Exploration of the efficacy and mechanism of treating head wind disease with the combination change of ginger volatile oil and gingerol by using content-weighted network pharmacology technology

Background:Exploring the efficacy,potential components,and mechanism of the combination of ginger essential oil and gingerols in the treatment of head wind disease based on network pharmacology technology with content weight.Methods:The experimental groups were divided into:0:10,1:4,1:2,1:1,2:1,4:1,10:0.The relative content(Ri)of the chemical constituents of ginger's volatile oil was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Additionally,the physicochemical and biological property parameters(LogP,MDCK,PPB,MW)of the components were considered.To assess the quantitative effect of the components,a grading score was performed,and the quantitative effect index(Ki)was calculated.Subsequently,the target effect index(Ti)was calculated by combining the component-target matching score(Fit score).Using these calculations,the target effect score A was determined under the influence of multiple components targeting different targets.Key targets with A≥1000 were identified.To predict the targets related to head wind disease,the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(https://ctdbase.org/),Gene Cards(https://www.genecards.org/),and Disgenet database(https://www.disgenet.org/)were utilized.The key targets,obtained from different proportions of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol,were intersected with the predicted targets.This facilitated network pharmacological analysis and verification of the efficacy.Results:The content of volatile oil in ginger demonstrated an impact on key targets associated with the volatile oil group.Each specific combination of volatile oil consistently activated distinct pathways,with variations stemming from changes in content.Experimental testing revealed that different combinations of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol effectively alleviated migraine symptoms in rats.Conclusion:Through the application of content-weighted network pharmacology technology and pharmacodynamic verification,it was determined that altering the ratio between ginger's volatile oil and gingerol leads to variations in potential targets and pathways,consequently impacting its efficacy.

Optimization of Supercritical Carbon dioxide Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil by Response Surface Method

[Objective] Ginger essential oil （GEO） is widely used in food production and medical field in recent years due to its prominent biological functions, and this study was conducted to obtain high-quality and high-purity ginger essential oil from the fresh ginger. [Method] GEO was extracted from ginger roots by supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） method. The effects of flow rate of CO2, mesh size of ginger powder and volume of entrainer were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface method. The content and extraction rate of 6-gingerol represented the extraction index of GEO. [Result] The conditions were optimized as follows： flow rate of CO2 at 25 L/h, mesh size of ginger power of 80 mesh, and volume of anhydrous ethanol as entrainer of 92.46 ml. The optimal extraction rate of 6-gingerol was 3.21%, which was predicted by RSM. [Conclusion] The optimal process of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ginger essential oil was identified by singlefactor experiments and response surface method. The present study provides a satisfactory method for purifying GEO from ginger for industrial purpose.

Experimental and Simulating Study of Supercritical CO_2 Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil

An experimental setup for separating ginger essential oil by supercritical fluid extraction is established. The effects of the extraction pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and particle size of raw material on the extraction rate are investigated, and the optimum process conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction are determined. A mathematical simulation model is established based on the mass conservation in differential units of extraction bed. The total mass transfer driving force and the equilibrium absorption constant are evaluated by the linear driving force theory. The results from numerical simulation agree well with the experimental data.

Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizomes Essential Oil on Some Reproductive Parameters in Laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

To assess the effect of ginger rhizomes essential oil on some reproductive parameters of laying birds, 80 female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged 3 weeks and weighing between 120 - 130 g were randomly assigned into 4 dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. From 3 till 13 weeks, birds in group 1 (control) received distilled water orally (100 μl/kg body weight), while the other three test groups during the same period, received respectively by gavage 50, 100 and 150 μl of ginger roots essential oil per kg body weight. At 11 weeks old, eight birds per group in each treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered, blood samples collected for analysis. On the other hand, the remaining females were maintained 3 with one untreated male in identical boxes per treatment, for fertility assessment, eggs characteristics and hatchability traits. Throughout the experiment, biochemical parameters, eggs characteristics, fertility and hatchability traits were analyzed. No significant change (p > 0.05) was observed during the experimental period for body and relative ovary weights. Contrary, the relative uterus weight significantly increased (p < 0.05) in dose-dependent manner. The level of serum total proteins, LH, FSH and estradiol significantly increased (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Also, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, total hatchability and chick’s weight significantly increased (p < 0.05) in birds received 100 and 150 μl/kg b.w compared to those of control group. On the other hand, embryonic mortality decreased significantly (p < 0.05) whatever the ginger rhizomes essential oil dose. It was concluded that ginger rhizomes essential oil enhances bird reproductive performances, proteins and reproductive hormone levels and hatchability traits in treated female quails.

