Effect of coir geotextile and geocell on ephemeral gully erosion in the Mollisol region of Northeast China

The unique geomorphological features and farming methods in the Mollisol region of Northeast China increase water catchment flow and aggravate the erosion of ephemeral gully(EG).Vegetation suffers from rain erosion and damage during the growth stage,which brings serious problems to the restoration of grass in the early stage.Therefore,effects of coir geotextile and geocell on EG erosion under four confluence intensities were researched in this study.Results of the simulated water discharge erosion test showed that when the confluence strength was less than 30 L/min,geocell and coir geotextile had a good effect on controlling EG erosion,and sediment yield of geocell and coir geotextile was reduced by 25.95%–37.82%and 73.73%–88.96%,respectively.However,when confluence intensity increased to 40 L/min,protective effect of coir geotextile decreased,and sediment yield rate increased sharply by 189.03%.When confluence intensity increased to 50 L/min,the protective effect of coir geotextile was lost.On the other hand,geocell showed that the greater the flow rate,the better the protective effect.In addition,with the increase in confluence intensity,erosion pattern of coir geotextile developed from sheet erosion to intermittent fall and then to completion of main rill,and the protective effect was gradually weakened.In contrast,the protective effect of EG under geocell was gradually enhanced from the continuous rill to the intermittent rill and finally to the intermittent fall.This study shows that coir geotextile and geocell can prevent EG erosion,and the effect of geocell is better than that of coir geotextile on the surface of EG.

Impact Containment Barriers with Geotextile Tubes

Recently, tragic tailings dam collapses in Brazil have caused deaths and major destruction and the need to develop technologies capable of preventing damage to people and the environment. Brazilian tailings dams are in a situation of uncertainty due to new legislation that even requires decommissioning, an activity that involves many problems and where the risk of failure is the main one. An impact containment structure downstream of these dams can be effective and geotextile tubes, in a new approach, have emerged as an option with advantages in terms of execution, costs and safety. The technology is versatile and can bring many benefits such as the reuse of tailings or filling with low-energy or reused materials. In this research, geotextile tubes were tested as free containment barriers, experiencing impacts in reduced models. The safety factor for the stability of the structure was constructed using an equation which is the ratio between the self-weight of the barrier structure and its coefficient of static friction and the impact pressure, where the data showed an adequate correlation which suggests the viability of mitigating risks.

Geonets and Geotextiles as Leachate Containment Materials in Landfills： System Dynamics Modeling Perspective

The effectiveness of geonet, geotextile and their composite as containment materials of landfill leachate has been examined in this paper through the use of system dynamics modeling method. The study area is Oriire Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Three materials were studied, which include： GN （geonet）, GT （geotextile） and GC （geocomposite）. The water absorption, hydraulic conductivity, porosity and thickness were the major properties studied in these liners. Governing equations coded in Visual Basic Computer Programming Language was employed in developing a model. Validation of the model was done with data on the study area. The interrelationship of the properties and the breakthrough times for each material was found through the STELLA 9.1.4 software application. This research showed that the effectiveness of the studied of the order GC 〈 GN 〈 GT. GT is, therefore, recommended for use as landfill liners in the study area.

Shear strength behavior of geotextile/geomembrane interfaces

This paper aims to study the shear interaction mechanism of one of the critical geosynthetic interfaces,the geotextile/geomembrane, typically used for lined containment facilities such as landfills. A largedirect shear machine is used to carry out 90 geosynthetic interface tests. The test results show a strainsoftening behavior with a very small dilatancy （〈0.5 mm） and nonlinear failure envelopes at a normalstress range of 25e450 kPa. The influences of the micro-level structure of these geosynthetics on themacro-level interface shear behavior are discussed in detail. This study has generated several practicalrecommendations to help professionals to choose what materials are more adequate. From the threegeotextiles tested, the thermally bonded monofilament exhibits the best interface shear strength underhigh normal stress. For low normal stress, however, needle-punched monofilaments are recommended.For the regular textured geomembranes tested, the space between the asperities is an important factor.The closer these asperities are, the better the result achieves. For the irregular textured geomembranestested, the nonwoven geotextiles made of monofilaments produce the largest interface shear strength.

