Scale-space effect and scale hybridization in image intelligent recognition of geological discontinuities on rock slopes

Geological discontinuity(GD)plays a pivotal role in determining the catastrophic mechanical failure of jointed rock masses.Accurate and efficient acquisition of GD networks is essential for characterizing and understanding the progressive damage mechanisms of slopes based on monitoring image data.Inspired by recent advances in computer vision,deep learning(DL)models have been widely utilized for image-based fracture identification.The multi-scale characteristics,image resolution and annotation quality of images will cause a scale-space effect(SSE)that makes features indistinguishable from noise,directly affecting the accuracy.However,this effect has not received adequate attention.Herein,we try to address this gap by collecting slope images at various proportional scales and constructing multi-scale datasets using image processing techniques.Next,we quantify the intensity of feature signals using metrics such as peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)and structural similarity(SSIM).Combining these metrics with the scale-space theory,we investigate the influence of the SSE on the differentiation of multi-scale features and the accuracy of recognition.It is found that augmenting the image's detail capacity does not always yield benefits for vision-based recognition models.In light of these observations,we propose a scale hybridization approach based on the diffusion mechanism of scale-space representation.The results show that scale hybridization strengthens the tolerance of multi-scale feature recognition under complex environmental noise interference and significantly enhances the recognition accuracy of GD.It also facilitates the objective understanding,description and analysis of the rock behavior and stability of slopes from the perspective of image data.

“Extreme utilization” theory and practice in gas storages with complex geological conditions

Based on more than 20-year operation of gas storages with complex geological conditions and a series of research findings, the pressure-bearing dynamics mechanism of geological body is revealed. With the discovery of gas-water flowing law of multi-cycle relative permeability hysteresis and differential utilization in zones, the extreme utilization theory targeting at the maximum amount of stored gas, maximum injection-production capacity and maximum efficiency in space utilization is proposed to support the three-in-one evaluation method of the maximum pressure-bearing capacity of geological body, maximum well production capacity and maximum peak shaving capacity of storage space. This study realizes the full potential of gas storage(storage capacity) at maximum pressure, maximum formation-wellbore coordinate production, optimum well spacing density match with finite-time unsteady flow, and peaking shaving capacity at minimum pressure, achieving perfect balance between security and capacity. Operation in gas storages, such as Hutubi in Xinjiang, Xiangguosi in Xinan, and Shuang6 in Liaohe, proves that extreme utilization theory has promoted high quality development of gas storages in China.

Geological characteristics and the origin of ore-forming materials of(Laozhaiwan gold deposit, Yunnan Province

"Golden triangle"area bordered on Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi was one of the most important Carlin-type gold deposits concentration areas.Deep understanding of Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou and Guangxi Province had reached through several decades studies,but geological environment was very complex in the southeastern Yunnan,and Carlin-type gold deposits produced in the southeastern Yunnan were different from that of America,few studies were taken there.Based on a large number of field work,studies on the geological characteristics combining with geochemistry characteristics were taken,and analysis the genesis of Laozhaiwan gold deposit.The types of alteration in Laozhaiwan gold deposit were mainly silicification and pyritization,and Gold grade was high when silicification and pyritization were both occurred.It could be caculated that fluid density(g/cm3)varied from 0.7 to 4.9,salinity varied from 0.76%to 0.95%and ore-forming pressure(Pa)varied from 1.81×105 to 49.96×105 according to fluid inclusion test results,showed that Laozhaiwan gold deposit was hypabyssal hydrothermal deposit in low temperature and low salinity.According to composition of fluid inclusion analysis,combining with H-O isotope,made theδD-δ18O figure,showed that the fluid of the deposit rooted in formation water and mixed with meteoric waters later.

Major Breakthroughs in Geological Theory, Key Techniques and Exploration of Tight Oil in China

In recent years,U.S.tight oil exploration and development have achieved significant progress,with rapidly increasing production,which has significantly changed the U.S.A.energy supply pattern（Fig.1）.Compared with the North American marine to marginal marine-continental transitional facies,China’s tight oil（Fig.1）

Application of the Third Theory of Quantification in Screening Sensitive Geological Factors Influencing Coal and Gas Outburst

The principles of the third theory of quantification were discussed. The concept and calculation method of reaction degree were put forward, which have extended the applying range and scientificalness of the primary reaction. Taking the Zhongmacun mine as an example, the geological factors affecting coal and gas outburst were researched. Eight sensitive factors for the outburst of coal and gas were screened out from 11 geological factors using the method of unit classification and the third theory of quantification. On the basis of this, the Zhongmacun coal mine was classified into several divisions. The practice shows that it is feasible to apply the third theory of quantification to gas geology, which offers a new thought to screen the sensitive geological factors of gas outburst forecast.