Study on the Preparation of"Oil-tea"Instant Tea from the Compound Extract of Green Tea and Ginger

[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop an"oil-tea"instant tea with traditional"oil-tea"flavor,easy preservation and transportation and good taste.[Methods]With green tea,ginger and peanuts as experimental materials,a compound extract was obtained by boiling,and the"oil-tea"instant tea was prepared by spray drying.The tea polyphenol content and soluble solid content of the extract(oil tea soup),the yield of finished solid product and sensory quality were comprehensively evaluated.[Results]The optimum instant tea technical parameters were determined as follows:the ratio of material to liquid 1∶15,the extraction time of boiling 60 min,the inlet air temperature of spray drying 180℃,the feeding speed 850 ml/h,the soluble solid content of the extract 13%,and the amount of maltodextrin added 12 mg/g.Under these conditions,the yield of the instant tea was high,and the instant tea had better sensory quality and good solubility.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the commercial development of"oil tea".

超临界萃取结合分子蒸馏纯化生姜精油及其挥发性成分分析

为研究超临界萃取结合分子蒸馏纯化生姜精油的最佳工艺参数,鉴定生姜精油的挥发性成分,以舒城黄姜为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了超临界CO_(2)流体萃取(supercritical CO_(2)fluid extraction,SFE)生姜油的最佳工艺条件,考察了分子蒸馏(molecular distillation,MD)温度对分离纯化生姜精油效果的影响,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用对生姜精油的挥发性成分进行了分析。结果表明,超临界CO_(2)流体萃取结合分子蒸馏(SFE-MD)纯化生姜精油的最佳工艺条件为萃取压力24 MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间2 h、分子蒸馏温度80℃,在此条件下,生姜精油的综合得率为2.53%,显著高于水蒸气蒸馏精油得率0.96%(P<0.05)。挥发性成分分析显示,α-姜烯、β-倍半水芹烯、β-红没药烯是生姜精油的主要挥发性成分,百分含量达70%以上,其中α-姜烯百分含量为42.13%,高于水蒸气蒸馏生姜精油α-姜烯百分含量40.59%。该方法绿色环保,萃取率高,精油品质好,为生姜精油的进一步研究开发提供参考。

紫苏精油和姜汁对烤武昌鱼的风味影响

为探究紫苏和姜汁作为去腥剂对烤武昌鱼的风味影响,该实验选用紫苏精油和姜汁腌制武昌鱼后经烤箱加工制成样品,通过电子鼻、电子舌等仪器以及对挥发性风味成分、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸的检测对其风味物质进行了研究分析。结果表明紫苏精油和姜汁的腌制可以使烤武昌鱼在色泽、气味和滋味上均呈现较大差异。与对照组相比,紫苏精油和姜汁可以减少腥味物质的形成,并产生掩盖腥味的物质,其中1-辛烯-3-醇含量减少为0.74 ng/g,α-松油醇、芳樟醇、莰烯、β-蒎烯等香料物质的增加,从而使得武昌鱼的风味更丰富。紫苏&姜汁组的烤武昌鱼的鲜味物质GMP的含量高达87.75 mg/g,苦味物质HxR的含量低至为4.49 mg/g,且苦味氨基酸含量远低于其他组,同时其EUC(味精当量)含量最高为224.83 g MSG/100 g。综上所述,紫苏精油和姜汁可以改善烤武昌鱼的风味和滋味。

岳西小黄姜精油提取优化及成分分析

为了确定岳西小黄姜精油最佳提取工艺,探究不同提取方法对小黄姜精油得率和微观结构的影响,建立岳西小黄姜挥发性物质GC-MS检测方法。该研究分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法、超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏法、超声-微波协同辅助水蒸气蒸馏法、超声-酶解协同辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取小黄姜精油。比较各方法的精油得率,选择得率最高的方法进行单因素试验和正交优化确定最佳提取工艺。结果表明,超声-酶解协同辅助水蒸气蒸馏法的精油得率最高,最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶3.5(g/mL)、超声温度50℃、超声功率400 W、超声时间20 min、复合酶用量(半纤维素酶∶β-葡萄糖苷酶=1∶1)40 U/g、酶解温度40℃、酶解pH值5.5、酶解时间2 h、提取时间45 min。在此条件下精油得率为3.28%。对精油提取后的姜渣进行扫描电镜观察,经超声-酶解协同辅助水蒸气蒸馏法得到的姜渣细胞完整性破坏最为严重,说明该方法对精油的提取更为彻底。采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid-phase microextraction, HS-SPME)提取法和超声-酶解协同辅助水蒸气蒸馏法从鲜姜中共提取鉴定出75种挥发性物质,其中HS-SPME提取法鉴定出49种,超声-酶解协同辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取鉴定出60种。本研究为小黄姜精油提取提供了新思路,并为生姜深加工利用提供了参考依据。

