Geochemical and Isotopic Techniques Constraints on the Origin,Evolution,and Residence Time of Low-enthalpy Geothermal Water in Western Wugongshan,SE China

Geothermal resources are increasingly gaining attention as a competitive,clean energy source to address the energy crisis and mitigate climate change.The Wugongshan area,situated in the southeast coast geothermal belt of China,is a typical geothermal anomaly and contains abundant medium-and low-temperature geothermal resources.This study employed hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques to explore the cyclic evolution of geothermal water in the western Wugongshan region,encompassing the recharge origin,water-rock interaction mechanisms,and residence time.The results show that the geothermal water in the western region of Wugongshan is weakly alkaline,with low enthalpy and mineralization levels.The hydrochemistry of geothermal waters is dominated by Na-HCO_(3)and Na-SO_(4),while the hydrochemistry types of cold springs are all Na-HCO_(3).The hydrochemistry types of surface waters and rain waters are NaHCO_(3)or Ca-HCO_(3).The δD and δ^(18)O values reveal that the geothermal waters are recharged by atmospheric precipitation at an altitude between 550.0 and 1218.6 m.Molar ratios of maj or solutes and isotopic compositions of^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr underscore the significant role of silicate weathering,dissolution,and cation exchange in controlling geothermal water chemistry.Additionally,geothermal waters experienced varying degrees of mixing with cold water during their ascent.Theδ^(13)C values suggest that the primary sources of carbon in the geothermal waters were biogenic and organic.Theδ^(34)S value suggests that the sulfates in geothermal water originate from sulfide minerals in the surrounding rock.Age dating using 3H and^(14)C isotopes suggests that geothermal waters have a residence time exceeding 1 kaBP and undergo a long-distance cycling process.

Deep geothermal resources in China:Potential,distribution,exploitation,and utilization

Deep geothermal resources mainly refer to the thermal energy stored in subsurface rocks and fluids therein at a depth of 3-10 km,which is a kind of renewable and sustainable clean energy unaffected by weather and seasonal changes.Large scale exploitation of the deep geothermal resources is of great significance to ensuring national energy security and achieving the“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”.Based on the latest terrestrial heat flow data,this paper estimated the potential of deep geothermal resources in the terrestrial areas of China,and the results show that the total amount of geothermal resources within 3e10 km under the Earth's surface in the terrestrial areas of China is 24.6×10^(15)GJ.In line with climate zones categorized,the geothermal resource proportion is 43.81%for severe cold regions,29.19%for cold regions,6.92%for mild regions,13.82%for hot summer and cold winter regions,and 6.26%for hot summer and warm winter regions.Statistics according to the burial depth range reveal that the resources within depth ranges of 3-5 km,5-7 km and 7-10 km under the Earth's surface are 4.3119×10^(15)GJ,6.37674×10^(15)GJ and 13.89594×10^(15)GJ respectively,showing an increasing trend of geothermal potential with increasing burial depth.The deep geothermal resources are mainly of medium-to-high temperature reserves,and the energy supply strategy can be optimized by combining the climate conditions and population distribution,as well as considering power generation.In regions of cold or severe cold climate,the geothermal resources may be applied to geothermal power generation and district heating in combination;in regions of hot summer and cold winter or mild climates,the resources can be used for geothermal power generation combined with cooling and heating;in regions of hot summer and warm winter climates,the resources may be applied to geothermal power generation combined with cooling and industrial and agricultural utilization.Exploitation of deep geothermal resources also can be combined with carbon dioxide sequestration,multi-mineral resources extraction and energy storage to realize comprehensive exploitation and utilization of various energy resources.It is suggested that theoretical technology research should be combined with pilot tests and field demonstrations,and large-scale economic exploitation of deep geothermal resources should be arranged in a coordinated manner,following the principles of overall planning and step-by-step implementation.

