本地化行业术语GILT核心概念考

对本地化行业的重要术语GILT所涵盖的"全球化""国际化""本地化"和"翻译"四个核心概念的内涵、外延以及它们之间的区别和联系进行了详尽的分析,从而加深对术语GILT的理解,避免产生误解和歧义。

Current strategies for reproductive management of gilts and sows in North America

Many advances in genetic selection, nutrition, housing and disease control have been incorporated into modern pork production since the 1950s resulting in highly prolific females and practices and technologies, which significantly increased efficiency of reproduction in the breeding herd. The objective of this manuscript is to review the literature and current industry practices employed for reproductive management. In particular the authors focus on assisted reproduction technologies and their application for enhanced productivity. Modern maternal line genotypes have lower appetites and exceptional lean growth potential compared to females of 20 yr ago. Thus, nutrient requirements and management techniques and technologies, which affect gilt development and sow longevity, require continuous updating. Failure to detect estrus accurately has the greatest impact on farrowing rate and litter size. Yet, even accurate estrus detection will not compensate for the variability in the interval between onset of estrus and actual time of ovulation. However, administration of GnRH analogs in weaned sows and in gilts after withdrawal of altrenogest do overcome this variability and thereby synchronize ovulation, which makes fixed-time AI practical. Seasonal infertility, mediated by temperature and photoperiod, is a persistent problem. Training workers in the art of stockmanship is of increasing importance as consumers become more interested in humane animal care. Altrenogest, is used to synchronize the estrous cycle of gilts, to prolong gestation for 2-3 d to synchronize farrowing and to postpone post-weaning estrus. P.G. 600~ is used for induction of estrus in pre-pubertal gilts and as a treatment to overcome seasonal anestrous. Sperm cell numbers/dose of semen is significantly less for post cervical AI than for cervical AI. Real-time ultrasonography is used to determine pregnancy during wk 3-5. PGF2a effectively induces farrowing when administered within two d of normal gestation length. Ovulation synchronization, single fixed-time AI and induced parturition may lead to farrowing synchronization, which facilitates supervision and reduces stillbirths and piglet mortality. Attendance and assistance at farrowing is important especially to ensure adequate colostrum consumption by piglets immediately after birth. New performance terminologies are presented.

Effects of dietary valine supplementation during late gestation on the reproductive performance and mammary gland development of gilts

Background:Mammary gland development during late gestation in gilts is a major factor that alters the composition of colostrum and growth performance of piglets.Plasma valine is taken up and metabolized extensively by the mammary gland;however,the effects of valine on mammary gland development during late gestation are still unclear.Thirty primiparous gilts were divided into three treatment groups(n=10)and received one of the three diets starting on day 75 of gestation until the day of farrowing.The total dietary valine to lysine ratio of the three diets was 0.63(LV),0.73(MV),and 0.93(HV),respectively.Results:Dietary valine supplementation during late gestation did not affect(P>0.05)the litter size and weight at farrowing;however,the piglet weight and average daily gain at weaning were linearly increased(P<0.05)as the dietary valine increased.The highest piglet weight at weaning was observed when the gilts were provided the HV diet.Dietary valine supplementation linearly elevated(P<0.05)protein,fat and solids-not-fat and some free amino acids content in colostrum.The concentration of prolactin in plasma of gilts was linearly increased in response to valine supplementation at days 1 and 10 of lactation(P<0.05).Furthermore,with increasing dietary valine allowance,a linear increase(P<0.05)was observed in the area of the lumen of alveolus and the content of DNA,RNA,and total protein in the mammary tissues at day 1 of lactation.Moreover,the protein expression of cyclin D1,p-mTOR,p-S6,and p-4EBP1 was also linearly increased(P<0.05)in the mammary tissue at day 1 of lactation.However,no difference(P>0.05)was observed in the indices related to mammary development and the mTOR signaling pathway at day 21 of lactation.Conclusion:The results revealed that increasing the total dietary valine to lysine ratio to 0.93 during late gestation significantly enhances the piglet weight and average daily gain at weaning probably due to improved development of mammary gland.

