Sweet Cherry (<i>Prunus avium</i>L.) Fruit Drop Reduction by Plant Growth Regulators (Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA and Gibberellic Acid GA₃)

This study was conducted during 2019/2020 on sweet cherry trees (Prunus Avium L.) (Bing and Hardy Giant) cultivar planted at Sergaya-Al_Zabadani area of Rural Damascus, to reduce fruit drop of sweet cherry. The experiment included 4 foliar applications: T1: control, T2: GA3 (100 ppm), T3: NAA (20 ppm), T4: (100 ppm GA3 + 20 ppm NAA). Fruit set and fruit drop percentage, fruiting factor, and yield were recorded. The results showed that treatment with (100 ppm GA3 + 20 ppm NAA) recorded higher fruit set percentage (73.81% and 75.62%), and fruiting factor (48.38% and 50.04%) respectively; In addition to fruit yield (40.19 and 41.21 kg/tree) for both cultivars, compared to the control (9.13, 6.60 kg/tree). Therefore, it can be concluded that GA3 + NAA treatment reduced Sweet cherry fruit drop better than other treatments, where fruit drop percentage didn’t exceed (63.11% and 62.01%) in both cultivars (Bing and Hardy Giant) respectively, compared to the control (80.92% and 80.64%).

Effect of exogenous GA3 on flowering quality, endogenous hormones, and hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression in forcing-cultured tree peony（Paeonia suffruticosa）

Gibberellins(GAs)promote flowering in the forcing-cultured tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),however,the mechanism of regulating flowering is not fully understood.In this study,exogenous GA3 was applied to five-year-old Luoyang Hong plants to explore responses in terms of endogenous hormones,flowering quality,and the hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression.Exogenous GA3 application significantly promoted flower bud development and new branch growth,as well as improved flowering quality.Exogenous GA3 application also stimulated the synthesis of endogenous GA3 and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)but reduced abscisic acid(ABA)levels.To further elucidate the regulatory mechanism,eight genes for GA biosynthesis and signaling,including PsCPS,PsKS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1b,PsGID1c,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 were cloned for the first time,and sequence analysis was also performed.The results suggested that all the cloned genes have conserved structure as each homologous gene reported in the other species.Phylogenetic trees constructed by the each cloned gene showed that the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of P.suffruticosa was closely related to Vitis vinifera.The expression patterns of the above genes,and genes for ABA and IAA biosynthetic and signaling,and the flowering time were also investigated.Most of the above genes showed higher expression in the control buds than those in the GA3 treated buds at six developmental stages,whereas the expression levels of PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 were up-regulated by GA3 treatment.The results also showed that the GA-biosynthetic and signaling pathways are conserved in tree peony,and the PsCPS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 genes are necessary for feedback regulation of GAs.Furthermore,hormone changes promoted PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 expression,and repressed PsSVP expression,which contributed to the improvement flowering quality in tree peony of forcing culture.

Roles of abscisic acid and gibberellins in maintaining primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds

Primary dormancy of seeds of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.)after dispersal in the autumn and the induction of secondary dormancy the fi rst summer following seed dispersal limit the regeneration of mixed broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China.This study was to determine how changes in the levels of abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellic acid(GA)maintain primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds under germination conditions.We transferred seeds with one of fi ve primary dormancy states or three secondary dormancy states to germination conditions and measured changes in the levels of ABA,GA 1+3(GA 1 and GA 3)and GA 4+7(GA 4 and GA 7)in the seed coat,megagametophyte and embryo during incubation.Seed coat ABA levels in primary dormant seeds(PDS)and ABA levels in various parts of secondary dormant seeds(SDS)gradually declined during incubation but were still higher than in seeds for which dormancy was progressively released.GA 4+7 and GA 1+3 levels in embryos greatly decreased 35%and 24%,respectively,during incubation of SDS,and thus,the ratio of ABA to GA 4+7 in embryos and megagametophytes signifi cantly increased.The ratio of ABA to GA 1+3 in various parts of SDS increased slightly during incubation.In contrast,in seeds for which secondary dormancy was already released,GA 4+7 and GA 1+3 levels in the embryo,GA 4+7/ABA ratio in the embryo and seed coat,and the GA 1+3/ABA in the embryo and megagametophyte signifi cantly increased during incubation.There was no trend in the changes in the levels of ABA,GA 4+7 or GA 1+3 in embryos and megagametophytes of PDS or the levels of GA 4+7 or GA 1+3 in megagametophytes of SDS during incubation.The results suggest that high ABA levels in the seed coat maintain primary dormancy of Korean pine seeds.Maintenance of secondary dormancy involves a reduction of GA 4+7,GA 1+3,GA 4+7/ABA,and GA 1+3/ABA and the retention of high ABA levels.