Controlling effects of cap rocks on the formation of deep geothermal resources

Cap rocks with high thermal insulation are important for deep geothermal systems at a depth of 3000‒6000 m.Based on the deep geothermal geological conditions in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan area of South China,this study established an ideal geological model of reservoir-cap rock assemblages and simulated the geothermal field distribution of cap rocks of different thicknesses and thermal conductivity.The simulation results show that the vertical geothermal temperature distribution in an uplifted area of a depression was present as inverted mirror reflections relative to the elevated area of the basement.Specifically,the isotherms above the elevated area are convex in shape,while those below the elevated area are concave.There is a temperature equilibrium line between the convex and concave isotherms.The heat flow moves from the depressed area to the uplifted area below the temperature equilibrium line and migrates in an opposite direction above the line.On this base,this study conducted the inversion of geothermal temperature fields in typical areas with thin,moderately thick,and thick cap rocks.The results indicate that,at the depth of 3000e6000 m,areas with thin cap rocks(igneous rock zone in the coastal area of Fujian)mainly host moderate-to low-temperature hydrothermal resources;areas with moderately thick cap rocks(Yuezhong Depression)have the geothermal temperature ranging between 100℃and 200℃and may develop moderate-to high-temperature hydrothermal resources and hot dry rocks(HDRs),with the former superimposing on the latter;and areas with thick cap rocks(onshore Beibuwan Basin)have a geothermal temperature of 120‒220℃,and contains mainly moderate-to high-temperature hydrothermal resources and HDRs.Therefore,it is recommended that the evaluation,exploitation,and utilization of deep geothermal resources be carried out according to the burial depth of the temperature equilibrium line and the specific demand for geothermal resources.

Geothermal occurrence analysis of Dongying Formation in Tanggu area of Tianjin

Based on introducing geological structure of Tanggu area, the authors analyzed the sedimentary environment of Paleogene Dongying Formation, and further analyzed its geothermal occurrence. The studied area spans two grade IV tectonic units which are Beitang depression and Banqiao depression. The studied area is mainly located in the Tanggu nose-like structure which is the secondary structure of Beitang depression. Its existence affects the sedimentary distribution of the part strata of Paleogene. The depositions of Dongying Ⅲ （ SQEd3 ） and Dongying Ⅱ （ SQEd2 ） are mainly delta front facies and lake sand bars which are propitious to the geothermal fluid enrichment. The favorable enrichment region of geothermal fluid is located in south Hetou- Tanggu. Most of Dongying Ⅰ （ SQEd1 ） changes into swamp plain deposition, only the northeast part of this area is the distributary riverway facies with developed sand layers. There is the favorable enrichment region of geothermal fluid. The hydraulic connection is weak among the geothermal reservoirs of Dongying Formation and its overlying Guantao and Minghuazhen formations. The underlying Shahejie Formation geothermal reservoir pro- vides a steady stream of fluid supply and ground pressure protection for Dongying Formation geothermal reservoir.

Geothermal Resources Potential Analyses of Tanggu Urban Area and the Vicinity,Tianjin

In order to construct a newly developed green area, the Tanggu urban area as the core part of Binhai new area,needs more and more clean energy year by year. This area is abound in geothermal resources endowed by the grand Nature.Based on the estimation of

Planning and construction of Xiong’an New Area(city of over 5 million people):Contributions of China’s geologists and urban geology

China established Xiong’an New Area in Hebei Province in 2017,which is planned to accommodate about 5 million people,aiming to relieve Beijing City of the functions non-essential to its role as China’s capital and to expedite the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.From 2017 to 2021,the China Geological Survey(CGS)took the lead in multi-factor urban geological surveys involving space,resources,environments,and disasters according to the general requirements of“global vision,international standards,distinctive Chinese features,and future-oriented goals”in Xiong’an New Area,identifying the engineering geologic conditions and geologic environmental challenges of this area.The achievements also include a 3D engineering geological structure model for the whole area,along with“one city proper and five clusters”,insights into the ecology and the background endowment of natural resources like land,geothermal resources,groundwater,and wetland of the area before engineering construction,a comprehensive monitoring network of resources and environments in the area,and the“Transparent Xiong’an”geological information platform that is open,shared,dynamically updated,and three-dimensionally visualized.China’s geologists and urban geology have played a significant role in the urban planning and construction of Xiong’an New Area,providing whole-process geological solutions for urban planning,construction,operation and management.The future urban construction of Xiong’an New Area will necessitate the theoretical and technical support of earth system science(ESS)from various aspects,and the purpose is to enhance the resilience of the new type of city and to provide support for the green,low-carbon,and sustainable development of this area.