10份黔引生姜资源农艺性状及活性成分的分析评价

探明10份省外生姜资源和5份省内资源的生物学性状及品质表现,为贵州生姜产业发展及相关标准制定提供理论依据。采用水蒸气法、GC-MS及HPLC等技术测定不同生姜资源的农艺性状及活性成分含量。结果表明,单株产量>500 g的有9份,其中,GZD单株产量最高。相关性分析表明,单株产量与姜球数量呈极显著负相关,与主茎叶片数呈极显著正相关;姜球直径与姜球数呈显著负相关,与分枝数呈显著正相关,与姜块宽度呈极显著正相关。JY干物质含量显著高于其他资源,达21.72%。HL的纤维素含量达1.384%,显著高于其他资源。根据精油组分,15份生姜可分为2种类型:I型11份,3种主要成分(α-姜烯,姜黄烯,α-法呢烯)含量之和约占总香气成分的50%;II型4份,3种主要成分含量之和<30%。此外,除JY、FS外,其余13份生姜资源的6-姜酚含量(w,后同)均>6 mg·g^(-1),其中GZD的6-姜酚含量显著高于其他资源,为12.36mg·g^(-1)。其中省外引种资源中GG、YJ和HL的产量和品质表现俱佳,单株产量均在500 g以上,干物质含量适中,为14.75%~17.20%,精油得率相对较高,为0.022~0.029 mL·g^(-1),姜辣素含量为6.99~10.20 mg·g^(-1),适宜在贵州种植。

溶剂法脱萜制备水溶性姜精油工艺的实验研究

以超临界CO 2萃取贵州小黄姜所得的姜精油为原料,采用溶剂法脱萜制备水溶性姜精油。运用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术对姜精油挥发性成分进行定性和定量,结合气味活性值分析姜精油中挥发性成分对香气的贡献,确定分离目标脱萜物和保留目标香气物,以这两类物质组分的相对含量为考察指标,通过单因素试验得到最优工艺技术参数:70%(体积分数)丙二醇水溶液、离心转速6000 r/min及离心时间15 min、搅拌温度30℃及搅拌时间60 min、料液比(g∶mL)3∶20。在该工艺参数条件下制备的水溶性姜精油相比于原料姜精油的目标脱萜物相对含量从49.20%降低到36.75%,保留香气物从18.59%增加到25.70%。该研究为水溶性姜精油的制备提供了新的技术可行性,有助于拓展姜精油的市场应用空间和范围,并为天然植物精油脱萜制备水溶性精油提供了新的研究思路方法。

生姜与干姜挥发油化学成分及药理作用研究进展

姜为药食两用中药,食用及药用历史悠久,生姜、干姜在食品、药品和护肤品等领域具有较好应用前景。研究表明,生姜与干姜均富含α-姜烯、β-倍半水芹烯、α-姜黄烯、蒎烯等挥发性成分,具有抗氧化、杀菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等药理活性。生姜与干姜的活性成分具有一致性,但由于炮制等原因导致生姜和干姜在成分比例上存在一定差别,进而影响其药理活性。本文对国内外现有研究成果,对生姜、干姜挥发油的提取方法、化学成分及药理作用等文献进行分析,为生姜、干姜挥发油的进一步研究开发提供理论参考。

药对香附-干姜与其单味药挥发油成分的比较

分析比较药对香附-干姜及其单味药挥发油成分,应用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对挥发油成分进行分析。从单味药香附、干姜及其药对分别鉴定出45,42,62种成分。药物配伍后,药对和单味药干姜共有8种化合物,占药对含量的13.48%,药对和单味药香附共有1种化合物,占药对含量的0.73%。药对香附和干姜配伍后与其单味药挥发油化学成分相比有明显变化。

