Exploration of the efficacy and mechanism of treating head wind disease with the combination change of ginger volatile oil and gingerol by using content-weighted network pharmacology technology

Background:Exploring the efficacy,potential components,and mechanism of the combination of ginger essential oil and gingerols in the treatment of head wind disease based on network pharmacology technology with content weight.Methods:The experimental groups were divided into:0:10,1:4,1:2,1:1,2:1,4:1,10:0.The relative content(Ri)of the chemical constituents of ginger's volatile oil was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Additionally,the physicochemical and biological property parameters(LogP,MDCK,PPB,MW)of the components were considered.To assess the quantitative effect of the components,a grading score was performed,and the quantitative effect index(Ki)was calculated.Subsequently,the target effect index(Ti)was calculated by combining the component-target matching score(Fit score).Using these calculations,the target effect score A was determined under the influence of multiple components targeting different targets.Key targets with A≥1000 were identified.To predict the targets related to head wind disease,the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(https://ctdbase.org/),Gene Cards(https://www.genecards.org/),and Disgenet database(https://www.disgenet.org/)were utilized.The key targets,obtained from different proportions of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol,were intersected with the predicted targets.This facilitated network pharmacological analysis and verification of the efficacy.Results:The content of volatile oil in ginger demonstrated an impact on key targets associated with the volatile oil group.Each specific combination of volatile oil consistently activated distinct pathways,with variations stemming from changes in content.Experimental testing revealed that different combinations of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol effectively alleviated migraine symptoms in rats.Conclusion:Through the application of content-weighted network pharmacology technology and pharmacodynamic verification,it was determined that altering the ratio between ginger's volatile oil and gingerol leads to variations in potential targets and pathways,consequently impacting its efficacy.

Determination of Natural Logarithm of Diffusion Coefficient and Activation Energy of Thin Layer Drying Process of Ginger Rhizome Slices

This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhizome. Drying of ginger was modeled, and then the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy were determined. For this purpose, the experiments were done at six levels of varied temperatures: 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The values of effective diffusion coefficients obtained in this work for the variously treated ginger rhizomes closely agreed with the average effective diffusion coefficients of other notable authors who determined the drying kinetics and convective heat transfer coefficients of ginger slices.

Observation on the Nursing Effect of Ginger Moxibustion on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Heart Failure Due to Yang Qi Deficiency

Objective:To evaluate the nursing measures and effects of ginger moxibustion in the treatment of heart failure(yang qi deficiency type)with gastrointestinal symptoms.Methods:86 patients with heart failure(yang qi deficiency type)accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms who were admitted to the hospital between January 2023 and January 2024 were selected and divided into 43 cases in each group by random number table grouping;Group I implemented integrated care,while Group II adopted conventional care.The indicators of care were compared between the two groups.Results:After the nursing care,the digestive symptom scores of Group I were lower than those of Group I,and the psychological scores were lower than those of Group II(P<0.05).Conclusion:Ginger moxibustion can improve gastrointestinal symptoms and enhance the psychological health of patients with heart failure(yang qi deficiency type)with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Ginger polysaccharide UGP1 suppressed human colon cancer growth via p53,Bax/Bcl-2,caspase-3 pathways and immunomodulation

In previous study,we got a purified ginger polysaccharide UGP1 and verified its significant antitumor activities on colon cancer HCT116 cells.In this article,we aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of UGP1 exerted antitumor activities on colon cancer by using in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models.The results demonstrated that UGP1 could induce S-phase cell cycle arrest,up-regulate the expression of Bax and p53,down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2,and activate the downstream protein caspase-9 and caspase-3,which was related to intrinsic apoptosis pathway on HCT116 cells.Moreover,UGP1 significantly stimulated RAW264.7 cell proliferation and secretion activity.Similarly,UGP1 inhibited tumor proliferation on tumor-bearing mice,increased the expression of p53 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2,enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and decreased the secretion of pro-tumor cytokines TGF-βand b FGF in serum.In conclusion,it indicated that the UGP 1 could sup press human colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis via the regulation of p53,caspase-3,and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio-dependent pathway and regulating immune system activity.Thi s investigation provided basic theoretical mechanism of ginger polysaccharideexerted antitumor activities,and contributed to develop a possible functional food or adjuvant agent for prevention or treatment of colon cancer.