Genetic model and exploration target area of geothermal resources in Hongtang Area, Xiamen, China

The geothermal resources in Fujian Province are mainly hydrothermal resources of medium-low temperature.To better understand the whole process and conditions of heat control in the middle and deep crust,this study focuses on the analysis of heat accumulation model in Hongtang Area of Xiamen,and the main conditions of the model such as faults and sags are explored and interpreted in detail by using gravity and wide-field electromagnetic methods.4 main faults(F33,F2,F12 and HT-F1)and 10 secondary faults(HT-F2,HT-F3,HT-F4,HT-F5,HT-F6,HT-F7,HT-F8,HT-F9,HT-F10 and HT-F11)were inferred,and the distribution range of sags was delineated.The convective geothermal system is composed of four components:Heat source,geothermal reservoir,heat-conductive fault and heat retaining cover,which form a quaternary heat accumulation model.According to the model,the intersection of the main faults F12,HTF1 and F33 can be delineated as the primary target area of geothermal exploration,while the intersection of the secondary faults(F12 and HT-F6;F12 and HT-F2;HT-F9,HT-F10 and F12;F12 and HT-F11;F33 and HT-F3;HT-F8 and HT-F3;HT-F2,HT-F10 and HT-F1)can be delineated as the secondary target area.Borehole DR01,which is located in the primary target area,shows that the water temperature increases from fast to slow in the depth range of 0–500 m,and stays at 36℃below 500 m.The reliability of the heat accumulation model and the target area was tested via geothermal boreholes,which is of great significance to the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources in Hongtang Area of Xiamen.

Geothermal Modeling of Kizilcahamam-Çamlidere Area Using 3D Imaging Technique

Geothermal energy has long been used for various purposes. Geothermal energy was used for bath and health care since ancient times. With the increase in the population, it is being used today for industrial and energy production. This paper examines the geothermal structure of Northern Ankara-NAF (Northern Anatolian Fault Zone) regions to reveal its tectonic features, and the relationships of the region with earthquakes. The 3D geological features of the area are investigated using the resistivity data and tectonic and the quake values. The resistivity data obtained by MTA (Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey) are reached by geothermal measurements in the area in 1999. In Kizilcahamam town of Ankara Province, geothermal exploration was performed using geoelectrical methods. During the study, electrode measurement scheme was planned according to the Schlumberger expansion. AB/2 spacing is between 1900 m. and 2000 m. Data obtained from geoelectrical methods were processed to delineate the subsurface structure. Also, lithological components were determined and the previously known fault structure was shown. Since the 3D works have been more feasible recently, the received results are transferred into the 3D imaging platform taking advantage of 2D electrical resistivity maps. The low resistivity values obtained in 3D imaging are gathered that the temperature values of the area are high. On the other hand, as the pull-apart between NAF and Kirikkale fault trending NE-SW of the region is in form of basin, the study area is observed to own opening tectonics. Thus, when the seismic activity is considered, it reveals important findings about the presence of geothermal fields in the local.

Analysis on the law of occurrence of shallow geothermal energy in Zhoukou City of Henan Province, China

In this paper,through data collection and field investigation,the development and utilization status of shallow geothermal energy in Zhoukou urban area was discussed.Based on the analysis of hydrogeological conditions,rock and soil structure characteristics and field test research,the spatial distribution characteristics of rock and soil in the study area were summarized.The study shows that Zhoukou City is located in the alluvial plain of Huanghuai,and the loose deposits of river alluvial genesis range 0-200 m.These loose deposits and groundwater stored in their pores are the main carriers of shallow geothermal energy.In the central part of the Yinghe River in the middle of the study area,the aquifer thickness is within 200 m,the particle size is coarser,the water-bearing degree and recharge capacity is better.On this basis,the paper uses AHP to evaluate the suitability of shallow geothermal energy development and utilization to guide the rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resources.