Shape and Mechanical Behavior of Geotextile Tubes

Nowadays, geotextile tubes hydraulically filled with dredged materials have been used in the application of cofferdam, sea reclamation and deepwater channel regulation in China. The shape and mechanical behaviors during the process of filling, consolidation and stacked are one of the main problems concemed by designers and researchers.This paper uses the method of elliptic integrals to study the behaviors of filling and deduces the regressive formulas of shape features and circumferential tension. The results show that the proposal regressive formulas are only the function of pressure at bottom; they are very convenient and suitable for the filling design. When the filling materials are sandy, the shape and mechanical behaviors nearly remain during the process of consolidation. The behaviors of stacked geotextile tubes are very complex, because they are involved in the properties of the filling material, geotextile and foundation.Using the commercial finite element analysis program ABAQUS, this paper establishes the entire 2- D finite element load model to investigate, which include the part of filling material, geotextile and foundation. The numerical results suggest that the maximun circumferential tension varies with the properties of filling materials and foundations, whereas the largest tensile force occurs during the filling process.

Design Methods for Geotextile Tubes Application in Dike Construction

The technique of geotextile tubes used to construct dikes for land reclamation has been widely used. The tubes are usually filled with slun＇y of soil, such as sand, silt or clay. The tensile stress developed in the geotextile during filling the tube is the dominant factor for construction of a safe dike. The existing design methods are good for designing sausage shaped tubes and can not be directly applied for designing fiat tubes, which are commonly used in dike construction. This paper presents a procedure that can detenmine the relatiorrship among the tube size, the pumping pressure, the unit weight of the slurry, and the tensile stress developed in the geotextile during the tube filing. When the tubes are piling up to form the dike, the tubes in the bottom will sustain the load from the weight of the upper ones. A procedure is also developed to calculate the changes of the mechanical and geometrical behavior of the tubes under the load with a similar method. All these approaches have been programmed, which can help dike designers to select the suitable geotextile and determine the profile of the dike.

Drainage performance and capillary rise restraint effect of wicking geotextile

Wicking geotextile(WG)is considered as a possible countermeasure to reduce water content in unsaturated soil.In this research,rainfall tests were carried out to verify the drainage performance of WG.And capillary rise tests were conducted to study the effect of WG on the prevention of capillary rise.Test results indicated that WG with good drainage performance could drain gravitational and capillary water out of kaolinite soil.For kaolinite soil column with water content of 12%and compaction degree of 90%,the whole process of capillary rise in soil column with a layer of WG was a typical two-stage mode,and the maximum capillary height was about 380 mm,which provided that the WG could work as a barrier to prevent capillary rise effectively.In addition,the total vertical influential regions of WG in kaolinite soil above and below the WG layer were 400 and 100 mm,respectively.

Application of Geotextile Bag Dehydrated Soil to Dike Construction

Using geotextile bag dehydrated soil to construct dikes for land reclamation to substitute conventional straw bags is an urgent need in Tianjin New Harbor, China. This paper introduces the method to build a dike for hydraulic filling. The soil for filling the geotextile bags was tested in wave trench; the stress developed during construction was calculated by establishing a numerical model and compared with the tensile strength of the geotextile; the stability and settlement of the dike were estimated by performing centrifuge tests. Through this study, the following information was obtained: 1) The cohesionless silt with plasticity index less than 10 is suitable for filling the geotextile bags. The geotextile bag dehydrated soil consolidated very quickly even under the action of wave force. 2) A numerical model was devised to find the limit injection height and to calculate the tensile stress developed in the geotextile bags when they were piled up to form the dike. The calculated stress was compared with the strength of the geotextile, showing that the design is reasonably safe. 3) Centrifuge test results show that the designed dike will be stable and the settlement of dike will be less than the design requirement.