Gut microbiota contributes to the development of endometrial glands in gilts during the ovary-dependent period

Background:The hyper-prolificacy Meishan gilts achieved a superior endometrial gland development(EGD)than white crossbred gilts during the ovary-independent period(before 60 d of age).Then,the EGD continues under the management of ovary-derived steroid hormones that regulated by gut microbiota(after 60 d of age).However,whether Meishan gilts’superiority in EGD lasting to the ovary-dependent period(after 60 d of age)and the role of gut microbiota in this period both remain unclear.Methods:Meishan gilts and Landrace x Yorkshire(LxY)gilts were raised under the same housing and feeding conditions until sexual maturity and then we compared their EGD and gut microbiota.Meanwhile,we transplanted fecal microbiota from Meishan gilts to L×Y gilts to explore the role of gut microbiota in EGD.We sampled plasma every 3 weeks and collected the uterus,ovary,liver,and rectal feces after the sacrifice.We then determined the hormone concentrations and expressions of the EGD-related genes.We also profiled the gut microbiota using 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolites of plasma and liver tissue using untargeted metabolomics.Finally,the correlation analysis and significant test was conducted between FMT-shifted gut microbes and EGD-related indices.Results:Meishan gilts have larger endometrial gland area(P<0.001),longer uterine horn length(P<0.01)but lighter uterine horn weight(P<0.05),a distinctive gut microbiota compared with L×Y gilts.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)increased endometrial gland area(P<0.01).FMT markedly shifted the metabolite profiles of both liver and plasma,and these differential metabolites enriched in steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway.FMT increased estradiol and insulin-like growth factor 1 but decreased progesterone dynamically.FMT also increased the expression of the EGD-related genes estrogen receptor 1 gene,epithelial cadherin,and forkhead box protein A2.There is a significant correlation between FMT-shifted gut microbes and EGD-related indices.Conclusion:Sexually matured Meishan gilts achieved a superior EGD than LxY gilts.Meanwhile,gut microbiota contribute to the EGD potentially via regulating of steroid hormones during the ovary-dependent period.

Influences of dietary protein sources and crude protein levels on intracellular free amino acid profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing gilts

Background： The current study was carried out to determine effects of dietary protein source and crude protein（CP）level on carcass characteristics, meat quality, and muscle amino acid（AA） profile in finishing gilts. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two sources of dietary proteins（cottonseed meal, CSM vs. soybean meal, SBM） and two levels of CP（12 % vs. 14 %, as-fed basis）. Seventy-two crossbred gilts（89.5 ± 0.9 kg） were allotted to one of four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design for a period of 28 d. All diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and similar concentrations of standardized ileal digestible essential AA covering the nutrient requirements of pigs.Results： Growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality were not affected by dietary protein source nor crude protein level（P ＆gt; 0.10） except that average daily feed intake was increased by CSM diets（P = 0.03）. Gilts offered reduced protein diets had lower muscle p H45min（P 〈 0.05）. Neither dietary protein source nor crude protein level influenced N deposition. However, reduced protein diets decreased N intake, N excretion, and serum urea nitrogen content, whilst improved N efficiency（P 〈 0.01）. CSM diets increased N intake（P = 0.04）,but did not depress N efficiency. The concentrations of phenylalanine, tryptophan, cysteine and tyrosine（P 〈 0.05） of the longissimus muscle were decreased when gilts offered CSM diets, while muscle intracellular free valine concentration was increased（P = 0.03）. The gilts offered reduced protein diets had greater intracellular concentrations of free methionine, lysine, and total AA in muscle（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusion： These results suggest that CSM could replace SBM as a primary protein source in finishing pig diets in terms of performance, N efficiency, carcass characteristics, and meat quality, but decrease the concentrations of muscle specific AA. Furthermore, the reduced protein diet played an important role in increasing muscle intracellular concentrations of specific free amino acids（FAA）, and in reducing the relative ratios of specific FAA to lysine in longissimus dorsi muscle of pig, whose biological meaning needs further studies.