Non-seismic geophysical analysis of potential geothermal resources in the Longgang Block,Northeast China

Although geothermal energy has many clear advantages,including its sustainability and environmentally friendly nature,research into potential geothermal resources across the Longgang Block,Northeast China,has been limited.Here we present the first analysis of the potential geothermal resources in this region that employs joint geological and non-seismic geophysical methods to identify target areas that may be economically viable.We acquire and analyze high-precision gravity,magnetic,and magnetotelluric sounding data,which are constrained using the petrophysical parameters of outcropping rocks across the Longgang Block,to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the region’s deep geological structures and their geothermal resources potential,with a focus on identifying faults,rock masses,and thermal storage structures.We find that Archean granitic gneiss and Mesozoic rock masses in the deeper section of the Longgang Block possess weak gravity anomalies and high resistivities.We also identify thermal storage structures near these deeper geological units based on their extremely low resistivities.The data are used to infer the dip and depth of known or hidden faults,to constrain the spatial distribution of intrusive rock masses,and to determine the spatial distribution of subsurface thermal storage structures.The potential of the target areas for geothermal resources exploitation is divided into three grades based on contact depths between faults and thermal storage structures,and the scale of their thermal storage structures.Our results suggest that a joint non-seismic geophysical approach can be effective in locating and evaluating geothermal resources in complex geological settings.

Application of 3-D Parallel Electrical Technology Detecting the Water-Rich Areas

Coal working face is damaged more and more seriously by water below the coal face floor. Therefore, floor water detection is a must in the process of extraction. This article aims to introducing application and principle of the two-gateways parallel 3-D electrical technology and the arrangement of the observation system. The authors use this method to detect the water under the floor of a mine in north of Anhui. The results show that the two-gateways parallel 3-D electrical technology can accurately locate the water-rich areas, providing the basis for drilling drainage and grouting construction.

天津滨海地热田北部深部地热资源赋存规律

【研究目的】天津地热资源丰富,目前已开发的深部地热资源大部分位于“隆中凸”构造区域,而位于“坳中凸”构造区域的地热资源勘查和研究程度基本尚属空白,揭示其深部地热赋存规律可为滨海新区及京津冀地区寻找深部地热资源及勘探与开发提供重要参考。【研究方法】本文以黄骅坳陷宁河凸起中的桥沽地区为研究区,以近期新发现的资源禀赋最好的蓟县系雾迷山组热储层为研究对象,通过分析区域地质资料、大地电磁测深(MT)、钻孔测温和物探测井等资料,系统总结了研究区地质构造、地温场和深部地热资源赋存特征。【研究结果】雾迷山组储层的热储温度高(90~120℃),出水量大于100 m^(3)/h,埋藏相对较浅(2200~2800 m)。区内地质构造条件复杂,断裂构造发育,汉沽断裂为研究区重要的导热、导水通道;地温场呈现“两高夹一低”展布特征与两处背斜构造空间位置相对应;热源以壳源热为主、幔源热次之,大气降水为主要热水来源,热传输机制以热传导型为主。【结论】综合研究区深部地热赋存规律,建立了深部地热资源概念模型,明确了“坳中凸”深部地热找矿新思路。

冀北崇礼-赤城地区逆冲推覆构造特征及地热勘探前景

【研究目的】本文对崇礼—赤城地区隆起山地型带状热储进行了总结,对类似勘探区的地热调查工作具有一定的借鉴作用,可为后续地热资源勘探提供新的依据。【研究方法】通过野外地质调查与详细构造填图,结合可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)探测结果,分析了崇礼-赤城地区的逆冲推覆构造特征与地热勘探前景。【研究结果】崇礼-赤城地区发育了多种样式的逆冲断层,逆冲断层主要表现为从北向南的逆冲运动方向,在主底板逆冲断层的作用下,太古界、中元古界、白垩系自老向新依次推覆,形成了具有典型逆冲推覆构造分带分层现象。CSAMT剖面测量与解释的初步结果,验证了崇礼-赤城地区发育的逆冲推覆构造,逆冲岩席中发育多条叠瓦式逆冲断层,其断层面向北倾斜,倾角大于60°,向深部汇聚于主底板逆冲断层。【结论】逆冲推覆构造之上发现的中元古界长城系白云岩、白云质大理岩,扩展了该地区地热勘探前景。