Reinforcement of Soft Foundation with Geotextile and Observation for Sea Dike Project of Zhapu Port

The design method of reinforcement of soft foundation with geotextile for the sea dike of the Zhapu Port is discussed in this paper. The prototype behaviours such as pore water pressure, settlement and so on were observed. The degree of consolidation is found out from observed pore water pressure and observed settlement respectively, then the strength increment of soil is calculated and compared with that obtained from vane shear tests. For the use of observed pore water pressure, the consolidation coefficient of soil is deduced approximately with a method named experimental exponential interpolation. The degree of consolidation of the ground is deduced theoretically from the dissipation of pore water pressure. Besides, the logarithmic curve and hyperbola are used to fit the observed time-settlement curve, and the degree of consolidation of soil is obtained according to the definition of the consolidation degree. After preliminary verification with observed prototype data, the method to reinforce the low dike with geotextile is considered to be simple and rational, and it can also reduce the construction cost.

Experimental Study on Pull-out Behavior of Different Geotextiles

The pullout testing of geosynthetics is essential for studying interface interaction in the soil-reinforcement system. In this paper, a new method for testing interface properties of geotextiles is proposed. The interface frictional characters of two kinds of geotextiles (woven and needle-punched nonwoven) are investigated through pullout test. Nonwoven specimen has more wide variety of displacement along length than that of woven under the same pressure because of their different extensibility. The greater the elongation and deformation of specimens, the more evident the variations of displacement along reinforcement from front to pullout end. The greater the normal pressure, the smaller the displacement of every position along length with the same pullout load. The study focuses on the effects of the tensile modulus and the difference of pullout response between woven and nonwoven geotextiles.

Influence of Polyester Resin Treatment on Jute Fabrics for Geotextile Applications

In this study, jute woven fabrics (1 × 1 plain, twill, zigzag and diamond weave) were manufactured from 100% raw jute yarn. The fabric specimens were treated by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% unsaturated polyester resin where styrene monomer used as a solvent and 1% methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) was used as initiator. Two bar pressure was applied for complete wetting of the fabric by a Padder and curing was done at 130?C for 10 minutes. The physico-mechanical characteristics of untreated and treated samples were examined and evaluated. It was revealed that moisture content (MC) and water absorbency of the treated specimens were decreased with the increase of resin percentage (%) in the fabrics. MC and water absorbency were maximum decreased up to 50.23% and 60.14% respectively by 25% resin treatment. On the other hand, bending length (BL), flexural rigidity (FR), flexural modulus (FM) and tensile strength (TS) were enhanced with the increase of resin percentage in the fabrics which resulted higher fabric stiffness. The maximum improvement of BL, FR, FM and TS were found to be 6.67%, 56.04%, 10.57% and 18.75% respectively in comparison to untreated sample. Soil degradation tests exhibited that 33.59% TS loss occurred for untreated specimens where only 8.04% loss of TS found for 25% resin treated one. Furthermore, jute based twill, zigzag and diamond fabrics were also treated by 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% resin, then measured their TS and compared with plain fabrics. It was revealed that plain fabrics have superior TS over other fabrics. It was also evident that TS enhanced for all the fabrics after resin treatment and maximum increase found for all the fabrics up to 25% resin treatment.

A STUDY OF THE SPECIMEN SIZE OF STRIP TENSILE TEST FOR NEEDLE-PUNCHED NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILES

In this paper,the failure features of strip tensile specimen were observed and analysed for need-le-punched non-woven geotextiles.A mechanical model which expresses the relation between thetensile modulus,the strip specimen size,contraction factor and the tensile strength of non-wovenfabric was derived.The theoretical prediction showed that the main factor influencing tensilestrength of non-woven geotextile specimens with different size is the contraction factor of specimenor the specimen aspect ratio(width/length).The larger the aspect ratio,the higher the tensilestrength test value of geotextiles,but the experiments showed that the specimen tensile strength isnot increased with increasing the width of specimen.The reason was discussed and it seemed thatthe deviation could be served as an indication of the degree of imperfectness of the non-wovenstructure.