Research progress of ginger in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors

Cancer seriously endangers human health.Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common and major malignant tumor,and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing.Although there are effective treatments such as radio-therapy and chemotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors,they are often accom-panied by serious side effects.According to the traditional Chinese medicine and food homology theory,many materials are both food and medicine.Moreover,food is just as capable of preventing and treating diseases as medicine.Medicine and food homologous herbs not only have excellent pharmacological effects and activities but also have few side effects.As a typical medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible uses,some components of ginger have been shown to have good efficacy and safety against cancer.A mass of evidence has also shown that ginger has anti-tumor effects on digestive tract cancers(such as gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer,laryngeal cancer,and pancreatic cancer)through a variety of pathways.The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action of the main components of ginger and their potential clinical applications in treating gastrointestinal tumors.

Growth indices of seeds(maize and cowpea)grown in heavy metal contaminated soil treated with ginger extract

The consumption of maize and cowpea in Africa and developing countries is high,owing to the fact that they are readily available,coupled the with nutritional benefits they provide.Growth loss has been seen in crops cultivated on heavy metal polluted soils as a consequence of alterations in physiological and biochemical processes.This study was aimed at assessing the growth indices of seeds(maize and cowpea)grown on heavy metal contaminated soil treated with ginger extracts.The study adopted a Complete Randomized Design(CRD)in which growth indices of either maize or cowpea were examined from each crop type grown on soil without any pollutant or treatment and soils with metal pollutants;with or without treatment with ginger extracts in the individual experiments.Data were analyzed using ANOVA.The results showed that ginger extract induced oxidative stress on cowpea after 10 days of cultivation with root length significantly(P≤0.05)higher on the normal control-G-M and+L-G which recorded 7.60 and 7.3 cm respectively.Patterns of growth indices noticed after 30 and 40 days of cowpea cultivation were variable showing least growth in leaf development.Highest maize root(27.00 cm),shoot(8.85 cm)and leaf(25.25 cm)development were recorded in maize grown on soil without metal contamination but treated with ginger(+G-M-positive control)after days 10,40 and 40 after cultivation.It was observed that the soil contaminated with heavy metals affected the growth pattern of the crops thereby causing stunted growth,chlorosis,discoloration and wilting.It could be concluded that cowpea performed better in shoot of both treated and untreated soils even though the values were not significantly different from that of root and leaf while maize showed a decrease in shoot even though the values for root and leaf were not significantly different.

Optimization of Supercritical Carbon dioxide Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil by Response Surface Method

[Objective] Ginger essential oil （GEO） is widely used in food production and medical field in recent years due to its prominent biological functions, and this study was conducted to obtain high-quality and high-purity ginger essential oil from the fresh ginger. [Method] GEO was extracted from ginger roots by supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） method. The effects of flow rate of CO2, mesh size of ginger powder and volume of entrainer were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface method. The content and extraction rate of 6-gingerol represented the extraction index of GEO. [Result] The conditions were optimized as follows： flow rate of CO2 at 25 L/h, mesh size of ginger power of 80 mesh, and volume of anhydrous ethanol as entrainer of 92.46 ml. The optimal extraction rate of 6-gingerol was 3.21%, which was predicted by RSM. [Conclusion] The optimal process of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ginger essential oil was identified by singlefactor experiments and response surface method. The present study provides a satisfactory method for purifying GEO from ginger for industrial purpose.

Study on Sedation of Dried Ginger

[Objective] The experiment aimed to explore sedation of dried ginger.[Method] By compared the experimental results before and after intragastric administration,the influences of decoction of dried ginger at different concentrations(1,2,3 mg/ml)on locomotor activities of white mice.[Result]When the decoction of dried ginger was 1 g/ml,the time of free movements and the number of raising forelimbs of mice were obviously detained(2.5 h after intragastric administration).When the decoction of dried ginger was 2 g/ml,the time of free movements and the number of raising forelimbs of mice were obviously influenced however the inhibition time is short than that of 1 g/ml.When the decoction of dried ginger was 3 g/ml,the inhibition is not obvious.[Conclusion] Dried ginger had some sedation effect which was related to its dosage.