采灌均衡条件下地热资源潜力评价方法探讨——以雄安新区碳酸盐岩热储为例

回灌是保障地热资源可持续开发利用的关键手段,而采灌均衡条件下地热资源潜力评价方法研究对地热资源的可持续开发利用具有重要意义。本文通过引入热突破和考虑回灌条件下单井开采权益保护半径的概念,提出了回灌条件下地热资源可开采量的评价方法,并以雄安新区雾迷山组碳酸盐岩热储层为例,分别计算了未考虑回灌条件和考虑回灌条件下的地热流体可开采量、可开采热量及折合标煤量。结果显示采用开采系数法计算的未考虑回灌条件下的可开采量要远小于考虑回灌条件下的可开采量;考虑回灌条件下三种方法的结果对比为:热突破法>考虑回灌条件下单井开采权益保护半径(消耗15%)>考虑回灌条件下单井开采权益保护半径(热储温度下降2℃),考虑地热资源的可持续性以及对热储环境严格保护要求,按照考虑回灌条件下单井开采权益保护半径方法计算的雄安新区雾迷山组热储地热开采量更为适宜。目前全国各地陆续出台相关政策要求实施地热回灌,该方法的提出为科学评价各地回灌条件下的地热可开采量提供了技术支撑。

华北赋煤区地热资源富集模式及开发利用方向

【目的】中国是煤炭大国,在煤炭行业迫切需要转型的形势下,研究赋煤区的地热资源成因与分布规律十分必要。华北赋煤区地热资源储量占全国的74.7%,是中国地热资源最富集的区域之一。区内分布有渤海湾盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、沁水盆地和南华北盆地等主要含煤盆地,其岩石圈热状态自东向西逐步降低。地热储包括新生界砂岩孔隙型和寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶-裂隙型两大类型。碳酸盐岩岩溶-裂隙热储温度高、水量大、易于回灌,是煤田区地热勘查与开发利用的优先选择。【方法】针对煤田区地热地质的特点,开展地热系统动力学分析,优选华北赋煤区的地热勘查与开发区域。【结果和结论】提出煤田区有以下4种聚热模式:(1)煤层与碳酸盐岩地层储盖组合传导聚热;(2)基岩面起伏变化传导聚热;(3)断裂带地下水活动对流聚热;(4)碳酸盐岩基岩面风化壳岩溶以及侵入体接触面岩溶对流聚热。并结合实例进行数值模拟分析。在此基础上,指出华北赋煤区地热勘查与开发优先方向是深部碳酸盐岩储层中的地热资源。地热能作为非碳基能源之一,以其储量大、清洁、输出连续的特点,在未来社会对电力、燃料和热力三大能源需求中的热力供应方面尤其可以做出重要贡献,而中国地热与煤炭资源在空间分布上的重叠,使地热开发利用成为煤炭行业转型的有效途径之一。

时频电磁法在金牛湖地区深部地热资源勘查中的应用

南京金牛湖地区地质构造复杂、低阻覆盖层厚、电磁干扰强,为了查明该地区深部地热资源,应用时频电磁法进行探测。本次布置了2条时频电磁法剖面,采用大功率发射信号能够有效地穿透低阻覆盖层,获得了信噪比较高的原始数据。通过对时频电磁数据的处理、分析、反演及综合解译,获得了勘查区4000 m以浅的二维电性结构模型。结合地热地质条件,优选了地热钻探井位,经钻探最终验证,推测地层与实际钻探基本吻合,在1600 m钻遇断裂,终孔深度2800 m,经后期抽水试验确定,日出水量大于500 m 3,钻井井口水温51℃,说明获得了优质的深部地热资源。综上所述,时频电磁法在金牛湖地区深部地热资源勘查中的应用效果较好,揭示了南京金牛湖地区较好的地热地质条件,为该地区地热旅游资源的开发利用奠定了坚实的基础。