对氨基苯磺酸修饰MoO_(3)/PPy复合材料室温下对氨气的监测

氨气是一种有害的大气污染物,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重的危害,因此开发低能耗、高性能的氨气实时监测系统势在必行。本工作以MoO_(3)和吡咯单体(Py)为原料,FeCl_(3)为氧化剂,对氨基苯磺酸(pABSA)为阴离子表面活性剂,采用原位化学氧化聚合法制备了pABSA修饰的MoO_(3)/聚吡咯(PPy)复合材料。通过不同手段对材料的微观结构进行表征,探究了pABSA修饰对MoO_(3)/PPy复合材料气敏性能的影响。结果表明:pABSA-MoO_(3)/PPy复合材料在室温下对质量浓度1×10^(5)μg/L氨气的响应值为188%,为纯PPy(22%)的~8倍,并且表现出优异的选择性和稳定性。气敏性能提升归因于MoO_(3)与PPy之间形成的异质结以及pABSA的修饰使材料表面载流子增多。

Effects of Exogenous Plant Hormones on Growth Status and Secondary Metabolism of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

[Objectives]To improve the yield and secondary metabolite content of medicinal plants and to further develop and utilize the medicinal and other functions of medicinal plants.[Methods]We used the sterile tissue culture method with Houttuynia cordata Thunb.as the research object.Different concentrations of 1-naphthalene acetic acid(NAA),auxin(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)and gibberellin acid(GA_(3))were added to the group culture medium of H.cordata to investigate the effects of exogenous plant hormones on plant height,root length,fresh weight,morphological characteristics,four phenolics and 20 volatile compounds.[Results]The results showed that the exogenous plant hormone of 3 mg/L GA_(3)significantly increased plant height by 79.9%over the control;the exogenous plant hormone of 3 mg/L IAA significantly increased root length by 52.6%over the control;and the exogenous plant hormone of 1 mg/L GA_(3)significantly increased fresh weight of single plant by 458.2%over the control.In the treatment group of 1 mg/L NAA,chlorogenic acid content was significantly increased by 52.6%compared with the control;in the treatment group of 1 mg/L IAA,chlorogenic acid,rutin,isodendrin and quercetin content were significantly increased by 109.1%,100.6%,173.8%,and 198.7%compared with the control,respectively;in the treatment of 3 mg/L GA_(3),chlorogenic acid,rutin,isoquercitin,and quercitin content were significantly increased by 65.3%,104.9%,139.0%and 191.2%over the control.In addition,the content of volatile compounds was significantly higher in all H.cordata treated with exogenous plant hormones of 2 mg/L NAA,1 mg/L IAA,and 3 mg/L GA_(3);however,the content of volatile compounds was lower in all of the treatments with 2 mg/L GA_(3).[Conclusions]Different exogenous plant hormones have certain effects on the growth morphology and secondary metabolic content of H.cordata,which provides theoretical basis and technical support for the development and utilization of medicinal plants.

复合型酸气吸附剂的制备及性能研究

以高效处置矿山、地质、冶金等行业实验室和分析室在生产中产生的酸性有害气体为目的,以天然黏土矿物、碱金属矿物和无机助剂为原料,通过配方设计、挤出成型制备了系列复合型酸气吸附剂,并采用酸溶液浸泡实验和固定床动态吸附实验研究了其吸附性能。结果表明,复合型酸气吸附剂对HCl、HNO_(3)的浸泡吸附量分别为0.50~0.80 g/g和0.55~0.95 g/g,对挥发性HCl、HNO_(3)酸气吸收4 h后的Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)吸附量分别大于35和40 mg/g,优于活性炭和市售同类型产品。复合型酸气吸附剂具有均匀微孔隙,其微观结构和化学组成更有利于挥发性酸气的扩散、捕捉和反应等,对Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,主要通过化学吸附、吸收作用并伴有物理吸附实现对挥发性HCl、HNO_(3)酸气的去除,具有推广价值。