Effects of Different Management Modes on Yield and Nutrient Efficiency of Ginger

In order to establish high-yield and high-efficient cultivation technology for ginger in the central region of Shandong Province, the effects of different manage-ment modes on yield of ginger, nutrient efficiency and soil nitrate were carried out by field experiment. Four management modes were farmer convention mode, high yield and high efficiency mode, super high yield mode and super high yield and high efficiency mode, in which farmer convention mode was local farmers ’ conven-tional cropping methods, the other three management modes were optimized combi-nations of al management measures under a certain goal of increasing yield and efficiency. The results were as fol ows： ginger yield and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency under such three optimized management measures combinations as high yield and high efficiency mode, super high yield mode and super high yield and high efficien-cy mode were al higher than these of farmer convention mode, moreover, com-pared with farmer convention mode, the yield increased by 11.85%, 25.75% and 23.34%, respectively, and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency increased by 47.94%, 11.24%and 33.14%, respectively. Thereinto, the yield under super high yield mode were the greatest,and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency under high yield and high efficiency mode was the highest.

Study on Soil Nutrient Contents and Nutrient Characteristics of Ginger(Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide scientific basis for fertilization of ginger with high quality and high yield. [Method] The soil nutrient contents and plant nutrient characteristics of Zhugen ginger（Zingiber officinale Rosc.） were studied. [Result] The results showed that： the soil of ginger planting area in Chongqing（Yongchuan） Seedlings of science and technology city was acidic overall,the soil organic matter content was low and alkali-hydrolyzable N was at moderate level; and the contents of available P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were extremely rich, while the available S was in lack. The contents of N and K were abundant and P was little in ginger plants, the content of K was more than N in ginger roots and stems, while the content of N was more than K in ginger leaves. [Conclusion]In practical production, it was necessary to fertilize rationally and control the ratio of N fertilizer to K fertilizer according to local conditions, thereby promoting ginger growth and realize high-yield ginger production.

Effect of ginger on gastric motility and symptoms of functional dyspepsia

AIM:To evaluate the effects of ginger on gastric motility and emptying,abdominal symptoms,and hormones that influence motility in dyspepsia.METHODS:Eleven patients with functional dyspepsia were studied twice in a randomized double-blind manner.After an 8-h fast,the patients ingested three capsules that contained ginger(total 1.2 g) or placebo,followed after 1 h by 500 mL low-nutrient soup.Antral area,fundus area and diameter,and the frequency of antral contractions were measured using ultrasound at frequent intervals,and the gastric half-emptying time was calculated from the change in antral area.Gastrointestinal sensations and appetite were scored using visual analog questionnaires,and blood was taken for measurement of plasma glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1),motilin and ghrelin concentrations,at intervals throughout the study.RESULTS:Gastric emptying was more rapid after ginger than placebo [median(range) half-emptying time 12.3(8.5-17.0) min after ginger,16.1(8.3-22.6) min after placebo,P ≤ 0.05].There was a trend for more antral contractions(P = 0.06),but fundus dimensions and gastrointestinal symptoms did not differ,nor did serum concentrations of GLP-1,motilin and ghrelin.CONCLUSION:Ginger stimulated gastric emptying and antral contractions in patients with functional dyspepsia,but had no impact on gastrointestinal symptoms or gut peptides.

Additive potential of ginger starch on antifungal potency of honey against Candida albicans

Objective:To evaluate the additive action of ginger starch on the antifungal activity of honey against Candida albicans(C.albicans).Methods:C.albicans was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of four varieties of Algerian honey.Lower concentrations of honey than the MIC were incubated with a set of concentrations of starch and then added to media to detennine the minimum additive inhibitory concentration(MAIC).Results:The MIC for the four varieties of honey without starch against C.albicans ranged between 38%and 42%(v/v).When starch was incubated with honey and then added to media,a MIC drop was noticed with each variety.MAIC of the four varieties ranged between 32%honey(v/v)with 4%starch and 36%honey(v/v) with 2%starch.Conclusions:The use of ginger starch allows honey benefit and will constitute an alternative way against the resistance to antifungal agents.