Beneficial effects of a decreased meal frequency on nutrient utilization,secretion of luteinizing hormones and ovarian follicular development in gilts

Background:Replacement gilts are typically fed ad libitum,whereas emerging evidence from human and rodent studies has revealed that time-restricted access to food has health benefits.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of meal frequency on the metabolic status and ovarian follicular development in gilts.Methods:A total of 36 gilts(Landrace×Yorkshire)with an age of 150±3 d and a body weight of 77.6±3.8 kg were randomly allocated into one of three groups(n=12 in each group),and based on the group allocation,the gilts were fed at a frequency of one meal(T1),two meals(T2),or six meals per day(T6)for 14 consecutive weeks.The effects of the meal frequency on growth preference,nutrient utilization,short-chain fatty acid production by gut microbial,the post-meal dynamics in the metabolic status,reproductive hormone secretions,and ovarian follicular development in the gilts were measured.Results:The gilts in the T1 group presented a higher average daily gain(+48 g/d,P<0.05)and a higher body weight(+4.9 kg,P<0.05)than those in the T6 group.The meal frequency had no effect on the apparent digestibility of dry matter,crude protein,ether extract,ash,and gross energy,with the exception that the T1 gilts exhibited a greater NDF digestibility than the T6 gilts(P<0.05).The nitrogen balance analysis revealed that the T1 gilts presented decreased urine excretion of nitrogen(−8.17 g/d,P<0.05)and higher nitrogen retention(+9.81 g/d,P<0.05),and thus exhibited higher nitrogen utilization than the T6 gilts.The time-course dynamics of glucose,α-amino nitrogen,urea,lactate,and insulin levels in serum revealed that the T1 group exhibited higher utilization of nutrients after a meal than the T2 or T6 gilts.The T1 gilts also had a higher acetate content and SCFAs in feces than the T6 gilts(P<0.05).The age,body weight and backfat thickness of the gilts at first estrous expression were not affected by the meal frequency,but the gilts in the T1 group had higher levels of serum luteinizing hormone on the 18th day of the 3rd estrus cycle and 17β-estradiol,a larger number of growing follicles and corpora lutea,and higher mRNA expression levels of genes related to follicular development on the 19th day of the 3rd estrus cycle.Conclusions:The current findings revealed the benefits of a lower meal frequency equal feed intake on nutrient utilization and reproductive function in replacement gilts,and thus provide new insights into the nutritional strategy for replacement gilts,and the dietary pattern for other mammals,such as humans.

Effects of Orexin A on mRNA Expression of Various Neuropeptides in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary, and on Serum LH Levels in Ovariectomized Gilts

Orexin has several biological functions, including the regulation of reproductive endocrine signaling, which has received much attention. However, little is known about the mechanism through which orexin regulates the levels of neuroendocrine hormones and peptides. We injected orexin A or physiological saline into the lateral ventricle of 10 ovariectomized （OVX） gilts, and determined the subsequent changes in serum luteinizing hormone （LH） concentration by using radioimmunoassay （RIA）. We also examined the expression of GnRH, NPY, and POMC mRNAs in the hypothalamus and that of LH, folliclestimulating hormone （FSH）, POMC, and ghrelin mRNAs in the pituitary by using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We found the following results： （1） Orexin A transiently promoted LH secretion; serum LH concentration started to increase at 10 min after the orexin injection, peaked at 30 min, and returned to its initial level at 1.5 h; （2） orexin A upregulated GnRH mRNA expression and downregulated NPY and POMC mRNAs expression in the hypothalamus; （3） orexin A upregulated LH and FSH mRNAs expression （FSH, P〉 0.05）, but downregulated ghrelin mRNA expression in the pituitary. No significant effects were observed on the pituitary expression of FSH and POMC mRNAs. Our data suggest that orexin A regulates reproductive function by stimulating GnRH and LH release directly and indirectly via its effects on NPY, POMC and ghrelin expression.

Effects of Dietary Energy Level and Source on Blood Metabolites,Hormone Secretion and Follicular Fluid Composition in Gilts

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels and sources on the blood metabolites,hormone secretion and the composition of follicular fluid in gilts.Fifty-four gilts with initial body weight of(59±4.2) kg were randomly allotted to six treatments.Treatments were low, normal,and high energy feeding levels,which were 87.5%,100%and 112.5%of recommendatory energy requirements by NRC(1998),respectively,and dietary energy sources(starch or fat).Blood samples and follicular fluids were collected on D18 and D19 of the second estrous cycle.The results showed that plasma concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were higher in the fat group than that in the starch group(P【0.05),but those of glucose were similar between the two energy sources(P】0.05);dietary energy level exerted no effect on blood metabolites concentration(P】0.05).Gilts fed the high energy diet had a higher area under curve of plasma insulin(Insulin AUC),insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ) and leptin than did gilts fed the lower energy diet(P【0.05),but there was no significant difference between fat versus starch(P】0.05).Luteinizing hormone(LH) pulses were higher in gilts fed high energy rather than that in low energy diets(P】0.05),plasma concentration of estradiol(E2) was higher in the fat group than that in the starch group(P【0.05).The number of large follicles(diameter≥4 mm) and concentrations of IGF-Ⅰand E2 in follicular fluid were increasing significant as the level of energy increased(P【0.05),but the numbers of large follicles and follicular fluid composition were not affected by the source of dietary energy(P】0.05).The results indicate that gilts fed high energy diets had elevated plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones,IGF-Ⅰand LH secretion,and increased follicular fluid concentrations of IGF-Ⅰ,E2 and numbers of large follicles;gilts fed the dietary fat had a higher plasma concentration of cholesterol and E2.