Comparison of Geotextiles by Aeration Vacuum Rapid Dewatering Technique on Dredged Sludge

In order to accelerate the consolidation of the dredged sludge and look for an effective material for mud-water separation,the study on the comparison of geotextiles is carried on. It is based on the laboratory model test of aeration vacuum rapid mud- water separating( AVMWS) technique and evaluated by the cumulative weight of pumping water,the decrease of moisture content and the stable pumping speed. The results show that woven fabric is the best anti- clogging aeration vacuum material,followed by machine-woven fabric and non-woven fabric is the worst. The analysis has been proposed from two aspects of geotextile weaving technology and aeration vacuum condition.

Processing Methods and Properties of Two Composite Geotextiles

In order to develope new composite geotextiles with good comprehensive properties,the needle-punched composite geotextiles and adhesive bonded composite geotextiles were made in the factory and laboratory separately.The two processing methods were studied and the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the two kinds of products were tested and compared.The experimental resultsshow that the breaking strength of needle-punched composite geotextiles is much lower than that of adhesive bonded composite geotextiles and the latter also have better hydraulic properties than the former which used

Intelligent Tester for Geotextiles Products-Determination of Water Flow Capacity in their Plane

Geotextiles and geotextile-related products Determination of water flowcapacity in their plane has just National standard. But has not a formal instrument at present. There are many kinds of geotextile and also lots of factors influential to the penetration coefficient thereof. The intelligent tester may be involved in testing penetration coefficient under different pressures/gradients resulted in fine repeatability controlled intelligently by microcomputer system.

Study on the Relation between Individual Layer and Multi-layered Nonwoven Geotextile Permeability

Water permeability is an important property of nonwoven geotextiles used in drainage field, and usually it is obtained by testing individual layer or multi-layered nonwoven geotextiles. However, the permeability coefficient tested by using different layers would be different for the same nonwoven geotextile. In this paper, the relation between them is studied based on Darcy's law. The study shows that vertical permeability coefficients are theoretically invariable no matter how many layers are tested; but experimental results show that vertical permeability coefficients decrease with the increase of nonwoven geotextile layers number.

Engineering geotextile tubes to be used in dyke construction

Geotextile tube technology has been increasingly used in dykes. In this work reinforcement theory and circle method were employed to examine the allowable tensile limit of the geotextile tube and the stability factor of the slip surface of the dyke. The formulas to calculate the layer-to-layer spacing and size of geotextile tubes applied to double prism dykes were deduced. The application of these formulas was illustrated by several examples. The calculation results indicate that unequal spacing arrangement is more economical than equal spacing and the layer number of required geotextile tubes decreases with the increase of allowable tensile strength of the geotextile.

Influence of Processing Parameters on Properties of Needle-punched Composite Geotextiles

The influence of the processing parameters on the properties of needle-punched composite geotextiles,compounded by polypropylene filament woven-fabrics and nonwoven fabrics is studied by using orthogonal design method. The relationship between tensile strength and peeling strength is discussed. The experimental results are offered as reference.

Fatigue Properties of the Two Composite Geotextiles

In order to make clear the service life of the two composite geotextiles, their fatigue and dynamic creep properties were tested and compared. The experimental results show that the dynamic creep deformations of adhesive bonded composite geotextiles are lower than those of needle -punched composite geotextiles and the former also have longer fatigue lifetime than the latter.As during the making process, the component parts of adhesive bonded composite geotextiles are not damaged by any factors which in case make their tensile strength higher than those of the needle- punched composite geotextiles. At the end of the paper, a proper explanation was given to this phenomenon.

Investigation on the Relationship between Specimen Width and Breaking Strength of Geotextile

The tensile properties of geotextile are analyzed with the boundary element method, with special emphasis put on the influence of specimen width on geotextile breaking strength. The theoretical and experimental results showed that narrow specimen would underestimate the tensile strength of the geotextile. During testing procedure, the lateral contraction of the specimen is the main reason that causes the breaking strength to be on the lower side. The theoretical results also indicate that the breaking strength of the geotextile would arrive at a fixed value when the specimen width is increased to a certain extent.