Potential efficacy of ginger as a natural supplement for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and its prevalence is likely to reach epidemic proportions.According to the"two-stage hypothesis"proposed for the pathophysiology of NAFLD,insulin resistance,oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines are among the key promoters of the disease. Here,ginger has been hypothesized to prevent NAFLD or blunt its progression via several mechanisms,such as sensitizing insulin effects,activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγwhich induces adiponectin and down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines,changing the balance between adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-αin favor of adiponectin,promoting considerable antioxidant effects and antidyslipidemic properties,and reducing hepatic triglyceride content which can prevent steatosis.The aforementioned mechanisms imply that ginger possesses interesting potentials for serving as a natural supplement for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.Therefore,conducting trials to explore its benefits in clinical practice is greatly recommended.

Experimental and Simulating Study of Supercritical CO_2 Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil

An experimental setup for separating ginger essential oil by supercritical fluid extraction is established. The effects of the extraction pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and particle size of raw material on the extraction rate are investigated, and the optimum process conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction are determined. A mathematical simulation model is established based on the mass conservation in differential units of extraction bed. The total mass transfer driving force and the equilibrium absorption constant are evaluated by the linear driving force theory. The results from numerical simulation agree well with the experimental data.

In vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol

Objective: To study in vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol as an alternative therapy for Cystic echinococcosis. Methods: Effect of a commonly used herbal product and ginger(Zingiber officinale) towards protoscoleces(PSC) and cyst wall in vitro was studied. The effect of [6]-gingerol, and the pungent constituent of ginger, was also evaluated on PSC culture. Furthermore, the activity of both extracts in association with interferon-gamma(IFN-γ) on PSC co-cultured with mononuclear cells of hydatic patients was evaluated. The nitric oxide(NO) production was measured in each co-culture. Results: Ginger exhibited a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect against PSC and cyst wall. Interestingly, ginger was more effective than the [6]-gingerol. Moreover, additional parasitic effect between extracts and IFN-γ are also observed in co-cultures. Furthermore, both extracts attenuated the NO production elicited by this infection or by the IFN-γ. Conclusions: Ginger has an important anti-hydatic effect in vitro. This effect is amplified in the presence of IFN-γ. Moreover, this herbal product may protect against host's cell death by reducing the high levels of NO. Ginger may act, at least, through the [6]-gingerol. All our data suggest the promising use of ginger in the treatment of Echinococcus granulosus infection.

Processing Effects on Phytochemical Content and Antioxidative Potential of Ginger <i>Zingiber officale</i>

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Ginger has been used as a condiment and for the treatment of ailments for many years. However, there are limited studies on the antioxidant and scavenging power of processed ginger. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects that processing has on the total phenolic and flavanoid content of ginger and its antioxidant potential using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Radical-Scavenging Activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Fresh ginger (FG) was used as a control with oven drying (OD) sun drying (SD) and freeze drying (FD) as processing methods. Freeze-dried ginger (77.87%) showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) free radical scavenging ability as compared to other treatment groups (18.40% - 72.90%). However, sundried ginger had the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power at 35.28 ± 0.69 mmol Fe (II)/mg ginger. Total phenolic content content (mg GAE/100g) for fresh, oven died, sun-dried, and freeze-dried were 514.02 ± 3.92, 796.46 ± 8.16, 878.76 ± 13.17, and 1021.15 ± 12.95, respectively. Flavanoid content of processed ginger was highest in freeze-dried samples (458.82 CE/100g ginger).