Effects of Short Term Administration of Genistein on Hypothalamic and Anterior Pituitary Hormones in Ovariectomized Gilts

Administration of genistein to barrows increased anterior pituitary (AP) concentrations of IGF-I and LH and increased expression of AP IGF receptor. Whether similar changes occur in gilts remains to be determined. The objective of this experiment was to determine if short term administration of genistein increased expression of components of the AP IGF system and hypothalamic hormones and receptors involved in gonadotropin synthesis and/or release in the gilt. Sixteen crossbred gilts of similar weight (97.7 kg) were ovariectomized and assigned to either control (C;n = 8) or genistein (G;n = 8) groups. Genistein pigs received 800 mg of genistein in DMSO while C pigs received an equal volume of DMSO i.m. on day 0, 1, 2, and 3. Blood samples were obtained on day 0, 1, 2, and 3. Pigs were slaughtered on d 4 when blood, AP, and medial basal hypothalami (MBH) were collected. No difference was detected (P > 0.05) in AP concentrations of IGF-I or serum concentrations of IGF-I in C and G pigs. Anterior pituitary concentrations of LH were greater (P 0.05) in C and G pigs. Relative expression of AP IGFBP-5 and GnRHR was increased (P < 0.05) in G pigs compared with C pigs. Relative expression of AP LHβ did not differ between C and G pigs. Relative expression of MBH kisspeptin was greater (P < 0.01) in G pigs than C pigs. These data provided evidence that short term administration of genistein increased expression of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in gilts which could influence subsequent reproduction.

Evaluation of the Hypothalamic Kisspeptin System throughout the Estrous Cycle in Gilts

Kisspeptin has been demonstrated to affect reproductive cyclicity and the attainment of puberty in multiple species, presumably through its actions on gonadotropin releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone. Kisspeptin administration causes increased plasma concentrations of LH in pigs, sheep, and rats. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate changes in the hypothalamic kisspeptin system throughout the estrous cycle in gilts. Estrus was synchronized in forty crossbred gilts (191 d, 121 kg) and estrus detection was performed by exposing gilts to a mature boar. The first day gilts stood immobile was denoted d 1 of the estrous cycle. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture on d 1, 4, 7, 9, 14, 16, and 19 of the estrous cycle. Ten animals were slaughtered on d 1, 9, 14, and 21 of the estrous cycle when medial basal hypothalami, anterior pituitary glands, and blood were collected. Relative expression of hypothalamic kisspeptin (KISS1), kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), estrogen receptors-a, anterior pituitary gland GnRH receptor, β-actin, and GAPDH was determined using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Fold changes in relative expression were determined using the Relative Expression Software Tool. Relative expression of KISS1 was increased (P = 0.006) 3.2 fold on d 1 versus d 21 and 2.3 fold (P = 0.003) on d 9 versus d 21 of the estrous cycle, but was not different (P > 0.05) among the remaining days of the estrous cycle. Relative expression of estrogen receptor-b was decreased (P = 0.05) 0.8 fold on d 9 versus d 21 and (P = 0.005) 0.7 fold on d 14 versus d 21, but was not different (P > 0.05) among the remaining days. Relative expression of anterior pituitary gland GnRH receptor was increased (P < 0.01) on d 1 and 21 versus d 9 and 14. These data support the notion that medial basal hypothalamic expression of KISS1 changes throughout the estrous cycle and may influence reproductive cyclicity in the gilt.

