10^(-9),而经后期变质改造的各地层中(含矿层片岩类),Au元素的质量分数值升高,各变质地层Au元素的质量分数值范围为255×10^(-9)~711×10^(-9),平均值的范围为23.06×10^(-9)~26.52×10^(-9),具找矿前景,是勘查区内主要的找矿目标。认为地层岩性、构造特征、围岩蚀变、化探异常可作为该区域金矿床找矿的标志。

非常规天然气勘探开发技术经济特征

随着天然气勘探开发进程深入推进,常规天然气增储上产的难度逐渐增大,天然气勘探开发领域从以常规气为主逐步转向常规气与非常规气并举,但常规天然气和非常规天然气在技术经济特征方面存在明显差异。为此,立足成因与地质特征、勘探开发风险、勘探开发成本以及开发技术体系等方面,对中国常规气与非常规气开展了对比分析。研究结果表明:①我国非常规天然气的成因与地质特征更为复杂,应通过对标等方式进一步摸清我国非常规气地质条件情况及发展规律,降低勘探工作的不确定性;②非常规天然气勘探开发风险普遍更高,需通过风险识别、风险评价、风险管理成熟度研究等方式摸清风险底数,将风险“被动遇见”转变成“主动预见”;③非常规天然气开发成本总体高于常规天然气,可采取常规-非常规天然气、非常规天然气间联探并采、加大技术研发提高开发效率、统筹优化作业环节减少无效成本、加强安全风险控制降低事故发生率、推行成本目标管理制度等降低开发成本;④常规与非常规天然气技术体系各有侧重,可通过设立创新研究专项资金、搭建非常规气知识共享平台、理论研究与实践应用协同推进等措施促进技术进步。

甘肃省金塔县穿山驯南白云岩矿可开采性评价

甘肃省金塔县穿山驯南白云岩已完成补充地质详查,开采在即,评价其可采性,意义重大。本文通过搜集相关文献,研判地质资料,从矿体地质特征、矿石加工技术性能、矿床开采技术条件三个方面,对其可开采性进行评价。与国内同类型矿山比较,矿山指标较好。在14条矿体中,以5号矿体和4号矿体规模较大,控制程度最高,可以作为主要矿体。采用“穿孔-涨裂-二次破碎-铲装-运输-破碎”采矿工艺,拟定条件下,矿山开采,经济效益和社会效益较好。

滑坡防治措施的总体分析及实例应用研究

为切实掌握滑坡灾害的防治措施,该文结合滑坡工程实际,首先对滑坡灾害防治措施进行总体分析,再进一步进行了实例应用研究。分析结果表明:滑坡防治措施主要包括减轻或消除水威胁、设置抗滑措施及土体改善措施,且结合工程实际,本文实例的防治措施设计为“抗滑桩+挡土墙+截排水措施”。

广东南亩稀土矿床地球化学特征及成矿条件浅析

南亩稀土矿床位于南岭成矿带中段南侧,属离子吸附型稀土矿床,产于中三叠世坪田岩体的花岗岩风化壳中,其产状和形态特征受地形地貌控制。区域上发育多个同类型矿床,成矿条件研究还存在争议。本文针对南亩矿床地球化学特征及成矿标志进行研究,可为区域同类型稀土矿床的勘查找矿提供重要的依据。矿石矿物成分主要为风化后的黏土类矿物,稀土元素以离子状态赋存于黏土矿物上,95.96%离子型稀土赋存于粒径≥0.154 mm的矿物中,稀土组分分布均匀,品位变化稳定。未风化花岗岩包括黑云母花岗岩和碱长花岗岩,与稀土矿石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线均为右倾平滑型,轻、重稀土分馏明显,均表现出轻稀土富集特征。通过对成矿条件的初步分析,中三叠世碱长花岗岩和黑云母花岗岩基岩发育区、亚热带温润气候条件、断层、节理发育的浅切割低缓丘陵地形及硅化蚀变带是南亩离子吸附型稀土矿的主要找矿标志。

柬埔寨王国磅通省三丹县金矿成矿地质条件分析

柬埔寨王国磅通省三丹县地区的整体地质工作程度较低,对该地区已有金矿床(点)成矿地质条件的研究对于该区域金矿勘查具有重要意义。本文详细阐述了三丹县金矿床(化)的成矿地质要素,并与IRGS型金矿进行了对比研究,认为陆缘弧和弧后克拉通盆地接触部位的大地构造背景和钙碱性区域岩浆岩条件,为区内金矿化提供了有利的区域地质条件,这与典型IRGS型金矿床具有相似的构造背景。调查区内的金矿体(矿化)常发育在侵入岩及其边缘地带,在空间分布上金矿化与侵入岩关系密切,且围岩常具石英-碳酸盐-绢云母化围岩蚀变组合,金矿石以网脉状和角砾状类型为主,这符合IRGS型金矿的矿化特征。初步认为区域内金矿化与侵入岩关系密切,属于IRGS型金矿。

基于资源性与可压性的深部煤层气“甜点”预测

【目的】我国在鄂尔多斯盆地东缘获得多个大型深部煤层气藏的勘探突破,然而如何有效地将储量转化为产量并实现高效开发尚不明确。【方法】以神府南区为例,综合应用地质、测试、压裂及生产动态资料,围绕深部煤层气藏资源性和可压性,开展地质−工程“双甜点”评价研究。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)研究区成煤相带适宜,以三角洲沉积为主,8+9号煤层厚度大、分布稳定,热演化程度介于0.7%~1.5%,生烃条件较好;孔−裂隙系统发育,储集空间优越,为煤层气的赋存提供了储集空间;煤层顶板以封盖能力较强的泥岩为主,位于地下水滞流区,使得区内煤层气具备良好的保存条件,煤层含气性好,具有游离气与吸附气共存的特征。(2)利用井震结合的地球物理技术刻画了煤层脆性、水平主应力差和煤层裂缝的分布特征,建立了深部煤层气地质−工程“双甜点”识别指标体系,划分了3类地质−工程“甜点”区:Ⅰ类“甜点”区位于东部,Ⅱ类“甜点”区位于中西部,Ⅲ类“甜点”区位于西北部。(3)针对区内煤层埋藏深、孔渗性差、割理裂隙发育等特征,提出以“高排量大规模注入+变黏滑溜水造缝携砂+高强度加砂+全尺度裂缝支撑”为核心的体积压裂技术。压后试采评价显示Ⅰ类“甜点”区投产井上产快,峰值产量8000 m^(3)/d左右,生产稳定在7000~8000 m^(3)/d。研究成果有效指导并推动了神府区块深部煤层气勘探开发有利区优选与先导试验区方案实施,对该区深部煤层气的规模建产具有积极意义。

湖北广水—红安地区萤石矿成矿地质条件及找矿方向

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