Separation of gibberellic acid (GA3) by macroporous adsorption resins

The adsorption effects of several macroporousadsorption resins for gibberellic acid (GA3) were investigated.The dynamic adsorption capacity is 58.38 mg/g drybeads for resin R4 and 96.46 mg/g dry beads for resin R5which is consistent with the surface area. Aqueous methanol(50%, V/V) is a good eluent and the yield of GA3 isabove 95%. The concentration of GA3 could increase fivefoldafter an adsorption-elution cycle and this is importantwhen considering further crystallization of GA3 in anindustrial process.

气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯

建立气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯的分析方法。通过优化脂肪提取和衍生条件,考察方法的加标回收率、线性关系、精密度、检出限和定量限,内标法定量。结果表明,本实验方法在绝对含量5~500 ng范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999),检出限0.006 mg/kg,定量限0.015 mg/kg。10、100、500 ng 3个水平下的加标回收率在95.6%~100.9%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5.03%。通过批量比较气相色谱-质谱法与气相色谱-串联质谱法的检测数据,样品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量没有因仪器不同而出现明显差异。相比之下,气相色谱-质谱法仪器简单易操作,成本较低,便于在不同等级实验室推广,适用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯的含量测定。

葡萄全基因组DELLA蛋白基因家族鉴定及其应答外源赤霉素调控葡萄果实发育的特征

【目的】明确DELLA蛋白基因在葡萄基因组数据库中的数量、结构和组织表达差异,探究DELLA蛋白在葡萄赤霉素(GA)信号传导及葡萄无核果实发育机理中的作用机制。【方法】基于拟南芥、水稻等植物中的DELLA蛋白基因,利用HMMER程序和NCBI的CDD程序鉴定葡萄基因组中的DELLA蛋白基因;以‘白罗莎里奥’葡萄品种为试材,采用PCR技术克隆3个DELLA蛋白基因的c DNA全长序列;通过启动子作用元件分析预测其潜在功能;利用生物信息学软件对其染色体定位、基因结构、系统进化、理化特性、亚细胞定位及蛋白互作等进行分析;利用农杆菌介导的烟草瞬时表达技术分析DELLA蛋白的亚细胞定位情况;采用q RT-PCR方法检测葡萄DELLA蛋白基因应答GA在果皮、果肉、种子(或种子区)的时空表达特征。【结果】鉴定得到3个葡萄DELLA蛋白基因,克隆并验证其精确序列,分别命名为Vv GAI1(VIT_201s0011g05260)、Vv RGA(VIT_214s0006g00640)及Vv SLR1(VIT_211s0016g04630),其染色体定位、开放阅读框(ORF)大小、编码氨基酸数量分别为:Chr1、1 773 bp、590个;Chr14、1 710 bp、569个;Chr11、1 599 bp、532个。基因结构分析表明其DNA序列均无内含子,只有1个外显子,基因结构高度保守。进化分析显示Vv GAI1与Vv RGA亲缘关系较近,被聚类为一组,而Vv SLR1为另一组。3个基因的启动子均含有响应赤霉素和胚乳发育相关的作用元件,表明它们可能参与响应GA信号传导和胚乳发育过程。亚细胞定位结果显示3个DELLA蛋白均定位于细胞核。q RT-PCR结果显示除果皮中Vv SLR1在近成熟期具有表达高峰外,其余均在幼果期高表达,且外源GA处理均不同程度降低了3个DELLA蛋白基因在葡萄果皮、果肉和种子区的表达,尤以种子区下调水平最为显著。蛋白互作分析表明3个DELLA蛋白均为葡萄GA信号传导的核心作用元件,均可能与GIDI1和SLY1互作参与葡萄GA信号传导。【结论】葡萄基因组中含有3个DELLA蛋白基因家族成员;不同物种间DELLA蛋白结构高度保守;GA可能通过负调控这3个成员参与葡萄果皮、果肉和种子区的发育,且3个成员均可能通过应答GA信号调控葡萄无核果实的发育。