Optimizing feeding regimen of replacement gilts to improve their reproductive performance and retention rate of their first 2 parities

The effects of age,body weight(BW),and backfat thickness(BF)of replacement gilts at first estrus and first mating on their subsequent reproductive performance and retention of their first 2 parities as sows was evaluated.A total of 3,025 Danish replacement gilts were categorized by farm(allocated to 4 farms),cross combination,age,BW and BF at first estrus and first mating,estrous cycle number at first mating,and flush feeding before first mating.The result shows that all the factors mentioned above were significantly associated with reproductive performance and retention rates of the first 2 parities.Farm 3 had more piglets born alive per litter(BA)(P<0.05).Farms 3 and 4 had more healthy piglets per litter(HP)(P<0.05).Farm 4 had the most piglets weaned per litter(PW)(P<0.05).Landrace×Landrace×Yorkshire(L×L×Y)replacement gilts had the most total piglets born per litter(TB),BA,HP,PW and a higher retention rate of the 2 parities than Landrace×Yorkshire(L×Y)replacement gilts(P<0.05).In addition,flush feeding before first mating had the most TB,BA,HP,PW,and a higher retention rate of the 2 parities than no flush feeding(P<0.05).Because the effects of replacement gilts rearing parameters on reproductive performance traits differed,we used 100 replacement gilts as a unit and the total number of weaned piglets from the first 2 parities as a new index.Replacement gilts undergoing their first estrus between 180 and 210 d of age at 115 to 124.9 kg BW and 14 to 15 mm BF had significantly higher reproductive indexes for their first 2 parities per 100 replacement gilts.Replacement gilts that mated between 210 and 230 d of age at 140 to 149.9 kg BW and 15 to 16 mm BF had optimal reproductive indexes.These results provide a new insight into the complex relationships among these reproductive performance traits and may help guide successful management of replacement gilts as a pivotal starting point for future fertility and longevity of rearing herds.

GILT本地化产业与翻译研究新动向

在网络化全球化的21世纪,本地化服务产业已经成为翻译产业的未来趋势。本文重点介绍了国际上已有初步成果的GILT本地化翻译研究(包括本地化服务的行业及技术研究、翻译人才培养如何应对本地化服务需求的教学研究、本地化服务对翻译研究的启示和冲击)。

基于多组学与网络药理学探究淫羊藿对后备母猪发情的作用

旨在揭示淫羊藿对后备母猪发情的作用及其机理。本试验选择210~220日龄,体重(99.547±1.987)kg,发育成熟且符合配种条件的后备待配二元母猪32头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组16头母猪,每个重复1头母猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在饲喂基础日粮的基础上补充淫羊藿粗提物50 mg·d^(-1)。试验饲喂28 d。结果表明,试验组母猪发情提前,血清FSH、LH和E_2显著增加(P<0.05)。卵巢转录组结果表明,检测出477个上调差异mRNAs,754个下调差异mRNAs。GO富集分析发现,差异的mRNA主要富集在运输囊泡、脂肪细胞分化、节律行为、发情周期等过程;KEGG富集分析发现,差异的mRNA主要富集在紧密连接、碳水化合物代谢、刺猬信号通路、GnRH分泌和PI3K-AKT信号通路等信号通路。卵巢代谢组结果表明共有1616个代谢物上调,1254个代谢物下调。KEGG富集分析表明,差异代谢物主要富集在α-亚麻酸代谢、ATP转运蛋白、亚油酸代谢、β-丙氨酸代谢、氨基苯甲酸盐降解、生物素代谢等通路。网络药理学分析结果表明淫羊藿作用卵巢的潜在作用靶点共161个。PPI互作网络得到degree前10的蛋白作为核心靶点,根据得分依次为TP53、SRC、AKT1、CCND1、TNF、ESR1、EP300、ERBB2、JAK2、PARP1。GO分析结果表明,淫羊藿作用卵巢的靶点主要参与了蛋白磷酸化、MAPK级联反应的正调控、生物节律、基因表达的正调控、细胞凋亡过程的负调控、细胞内钙离子浓度的正调控、RNA聚合酶II启动子转录的正调控等生物学过程。KEGG分析结果显示,靶点蛋白信号通路富集在PI3K-Akt信号通路、细胞周期、细胞衰老、HIF-1信号通路、孕激素介导的卵母细胞成熟等途径。以上结果从活体、代谢、转录和分子层面揭示了淫羊藿对后备母猪发情的影响和作用途径,本研究发现饲喂淫羊藿能够改变后备母猪卵巢转录与代谢模式,显著提高FSH、LH和E_2水平,进而促进母猪发情,淫羊藿的主要成分能够与TP53、SRC、AKT1、CCND1、TNF、ESR1、EP300、ERBB2、JAK2、PARP1结合发挥调控作用。本研究为淫羊藿应用提高后备母猪发情利用率提供理论依据。