The evaluation of mine geology disasters based on fuzzy mathematics and grey theory

Mine geology disasters include mine water, mine solid waste, apron and slide, ground collapse sink and underground fracture, etc.. The subject was studied in many ways, and fuzzy mathematics was usually used. It may assure the result and distinguish the dangerous rank of different areas. But it has two defects： The first is the result is not very exact, especially the border; The second is it is short of quantity. Fuzzy mathematics and grey theory were used in order to solve the problem. Firstly, mathematical model was constructed by using grey theory, so as to evaluate and forecast the dangerous rank of mining geology disaster in different areas. Then different areas were analyzed and divided by fuzzy mathematics. By doing these, similitude rules are not only studied but also differences are discriminated. Through the practice it can be known that the result is more accurate than before.

Present state,basic theories,methods and progresses of investigation and assessment on marine hazardous geology in China

The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and present-day studies of marine hazardous geology, a newly developing branch of geoscience, are well expatiated. Several often confused concepts and theories are explained and redefined here. The comment on the means of investigations, assessment of marine hazardous geology, as well as its evolution, innovation, existing questions and future tasks are also introduced and presented. The concepts of 'hazard geology', geohazard', 'map of marine hazard geology', 'integrated evaluaton on seafloor stablity' are respectively discussed, including their definition, research objects, methods and contents. The types and classification of marine hazardous geology, principles and methods of marine hazardous geology map compilation, the assessment methods and models of marine hazardous geology environment and seafloor stability and so on are also discussed.

Stochastic Simulation and Analysis of Geological Corrosion Defects in Dam Foundation

Uncertainty in geological structural modeling, especially geological corrosion(a kind of karst cave), is a bottleneck that restricts the development and application of geological computer modeling and effect estimation. To solve this issue, a stochastic modeling method based on the random field theory is proposed in comparison with the deterministic geometric modeling method. Then the constraint random field modeling method and the random field modeling method without constrained parameters are compared and analyzed. A case study shows that the novel stochastic simulation method is an effective tool to describe the distribution characteristics of corrosion parameters and reflect the updated geological prospecting information. The influence of geological corrosion on the dam behavior can also be better analyzed by using the stochastic simulation method. At the same time, the unconfined random field ignores the sample location information and may lead to higher variability. Therefore, the constraint random field modeling method can provide a useful reference for the numerical analysis under complex geological conditions.

Mechanical Response of Saturated Geological Rock Mass under Tidal Force

In this paper, the mechanical response of saturated geological rock under tidal force is explored by poroelastic theory. First, we use the free energy formula of saturated rock under a tidal force to study the relationships of pore pressure with stress, and stress with strain. Then we analyze the relationship between rock strain and tidal potential by the equilibrium differential equations of saturated rock under tidal force. Finally, we derive the physical relationship between the two parameters （pore pressure and tidal mean stress） of saturated rock and tidal potential. The relationship shows that：pore pressure is directly proportional with tidal potential, but tidal mean stress of saturated rock is inversely proportional with tidal potential. The ratio coefficient is related not only to the Lame coefficients of rock skeletons, but also to the Blot modulus. By using this model to analyze observational well water level of C-18 well which locates in Huili, Sichuan Province, the well level response coefficient （D） was estimated. This way, we derive the Skempton coefficient （B）, the coefficient A and C which refer to the response coefficients of pore pressure and tidal stress to tidal potential respectively. Then we compare the differences among each coefficient in coupling and uncoupling conditions. It shows that for saturated rocks, the response of stress and pore pressure to earth tides is a product of coupling, and it is necessary to take into account the coupling effect when we study the mechanical response. The model will provide the basis not only for the study of mechanics and hydrodynamics of well-confined aquifer systems, and the mechanics of faulting under tidal force, but also for quantitative research of the triggering mechanism of tidal forces.

A brief discussion on geological catastrophes and spiral arms

According to Density wave theory, catastrophes can be related to spiral arms in galaxy. Each time solar system entered into the spiral arms corresponds to impact events, respectively. The spiral arms would impose an influence on Earth and the solar system.

The Validity of the Thermohydrogravidynamic Theory Concerning the Predicted Dates of the Maximal Temporal Intensifications of the Global Seismotectonic Processes of the Earth during the Range 2020 - 2023 AD

We present (on the 13th International Conference on Geology and Geophysics) the convincing evidence that the strongest earthquakes (according to the U.S. Geological Survey) of the Earth (during the range 2020 - 2023 AD) occurred near the predicted (calculated in advance based on the global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principles determining the maximal temporal intensifications of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth) dates 2020.016666667 AD (Simonenko, 2020), 2021.1 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2020), 2022.18333333 AD (Simonenko, 2021), 2023.26666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022) and 2020.55 AD, 2021.65 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2021), 2022.716666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022), respectively, corresponding to the local maximal and to the local minimal, respectively, combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences on the internal rigid core of the Earth. We present the short-term thermohydrogravidynamic technology (based on the generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics and the first global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle) for evaluation of the maximal magnitude of the strongest (during the March, 2023 AD) earthquake of the Earth occurred on March 16, 2023 AD (according to the U.S. Geological Survey). .