Ginger extract attenuates ethanol-induced pulmonary histological changes and oxidative stress in rats

Chronic ethanol consumption is associated with changes in the function and structure of the lungs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the lungs and whether ginger extract mitigated pulmonary abnormalities induced by ethanol in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into the control group, the ethanol group, and the ethanol plus ginger extract group. Six weeks of ethanol treatment increased the proliferation of lung cells, and induced fibrosis, inflammation and leukocyte infiltration. A significant rise in the level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, NADPH oxidase, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein was also observed. Ginger extract significantly ameliorated the above changes. These findings indicate that ethanol induces abnormalities in the lungs by oxidative DNA damage and oxidative stress, and that these effects can be alleviated by ginger, which may function as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ginger(Zingiber officinale)extract and their antibacterial properties against aquatic pathogens

With the development of aquaculture, there is an urgent demand for an alternative antibacterial agent to reduce the drug resistance and environmental pollution caused by the abuse of antibiotics. Recently, silver nanoparticles（Ag NPs） have been viewed as a novel type of antimicrobial agents due to their unique advantages. In this study,Ag NPs were biosynthesized with the ginger rhizomes extract. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of the Ag NPs were fully analyzed against six typical aquatic pathogens. The results indicated that the components in ginger extract could function as the chemical reductant to synthesize Ag NPs. Moreover, compared with the Ag NPs synthesized by chemical methods, the biosynthesized Ag NPs were smaller, and had higher stability and antibacterial activity. Therefore, the biosynthesized Ag NPs using ginger extract may have prospective applications in aquaculture.

A Comparison of the Antioxidative and Anti-Diabetic Potential of Thermally Treated Garlic, Turmeric, and Ginger

Spices have been used for centuries for food preservation, flavors, and medicinal properties. Research suggests that garlic, turmeric, and ginger contain potent antioxidants that may prevent and/or delay chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Heat treatment of spices may potentially increase antioxidative activity by modifying the inherent chemical structure of potent antioxidative compounds within spices. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of thermal treatment of garlic, ginger, and turmeric on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), trolox activity (TEAC), lipase, a-amylase, and a-glucosidase inhibition. Conventional stovetop heating of selected spices was performed followed by methanolic and aqueous extractions (1 - 5 minutes;70°C - 130°C). Overall methanolic extracts had higher phytochemical, antioxidative, and anti-diabetic potential. However, aqueous garlic extracts exhibited higher phytochemical and antioxidative potential over methanolic garlic extracts. The highest TPC for aqueous garlic extracts was observed at 1 minute (14.11 mg GAE/g) while methanolic garlic extracts at 1 minute were significantly lower (1.72 mg GAE/g). Methanolic turmeric extracts had highest TPC at 5 minutes (28.55 mg GAE/g). Time and temperature influenced antioxidant activity in the spices. Turmeric and ginger (methanolic extracts) resulted in higher percent inhibition of DPPH radical with an increase in time (5 minute) turmeric (86.9%) and ginger (79.09%) at 7.9 mg/mL concentration. The results of this study revealed both solvent and time for thermal treatment of spices influenced antioxidative potential as determined using DPPH and FRAP assays. Therefore, the use of thermal application on spices presents promise in potentiating the antioxidant content and thereby their potential health promoting properties. Spices are utilized in the U.S. food industry and increasing their use as a natural antioxidant preservative and flavoring agent may have beneficial impact in food product development.

Residue and Safety Use of 45% Prochloraz EW in Ginger

[Objective]The paper was to evaluate the safety of 45%prochloraz EW in ginger,and to study the residue and degradation of 45%prochloraz EW in ginger.[Method]45%Prochloraz EW was sprayed once at the dose of 455.625 g a.i./ha in dynamic degradation test,and ginger plants were collected at 2 h,1,3,5,7,14,21,28,35 and 42 d post spraying,respectively.45%Prochloraz EW was sprayed at the doses of 303.75 and 455.625 g a.i./ha for 2-3 times with an interval of 7 d in final residue test,and ginger plants were collected at 7,14 and 21 d post spraying,respectively.The content of prochloraz was quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography.[Result]Dynamic degradation test demonstrated that prochloraz degraded quickly in plants,and the half-life in Shandong and Anhui were 5.8 and 7.9 d,respectively.The final residue of prochloraz in ginger samples was<0.01-0.145 mg/kg,lower than the maximum residue limit of prochloraz in ginger formulated by European Union(0.2 mg/kg).[Conclusion]Prochloraz should be sprayed at the recommended dose of 202.5-303.75 g a.i./ha for prevention and control of anthracnose on ginger.The agent should be sprayed twice in the early stage of incidence,with an interval of 7 d,and the safety interval of 14 d was safe.