Effects of purified zearalenone on selected immunological and histopathologic measurements of spleen in post-weanling gilts

The present study was aimed at investigating the adverse effects of dietary zearalenone(ZEA) on the lymphocyte proliferation rate(LPR), interleukin-2(IL-2), mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histopathologic changes of spleen in post-weanling gilts. A total of 20 crossbred piglets(Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc) with an initial BW of 10.36 ± 1.21 kg(21 d of age) were used in the study.Piglets were fed a basal diet with an addition of 0.1.1,2.0, or 3.2 mg/kg purified ZEA for 18 d ad libitum.The results showed that LPR and IL-2 production of spleen decreased linearly(P < 0.05) as dietary ZEA increased. Splenic mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) were linearly upregulated(P < 0.05) as dietary ZEA increased. On the contrary, linear down-regulation(P<0.05) of mRNA expression of interferon-γ(IFN-γ) was observed as dietary ZEA increased. Swelling splenocyte in1.1 mg/kg ZEA treatments, atrophy of white pulp and swelling of red pulp in 2.0 and 3.2 mg/kg ZEA treatments were observed. The cytoplasmic edema in 1.1 mg/kg ZEA treatments, significant chromatin deformation in 2.0 mg/kg ZEA treatment and phagocytosis in 3.2 mg/kg ZEA treatment were observed.Results suggested that dietary ZEA at 1.1 to 3.2 mg/kg can induce splenic damages and negatively affect immune function of spleen in post-weanling gilts.

不同来源烯丙孕素对有无初情期后备母猪定时输精效果的影响

为探究国内外两种不同品牌烯丙孕素对后备母猪定时输精效果的影响,随机选取67头有初情期和54头无初情期的后备母猪,将有初情期后备母猪分为国产药物A组(52头)、国外药物B组(15头),无初情期后备母猪分为国产药物A组(27头)、国外药物B组(27头),比较两种烯丙孕素对后备母猪发情率、发情持续时间、发情集中度、妊娠率、分娩率、产仔数、产活仔数、健仔数和仔猪初生重的影响。结果显示:无论母猪是否具有初情期,两种烯丙孕素药物组在发情和妊娠方面均无显著性差异(P>0.05),但国产药物A组要略优于国外药物B组。在产仔性能上,两种药物对有初情期后备母猪无显著性差异(P>0.05);对无初情期后备母猪,国产药物A组的产仔数显著高于国外药物B组(P<0.05),在产活仔数上,国产药物A组极显著高于国外药物B组(P<0.01)。综上,相较于国外烯丙孕素药物,国产药物可有效提高无初情期后备母猪的产仔数和产活仔数;此外,有初情期可在一定程度上提高后备母猪繁殖性能。

A gilt from Heaven

DR.Martin Wilbur,an American historian,recently gave a speech in the United States entitled "The Influence and Contribution to Contemporary Cultural Development by the Chinese." Apart from his study on the history of Chinese contemporary political and social development, Dr. Wilbur talked about significant contributions made by Chinese in the fields of science, architecture and art. There are about 1 million Chinese-Americans living in the U,S.,Composing 0.5 Percent of the American population. About 100,000 of them immigrated