新世纪以来我国铀矿地质科技创新重要进展及展望

新世纪以来,我国铀矿地质勘查领域重大理论和技术创新成果,极大地改变了我国砂岩型、热液型铀矿的找矿思路、找矿方向,引领、支撑了系列找矿重大突破,重塑了铀矿勘查新格局。文章首先分析了我国20余年来铀矿地质科研布局的总体思路与演进方向;然后总结了铀矿重大基础地质与成矿理论研究进展,系统凝练了地质、物化探、遥感、钻探工艺、分析测试等领域的技术创新及核心勘查装备研制成果,梳理了铀资源预测评价技术研究进展及应用成效;最后,在重大基础前沿和成矿理论、先进铀矿勘查技术研发、非常规核能裂变资源勘查技术研究、数字铀矿勘查技术开发等方面提出了未来10~15年主要发展趋势和方向,指出在“双碳”目标和核能大发展对铀资源保障需求背景下,必须继续坚持并加强铀矿地质科技创新,高质量引领和推动“新区、新层位、新类型、新深度”找矿突破。

多源数据融合的深埋隧道岩爆预测方法

为提高隧道设计阶段未开挖区域的岩爆预测准确性,提出了一种多源数据融合的隧道岩爆预测方法.综合隧道勘察和施工阶段的不同地质信息,采用基于证据关联系数的加权融合技术,构建了隧道精细化三维动态地质模型.建立了基于强度理论的岩爆可能性判定方法和基于能量理论的岩爆烈度预测方法,通过Hoek-Brown强度准则判断围岩是否发生岩爆,利用储能极限阈值和能量释放指数划分岩爆烈度,并将其应用于四川某隧道工程中.结果表明,所提方法可以实现隧道掌子面前方30 m范围内的岩爆精准预测,预测结果与隧道开挖实际岩爆的吻合率为95.8%.因此,该预测方法能够在隧道施工前预判岩爆烈度,为隧道岩爆防治提供指导.

复杂地质条件下沥青混凝土心墙坝风险识别方法

针对复杂地质条件下沥青心墙坝风险识别问题,本文从“三高一深”复杂地质条件、沥青混凝土心墙和传统土石坝三个风险维度,系统建立沥青混凝土心墙坝风险指标体系。针对主客观信息融合不充分问题,本文采用三角模糊层次分析法(TFAHP)确定风险指标主观权重,通过指标重要性评价法(CRITIC)确定其客观权重,并利用博弈论法(GT)计算最优组合权重,构建基于TFAHP-CRITIC-GT组合赋权模型的沥青心墙坝风险智能识别方法。实例分析表明,新疆奴尔沥青心墙坝工程复杂地质条件风险指标权重占比0.516,是该工程的重要风险因素。综合考虑复杂地质条件风险对于准确识别沥青心墙坝风险因素具有重要工程意义,本文提出的指标体系及识别方法对于西部地区复杂地质条件大坝风险识别及评价研究具有推广价值。

“双一流”背景下地质资源与地质工程研究生专业核心课建设--以油气勘探开发地质理论技术前沿课程为例

一流的研究生教育对培养具有创新能力和国际视野的高层次人才意义重大。深化研究生教学改革,推进油气勘探开发地质理论技术前沿课程建设,服务地质资源与地质工程一流专业建设和人才培养迫在眉睫。油气勘探开发地质理论技术前沿对标“双一流”背景下的一流课程建设要求,准确定位课程存在的问题;坚持以一流为目标,接轨国际资源,打造国际化教师培训队伍,将国际化教学融入到专业核心课中;坚持以学科的五大重点攻关方向为基础,优化课程架构,充分拓展课程内容的广度和深度,帮助学生了解学术动态,把握科学前沿;坚持以创新为导向,优化考核机制,培养学生自主创新和独立思考能力。该门专业核心课建设形成一套体系化的研究生培养方案,可为相关研究生课程体系建设提供参考。

晚年马克思社会形态理论革新的再探析

马克思的社会形态理论革新呈现为对社会历史的持续探索而不断地调整唯物史观整体致思方向的开放性过程。以人类史前史和东方社会史研究成果为理论前提并借助于地质学中用以描述地质层系构成的“原生、次生和再次生类型”概念,晚年马克思尝试性地构建具有历史普遍性与“历史具体”内在张力的社会形态演进图式。新的社会形态理论研究完善了关于人类原初社会形态的认识,论证了东西方社会形态演进的差异化路径,重新唤醒了东方社会作为“实际地改变和变革现存社会”推动力量的自觉意识,从而在尊重人类历史发展规律的同时,指明了从具体民族的生产方式与历史前提来探索人之解放这一根本指向的具体化路径。