南京椴种子的萌发与休眠

南京椴种子具有深休眠习性,自然界一般需要2-3 a才能萌发。通过对离体胚以及擦伤胚乳、去除子叶和胚根部位胚乳种子的无菌培养,探究胚萌发特性。结果表明,离体胚培养4 d,发芽率可达81%;划伤或侧面切除胚乳或切除胚乳基部约1/3部分,胚都能正常萌发,发芽率均在75%以上;而未进行任何处理的种子始终不发芽;用1 000 mg.L-1GA3溶液处理种子6 h,种子发芽率可达89%。

IAA和GA_3对棉花短纤维突变体纤维长度的离体诱导作用

以棉花等基因系超短纤维突变体 (Ligoncotton ,Li1 )及其野生型 (li1 )为材料 ,用胚珠离体培养方法 ,研究IAA(生长素 )和GA3(赤霉酸 )与纤维细胞伸长的关系。研究表明 :(1)在含单激素IAA或GA3培养基内 ,离体诱导突变体胚珠产生的纤维长度分别约为 1 86mm和 2 1mm ,比在对照 (不含激素 )培养基内的纤维长度分别增长 86 %和 110 % ,说明外源激素IAA或GA3对突变体纤维伸长能力的缺损有补偿作用。 (2 )在同时含有IAA和GA3两种激素的培养基中 ,突变体和野生型胚珠产生的纤维长度分别为 3 4 1mm和 7 2 3mm ,是它们在田间自然条件下纤维长度的 76 %和 2 4 3% ,均显著高于只含一种激素培养基内的纤维长度 ,说明IAA与GA3间在诱导纤维伸长上有协同作用 ,而且 ,这种作用对突变体比对野生型大 3 1倍 ,即在一定程度上能解除突变体纤维伸长受到的阻碍。 (3)突变体胚珠在含GA3和IAA培养基内经培养2 1d后 ,胚珠IAA和GA3平均含量 ,虽稍高于对照培养基内野生型胚珠的含量 ,但明显小于GA3和IAA培养基内野生型胚珠的平均含量 ,而且其纤维长度也显著小于野生型的纤维长度。说明在离体培养条件下 ,突变体的纤维伸长比野生型需更高的胚珠GA3和IAA水平 ,但由于突变体在遗传上的缺损 。

喷施生长素和赤霉素对土壤干旱条件下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

在土壤干旱过程中，叶面喷施２×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的生长素（ＩＡＡ）或５×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的赤霉素（ＧＡ３）可阻止小麦幼苗磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（ＰＥＰＣａｓｅ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性的变化，且二者的作用效果相似。对于超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ），ＩＡＡ使其活性强化，而ＧＡ３则对其起着抑制作用。ＩＡＡ还能提高干旱条件下小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量，但对气孔阻力和叶水势影响不大；而ＧＡ３对叶绿素含量、气孔阻力和叶水势均无明显影响。

赤霉素及矮壮素对高羊茅生长特性及品质的影响

采用３ 种不同浓度的赤霉素（２０、５０、１００ μｇ／ｇ）和矮壮素（５００、１ ０００、１ ５００ μｇ／ｇ）对高羊茅进行叶面喷施，以研究其对高羊茅生长特性及品质的影响。结果表明：赤霉素显著促进地上部分伸长生长，１００ μｇ／ｇ 赤霉素处理生长速度最快。５０ μｇ／ｇ 赤霉素处理高羊茅的干草产量及粗蛋白产量均最高，分别为对照的２．０１、１．８４ 倍。矮壮素抑制地上部分的伸长生长，并促进分蘖，使叶片加宽。１ ５００ μｇ／ｇ 矮壮素处理的高羊茅干草产量、粗蛋白产量分别比对照提高２１．８７％ 、４０．８６％ 。赤霉素处理使高羊茅粗纤维含量有所提高，粗蛋白含量比对照有所下降。矮壮素处理使高羊茅粗蛋白含量提高，粗纤维含量降低。

大果冬青种子的休眠与萌发初探

大果冬青的种壳占种子风干重的 75 % ,种子透水性良好。浓硫酸处理 1.5小时后 ,可使种壳减轻 32 .6 %。酸蚀处理增强了种子的透气性并减轻了种壳的机械束缚力。添加 2 5 0 mg· L- 1 +0 .2 % KNO3溶液 ,经过一个冬天层积后 ,发芽率可达17.1% 。