包被微量元素对育成及后备母猪生长性能、血清抗氧化指标、血清微量元素和肠道微生物的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加包被微量元素对育成及后备母猪生长性能、血清抗氧化指标、血清微量元素和肠道微生物的影响。选取60头体重为(25±1.12kg)的大白母猪,按日龄、体重基本一致的原则,随机分为3组,每组20个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组采用普通硫酸盐形式微量元素;试验I组同样采用普通硫酸盐形式微量元素,但添加量双倍于对照组;试验Ⅱ组采用包被微量元素,添加量与对照组相同。试验期从25~120kg,为育成一后备连续试验。结果表明:(1)与对照组和双倍硫酸盐微量元素组相比,包被微量元素组极显著提高了育成猪的ADG(P<0.01),显著降低了F/G(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,双倍硫酸盐微量元素组显著降低了育成猪ADFI(P<0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,微量元素包被处理能显著提高育成猪血清总抗氧化能力(P<0.05),极显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶活性(P<0.01)和谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性(P<0.01),显著提高后备猪SOD和CSH-Px活性(P<0.05)。双倍硫酸盐微量元素组能显著提高育成猪血清SOD和GSH-Px(P<0.05)活性。(3)微量元素包被处理能可显著提高育成猪血清中除I以外各微量元素含量(P<0.05),显著提高后备猪血清中Fe、Se含量(P<0.05)。双倍硫酸盐微量元素组则可显著提高育成猪血清中Cu、Fe、Se含量(P<0.05),显著提高育成猪和后备猪血清中Mn含量(P<0.05)。(4)与对照组和双倍硫酸盐微量元素组相比,包被微量元素组极显著降低育成猪肠道大肠杆菌数量(P<0.01),显著提高乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量(P<0.05),且显著降低后备猪肠道内大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05)。而双倍硫酸盐微量元素组仅显著提高了育成猪肠道内双歧杆菌的数量(P<0.05)。综上所述,对微量元素进行包被处理相较于饲粮中添加双倍硫酸盐微量元素可显著促进育成猪和后备猪的生长,提高其抗氧化性能和微量元素吸收率,并显著改善肠道菌群平衡状态;从生长阶段来看,育成猪的应用效果优于后备猪。

妊娠期限位对后备母猪规癖行为、生理及miRNA表达量的影响

为探究后备母猪确认妊娠转入限位栏后整个妊娠期规癖行为形成的生理机制,试验选用16头后备妊娠母猪(大白×长白),对母猪妊娠前期、妊娠中期和妊娠后期的状态行为(站立、侧卧、俯卧、犬坐)和口吻部行为(无食咀嚼、拱地、啃栏、啃槽)进行观察以及神经生理指标(5-HT、COR、DA)、免疫调节因子(IgA、IL-6、TNF-α)和miRNA进行检测,分析不同妊娠阶段母猪行为表达、理化指标和miRNA相对表达量的差异。结果表明,母猪侧卧行为次数逐渐减少,并且在各妊娠阶段差异极显著(P<0.01);俯卧行为次数妊娠后期显著高于妊娠前期和妊娠中期(P<0.05);犬坐行为次数逐渐增加,并且在各妊娠阶段差异极显著(P<0.01)。母猪无食咀嚼次数逐渐增加,并且各妊娠阶段差异极显著(P<0.01);啃槽行为次数妊娠后期显著高于妊娠前期(P<0.05);拱地行为次数妊娠后期显著低于妊娠前期和妊娠中期(P<0.05)。母猪血清中5-HT、DA含量呈下降趋势,COR、β-EP含量呈上升趋势(P<0.10);TNF-α含量妊娠后期显著高于妊娠前期(P<0.05)。母猪miR-335和miR-1202含量妊娠后期均显著低于妊娠前期(P<0.05);miR-16含量妊娠后期极显著低于妊娠前期(P<0.01),并显著低于妊娠中期(P<0.05);miR-132、miR-504和miR-34a含量妊娠后期均显著高于妊娠前期(P<0.05);miR-30e含量妊娠后期极显著高于妊娠前期(P<0.01)。结论:后备母猪确认妊娠经过整个妊娠期限位栏饲养后确实会表现不同程度的规癖行为,其中以无食咀嚼尤为突出。随着限位时长增加,母猪的理化指标和miRNA表达量也发生相应变化,母猪遭受应激后情绪低落并出现类抑郁征状。

后备母猪与经产母猪肠道菌群结构的差异比较

为了解后备母猪与经产母猪肠道菌群结构的差异,在某核心育种场随机挑选大白猪后备母猪34头和经产母猪20头,采集粪便并进行扩增子测序分析。结果发现,后备母猪与经产母猪肠道菌群Alpha多样性、Beta多样性以及物种组成均发生了明显变化,后备母猪与经产母猪间显著差异的肠道菌群主要为Christensenellaceae、Ruminococcaceae、Erysipelotrichaceae、Coriobacteriace ae、Lachnospiraceae和Porphyromonadaceae等。