The most common form of cancer for women is breast cancer.Recent advances in medical imaging technologies increase the use of digital mammograms to diagnose breast cancer.Thus,an automated computerized system with hig...The most common form of cancer for women is breast cancer.Recent advances in medical imaging technologies increase the use of digital mammograms to diagnose breast cancer.Thus,an automated computerized system with high accuracy is needed.In this study,an efficient Deep Learning Architecture(DLA)with a Support Vector Machine(SVM)is designed for breast cancer diagnosis.It combines the ideas from DLA with SVM.The state-of-the-art Visual Geometric Group(VGG)architecture with 16 layers is employed in this study as it uses the small size of 3×3 convolution filters that reduces system complexity.The softmax layer in VGG assumes that the training samples belong to exactly only one class,which is not valid in a real situation,such as in medical image diagnosis.To overcome this situation,SVM is employed instead of the softmax layer in VGG.Data augmentation is also employed as DLA usually requires a large number of samples.VGG model with different SVM kernels is built to classify the mammograms.Results show that the VGG-SVM model has good potential for the classification of Mammographic Image Analysis Society(MIAS)database images with an accuracy of 98.67%,sensitivity of 99.32%,and specificity of 98.34%.展开更多
We show that the isomorphism problem is solvable in the class of central extensions of word-hyperbolic groups,and that the isomorphism problem for biautomatic groups reduces to that for biautomatic groups with finite ...We show that the isomorphism problem is solvable in the class of central extensions of word-hyperbolic groups,and that the isomorphism problem for biautomatic groups reduces to that for biautomatic groups with finite centre.We describe an algorithm that,given an arbitrary finite presentation of an automatic group Γ,will construct explicit finite models for the skeleta of K(Γ,1) and hence compute the integral homology and cohomology of Γ.展开更多
文摘The most common form of cancer for women is breast cancer.Recent advances in medical imaging technologies increase the use of digital mammograms to diagnose breast cancer.Thus,an automated computerized system with high accuracy is needed.In this study,an efficient Deep Learning Architecture(DLA)with a Support Vector Machine(SVM)is designed for breast cancer diagnosis.It combines the ideas from DLA with SVM.The state-of-the-art Visual Geometric Group(VGG)architecture with 16 layers is employed in this study as it uses the small size of 3×3 convolution filters that reduces system complexity.The softmax layer in VGG assumes that the training samples belong to exactly only one class,which is not valid in a real situation,such as in medical image diagnosis.To overcome this situation,SVM is employed instead of the softmax layer in VGG.Data augmentation is also employed as DLA usually requires a large number of samples.VGG model with different SVM kernels is built to classify the mammograms.Results show that the VGG-SVM model has good potential for the classification of Mammographic Image Analysis Society(MIAS)database images with an accuracy of 98.67%,sensitivity of 99.32%,and specificity of 98.34%.
文摘We show that the isomorphism problem is solvable in the class of central extensions of word-hyperbolic groups,and that the isomorphism problem for biautomatic groups reduces to that for biautomatic groups with finite centre.We describe an algorithm that,given an arbitrary finite presentation of an automatic group Γ,will construct explicit finite models for the skeleta of K(Γ,1) and hence compute the integral homology and cohomology of Γ.