Basic principles of the whole petroleum system

This paper expounds the basic principles and structures of the whole petroleum system to reveal the pattern of conventional oil/gas-tight oil/gas-shale oil/gas sequential accumulation and the hydrocarbon accumulation models and mechanisms of the whole petroleum system.It delineates the geological model,flow model,and production mechanism of shale and tight reservoirs,and proposes future research orientations.The main structure of the whole petroleum system includes three fluid dynamic fields,three types of oil and gas reservoirs/resources,and two types of reservoir-forming processes.Conventional oil/gas,tight oil/gas,and shale oil/gas are orderly in generation time and spatial distribution,and sequentially rational in genetic mechanism,showing the pattern of sequential accumulation.The whole petroleum system involves two categories of hydrocarbon accumulation models:hydrocarbon accumulation in the detrital basin and hydrocarbon accumulation in the carbonate basin/formation.The accumulation of unconventional oil/gas is self-containment,which is microscopically driven by the intermolecular force(van der Waals force).The unconventional oil/gas production has proved that the geological model,flow model,and production mechanism of shale and tight reservoirs represent a new and complex field that needs further study.Shale oil/gas must be the most important resource replacement for oil and gas resources of China.Future research efforts include:(1)the characteristics of the whole petroleum system in carbonate basins and the source-reservoir coupling patterns in the evolution of composite basins;(2)flow mechanisms in migration,accumulation,and production of shale oil/gas and tight oil/gas;(3)geological characteristics and enrichment of deep and ultra-deep shale oil/gas,tight oil/gas and coalbed methane;(4)resource evaluation and new generation of basin simulation technology of the whole petroleum system;(5)research on earth system-earth organic rock and fossil fuel system-whole petroleum system.

全油气系统理论基本原理

通过阐释全油气系统基本原理,并阐明全油气系统的结构,进而揭示常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气序列成藏规律以及全油气系统成藏模式与成藏机理;此外,阐述了页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理,并给出了进一步的研究方向。研究表明:(1)全油气系统的主要结构包括3类流体动力场、3种油气藏与油气资源,以及两种成藏作用。常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气具有形成时间和空间分布的有序性、基于成因机理的序列合理性,表现出“序列成藏”的地质规律。(2)全油气系统成藏模式可以分为“碎屑岩盆地成藏模式”与“碳酸盐岩盆地(层系)成藏模式”两类。非常规油气的聚集成藏是一种“自封闭成藏”,油气自封闭作用的微观来源是分子间作用力(范德华力)。(3)非常规油气生产实践证实,页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理是一个全新的领域,极为复杂,有待进一步研究。页岩油气一定是中国油气资源中最重要的资源接替。(4)进一步研究方向包括:碳酸盐岩盆地全油气系统特征及复合盆地演化源储耦合规律;页岩油气与致密油气运移、成藏与开发生产的流动机理;深层超深层页岩油气、致密油气和煤层气油气地质特征与富集规律;全油气系统油气资源评价与新一代盆地模拟技术;地球系统—地球有机岩与化石能源系统—全油气系统研究。

改扩建公路边坡地质灾害易发性评价

为了解决公路改扩建工程需要重新选线和边坡二次开挖的安全问题,因此,针对公路边坡地质灾害进行了易发性评价。采用AHP和粗糙集理论结合的策略,应用于山西省某地公路改扩建工程,结合GIS空间分析,得到易发性评价分区图。评价指标包括岩土类型、地形坡度、地表切割密度、降雨、地震、流域河网特征、植被覆盖度,将研究区分为高、中、低易发区。结果显示高易发区占15.3%,中等易发区占42.9%,低易发区占41.8%。建议在边坡二次开挖过程中根据评价结果采取相应监测和防护措施,新建段选线尽量绕避高易发区。该方法克服了主观和客观权重设置的不足,为科学合理的边坡地质灾害易发性评价提供了基础。

Application of the third theory of quantification in coal and gas outburst forecast

The essential principles of the third theory of quantification are discussed, the concept and calculated method of reaction degree are put forward which extend the ap- plying range and scientificalness of the primary reaction. Taking the Zhongmacun Mine as example, on the base of analyzing the rules of gas geology synthetically and travers- ing the geological factors infecting coal and gas outburst, the paper adopts the method of combining carving up statistical units with the third theory of quantification, screens out 8 sensitive geological factors from 11 geological indexes and carries through the work of gas geology regionalism to the exploited area of Zhongmacun according to the researching result. The practice shows that it is feasible to apply the third theory of quantification to gas geology, which offers a new thought to screen the sensitive geo- logical factors of gas outburst forecast.