姜精油和柠檬醛对生姜枯萎病菌的抑菌作用及盆栽防效

生姜枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)引起的土传病害,防控极为困难。为了探究环境友好和安全的植物源生物农药,本研究利用平板抑菌试验和孢子萌发试验研究了姜精油和柠檬醛对生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的生长抑制作用,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证了姜精油和柠檬醛对生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的防控效果。结果显示,姜精油和柠檬醛处理可显著抑制生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝生长与孢子萌发,2 g·L^(−1)姜精油和0.5 g·L^(−1)柠檬醛对生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为82.0%与100.0%,孢子萌发抑制率分别为34.7%与95.0%。扫描电镜结果表明,姜精油和柠檬醛处理生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌菌丝体3 d后,其菌丝体表现出不同程度的弯曲、褶皱和凹陷;PI染色结果发现,姜精油和柠檬醛处理严重破坏了生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌细胞膜的完整性和通透性,从而导致胞浆流失、胞外电导率、蛋白质、核酸与丙二醛含量急剧增加,麦角固醇含量减少,进而减弱了生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的致病力。接种生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌15 d后,2 g·L^(−1)姜精油和0.5 g·L^(−1)柠檬醛处理对生姜枯萎病的防控效果分别为32.7%和42.3%,0.5 g·L^(−1)柠檬醛处理与8 g·L^(−1)百菌清防控效果(47.1%)无显著差异。综上,姜精油和柠檬醛对生姜枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的生长有显著抑制作用,并对生姜枯萎病有较好的防治效果,研究结果可为开发新型植物源抑菌剂防控生姜枯萎病提供理论依据。

QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS测定姜油树脂、姜精油中8种农药残留及膳食风险评估

本研究建立了QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定姜油树脂、姜精油样品中噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻虫胺等8种农药残留,通过方法优化,选择乙腈-水-正己烷体系提取样品,QuEChERS方法净化提取液,在电喷雾离子源正离子模式下电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式下测定,并采用基质匹配标准曲线内标法进行定量分析。结果表明,8种农药在1~32μg/L浓度范围内的线性关系良好,相关系数(R 2)均大于0.99,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.03~0.16、0.10~0.53 mg/kg;3种不同加标水平下的回收率均在70%~119%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于20%。采用该方法测定实际样品,其中,噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻虫胺阳性样本的检出率较高,分别为56%、58%、52%,残留量大于1 mg/kg的样本量占比分别为12%、16%、10%,最高残留量分别为2.16、1.92、2.01 mg/kg,其他5种农药的检出率均低于20%。基于实际样品中农药残留中位值评估干姜片、姜精油和姜油树脂中噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻虫胺的慢性膳食摄入风险,评估结果远小于100%,表明农药残留的慢性摄入风险较小。

生姜精油CO_(2)超临界提取工艺优化及其抗肿瘤活性研究

植物中精油的提取方式很多,然而传统的生姜精油提取工艺中存在很多不足,超临界流体是近些年发展起来的一种新型的精油提取工艺,与传统提取方式相比较,精油品质得到了明显的改善。基于此,该研究利用单因素试验和正交试验优化CO_(2)超临界法提取生姜精油工艺,研究结果表明,生姜精油的最佳提取工艺为提取温度40℃、提取压力25 MPa、CO_(2)流量1.5 L/min和提取时间35 min,此时生姜精油的提取率为4.58%;再通过GC-MS对CO_(2)超临界法提取的生姜精油挥发性成分进行分析,发现生姜精油中一共有29种挥发性成分,其中萜烯类化合物含量较高,姜烯含量最高(相对含量为37.623%);其次是α-姜黄烯,相对含量为10.314%。此外,该研究还对生姜精油抗肿瘤生物活性的研究现状进行了总结,目前的相关研究结果表明,生姜精油在抗肿瘤方面的应用前景非常广阔。