青钱柳种子休眠与萌发的研究

青钱柳种子的种壳占种子风干重 85.9%。种子具有透水性。浓硫酸处理 9小时后 ,种壳减轻重量约占种子总重量的 2 8.8% ,既减弱了种壳的机械束缚力 ,又增加了种子透气性。酸蚀 9.5小时的种子 ,经 50 0 mg/ LGA3 溶液浸种 ,并用拌有 50 0 mg/LGA3 溶液的湿沙层积一冬 ,发芽率达到 87.5% ,而风干种子则颗粒未发。破除休眠后种子的萌发温度 ,以 2

气相色谱/质谱法测定植物油中脂肪酸氯丙醇酯

采用苯基硼酸(PBA)衍生化-气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,建立了同时检测植物油中脂肪酸3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和脂肪酸2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(MCPD酯)的方法。对样品前处理过程中各因素进行了优化,获得了最佳条件,即称取0.1g左右的食用油样品,加入内标后,经0.5mL甲醇钠/甲醇(0.5mol/L)水解1min,中和后用3.0mL正己烷脱脂净化两次;以0.25mL PBA液衍生净化液后,用2.0mL乙酸乙酯萃取衍生物3次,萃取液经氮气吹干后,用0.5mL异辛烷溶解,离心后取上清液用GC-MS测定,内标法定量。在此条件下,样品中MCPD酯响应是德国DGF法响应的15～33倍;杂质相对去除率高达99.1%;有关方法学指标均较为理想。在MCPD酯为25～500ng(以MCPD计)范围内,MCPD与内标峰面积的比值和浓度呈线性相关,相关系数大于0.9990。以花生油为加标基质,在250～1000"g/kg范围内,进行3个水平的重复加标回收实验(n=6),3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯的加标回收率分别为81.1%～92.3%和103%～120%;相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为6.3%～12.4%和4.9%～9.4%;检出限分别为76.0和65.0"g/kg。利用本方法测定2011年FAPAS考核样品(棕榈油)中3-MCPD酯的含量,测定值为4.01mg/kg。结果表明,本方法灵敏度高,定量结果准确可靠,从根本上解决了仪器系统容易被污染的问题。

膀胱果种子休眠与萌发的研究

膀胱果种子的种壳占种子风干重的 5 4.1% ,种子透水性良好。浓硫酸处理 6小时后 ,可使种壳减轻 30 .3% ,酸蚀和裂口处理可增强种子透气性 ,并减轻了种壳的机械束缚力。添加 2 5 0 mg· L- 1 GA3 溶液 ,经过一个冬天层积后 ,发芽率可达82 .4% 。

棱角山矾种子的休眠与萌发初探

棱角山矾种壳占种子风干重 90 .19% ,种子透水性良好。浓硫酸处理 1.5小时后 ,可使种壳减轻 9.4 8%。硫酸处理增强了种子的透气性并减弱了种壳机械束缚力。添加 5 0 0 mg· L- 1 GA3溶液 ,经过 1～ 5℃ 16 h及 2 0℃ 8h变温砂藏三个月后 ,可获得 4 4 %出苗率 。

葡萄浆果发育过程中激素水平的变化

对三个葡萄品种浆果发育过程中可溶性糖累积和内源IAA、GA3 、ABA含量的动态变化等进行比较研究。结果表明 ,巨峰和木纳格葡萄浆果生长呈双S型曲线 ,无核白葡萄果实生长呈S型曲线 ;浆果内可溶性糖的累积主要发生在果实发育的后期。浆果发育初期 ,无核白葡萄IAA含量远高于两个有核品种的含量 ,有利于幼果坐果 ;浆果发育后期 ,无核白葡萄IAA和GA3 的含量低于两个有核品种 ,而ABA的含量比两个有核品种高。GA3 与ABA比值的变化对浆果的发育起着关键的作用。

激素间相互作用对植物茎伸长生长的调控综述

植物茎的伸长受多种内外因素的调节和控制,其中内部的内源植物激素如赤霉素、生长素等的调控起重要作用,且内源激素不但通过内源激素水平调控,而且还通过激素间的相互作用调节和控制茎的伸长。笔者介绍了各种内源植物激素(如生长素与赤霉素、生长素与油菜素内酯,赤霉素与油菜素内酯,生长素与乙烯等)之间的相互作用调控植物茎的伸长生长的研究概况。