地温梯度在塔里木盆地古生界热演化研究中的应用

塔里木盆地古生界烃源岩热史研究,特别是对超深古老烃源岩热演化认识存在较大争议,热演化阶段评价方法一直是困扰烃源岩热史研究的关键问题。调研结果表明,塔里木盆地寒武系古地温梯度变化在2.95~3.6℃/hm之间,按照生烃温度门槛值65℃计算,分别需要上覆地层厚度2203~1806 m,相差397 m,即2.58℃,温度差值较小。因此认为,塔里木盆地寒武系古地温梯度变化较小,可以忽略每期地温梯度取值上的差别,厚度可能是决定温度的主要因素;地层沉积与残留厚度可比较准确地获得,误差主要取决于剥蚀厚度的恢复。通过可靠获取的地层厚度、古地温梯度和剥蚀厚度等参数,以及烃源岩生烃图版,对塔里木盆地寒武系玉尔吐斯组烃源岩热演化阶段进行了评价;界定了关键期环满加尔坳陷的有效烃源岩及其分布,对玉尔吐斯组有效烃源岩及其规模生烃能力进行了预测和划分,并预测和划分了晚期成藏的有利区域。不同阶段有效烃源岩及其规模生烃量是每期成藏富集的关键,利用该方法避免了成熟度判识缺少可靠温标的问题,为塔里木盆地深层—特深层石油勘探和开发以及晚期成藏有利区的选择提供了重要的科学依据。

江西吉安钱山地区地热资源特征及热源机制

位于罗霄山脉北支武功山西南地区的钱山地热田是研究武功山地热资源的关键地区。本文综合区域地质、研究区地质特征、热物性参数、水化学特征、锆石同位素等方法,重点分析了钱山地区的地热系统特征,深入研究了钱山地热的构造背景和热源机制。研究表明:(1)NE–SW向的和平—三江断裂是钱山地热重要的导热和控热构造;(2)水化学及同位素特征指示钱山地区的地热水和冷水均为大气降水补给;(3)早志留世黑云二长花岗岩热导率特征表明花岗岩具有很好的导热效果和聚热能力;(4)黑云二长花岗岩放射性生热率较低且时代久远,揭示放射性元素生热和岩浆岩余热对热源做出的贡献非常小,钱山地热的热源主要来自壳源深部地热。本研究可为武功山地区地热资源成因及合理开发利用等提供重要的启示。

江西芦溪县南部大地热流特征

江西省芦溪县南部地区地热资源丰富,但地热地质研究程度较低,大地热流测量工作进行的较少,制约着区域地热资源勘查开发。本文以芦溪县南部的新泉和石溪为研究区,结合钻孔岩心热物性测试和地温测井等分析了研究区岩石热导率、地温场、热源机制的特征。研究区岩石热导率平均值为2.063~6.176W/(m·K),热导率最高的为硅质石英岩,可作为良好的导热岩体。大地热流平均值为76.39 mW/m^(2),远高于中国内地地区的平均值62.5 mW/m^(2),该地区具有较高的热背景值。花岗岩放射性生热率平均值为2.16μW/m^(3),不属于高产热型岩体,放射性生热对地表热流贡献较小,热源来源为地壳深部供热。研究区构造活动强烈,深大断裂和次级断裂发育,为地下热水的深部循环提供了良好的导热和导水通道。本研究可为武功山地区的地热资源开发提供重要启示。

松辽盆地南部大情字井区青山口组地热水化学特征及成因模式

位于长岭凹陷鞍部的大情字井地区水热型地热资源丰富,其中储层温度较高、岩性好、含水量高的青山口组是最佳热储层,因此,阐明地热水的成因模式对于该区地热资源的可持续开发利用具有重要意义。通过青山口组7口井地热水样的水化学测试,结合收集的8组氢氧同位素数据,研究了目标区地热水的来源及混合过程,并分析了成因模式。结果表明,青山口组地热水主要为部分平衡的Cl^(-)Na型流体,补给来源为长白山地区的大气降水和原生沉积水,补给高程为2347~2370 m;通过2210~3470 m的循环吸热过程形成现今温度为81.25~112.80℃的地热流体存储于半开放体系的青山口组碎屑岩储层中。另外,研究区NE、NW向2组断裂系统是地热流体循环的主要导水通道,地热流体在深循环过程中与围岩矿物发生水岩反应,碳酸盐岩及硅酸盐矿物的溶解,形成了以Na^(+)、Cl^(-)和HCO^(-)3离子为主的地热水资源。