3种元宝枫籽调味油对阿尔兹海默症小鼠的作用效果

为进一步开发与应用新资源食品元宝枫籽油,本研究探讨了3种元宝枫籽调味油对阿尔兹海默症(AD)小鼠的作用效果。采用Aβ25-35建立AD模型小鼠,并随机分为元宝枫籽油(Y)、元宝枫大蒜调味油(YD)、元宝枫麻辣调味油(YM)、元宝枫生姜调味油(YS)实验组,对各组进行连续21 d相应油脂[0.0025 mL/(g·d)]的灌胃干预;Y组设为阳性对照组(因元宝枫籽油已被多项研究证明具有改善AD的效果),以侧脑室注射生理盐水、连续21 d灌胃元宝枫籽油[0.0025 mL/(g·d)]干预的小鼠为假手术对照组(S)。同时,采用Morris水迷宫进行各组小鼠的行为学实验,测定其脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、海马组织中过氧化物还原酶6(PRDX6)和谷胱甘肽过氧化酶1(GPX1)的mRNA相对表达量,观察海马区苏木精-伊红染色(HE)组织切片的形态特征并综合探讨各组油脂对AD的改善效果。与S组相比,Y组小鼠的学习记忆能力仅有略微下降;与Y组相比,YS组小鼠的学习记忆能力仅略有下降,YD、YM组小鼠的学习记忆能力显著下降(P<0.05);通过正向化和无量纲化处理,5组小鼠的抗氧化应激能力为S>Y>YS>YD>YM;在HE染色结果中,小鼠海马区的病变程度为S<Y<YS<YD<YM。元宝枫生姜调味油(YS)对抗AD有着积极的作用,可能是通过调控小鼠脑内的氧化应激通路实现的,具有重要的开发应用潜力。

模糊数学感官评价结合响应面法优化生姜油香薰配方

为进一步提高生姜油的综合利用价值,获得外观性状优良的生姜油香薰,以生姜油、卡拉胶、琼脂糖等为主要原料,香薰整体外观、硬度、颜色、气味为评价指标,在单因素实验基础上,采用模糊数学感官评价结合响应面法对生姜油香薰配方进行优化。结果表明,生姜油香薰最优配方为琼脂糖1.9 g,卡拉胶1.1 g,生姜精油2.8 mL,吐温-401.0 mL,3 g/100 mL KCl溶液5.0 mL,蒸馏水70 mL。此工艺条件下制得的生姜油香薰外观光滑,硬度适中,颜色均匀,具有特殊生姜气味,模糊数学感官评分85.73,与预测值接近,说明模糊数学感官评价结合响应面法应用于生姜油香薰工艺优化切实可行。

泡姜精油成分GC-MS分析

为研究泡姜精油的成分及含量,采用蒸馏法提取泡姜和生姜精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分别对泡姜和生姜精油成分进行分析比较。结果表明,检测出泡姜精油的主要挥发性成分45种,泡姜特有成分13种,相对含量较高的有桉油精、松油醇、β-人参烯、α-榄香烯等;泡姜与生姜精油共有成分32种,相对含量比较高的共有成分为:姜烯、β-甜没药烯、姜黄烯、γ-依兰油烯、柠檬醛、香叶醛。本研究确定了泡姜精油中的主要化合物组成,为评价泡姜口感及研究泡姜功能用途提供了理论依据。

生物菌肥对兴国九山村生姜种植增产、品质及对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

研究了生物菌肥对生姜的增产作用和土壤细菌群落的结构和多样性的影响。于4月份将生物菌肥作为底肥与传统施肥方式一样施入垄内姜种之间,11月采收生姜,称重,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取2种肥料培养的生姜挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定其化学成分获得离子流图。采集施用生物菌肥和施用传统肥料的九山生姜田土壤共10份样品,采用16S rDNA序列分析生姜土壤田土壤细菌群落结果和多样性。施用生物菌肥的生姜长势优于传统肥料,收获的生姜块大且色泽金黄,生姜增产37.2%,土壤细菌种类和丰度增加。在属水平上,与对照组相比,施用生物菌肥生姜土壤较传统肥组鞘脂单胞菌属Sphinogomonas、鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas、诺卡氏菌属Nocardioides差异较大。结论:生物菌肥显著增加了生姜的产量,影响了土壤细菌的丰度和组成分布,放线菌门和变形菌门是优势菌群。

自发乳化法制备生姜精油乳液及其特性研究

以生姜精油和玉米油为油相,通过自发乳化法制备生姜精油乳液.通过单因素实验和响应面法优化,生姜精油乳液最佳的制备工艺条件为:复配乳化剂添加量6.75%,生姜精油和玉米油的体积比1∶4.35,油水的体积比1∶8.33,单甘酯和吐温-20的质量比5∶4.在最佳制备工艺条件下,所制得的样品乳化稳定系数可以达到(35.48±0.69)%.对生姜精油乳液的理化性质进行研究,结果表明生姜精油和玉米油为油相乳液的稳定性高于其他组合乳液的稳定性.