Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of the Microwave Assisted Extraction of the Natural Polyphenols and Flavonoids from the Raw Solid Waste of the Orange Juice Industry

Orange pomace is the solid waste of the orange juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses.Orange pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which can substitute the potentially hazardous or less desirable chemical antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics industry.In this work,an eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of orange pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce aqueous bioactive antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts.A three factorial Response Surface Optimization methodology with centered Box&Behnken experimental design was used to obtain optimum values of total polyphenols and total flavonoids and build predictive models for their optimal extraction conditions.The three optimization factors in terms of applied process parameters were(a)water/solid ratio,(b)extraction temperature and(c)extraction time.The effectiveness and statistical soundness of the two corresponding models regarding optimal total polyphenols and flavonoids were verified by Analysis of Variance(ANOVA).

Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of the Microwave Assisted Extraction of the Solid Waste of the Pomegranate Juice Industry

Pomegranate pomace is the solid waste of the pomegranate juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits,which is processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses.Pomegranate pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which could substitute the potentially hazardous synthetic antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics sectors.In this work,eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of pomegranate pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce effectively novel natural antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts.A three-factorial response surface optimization methodology with centered Box&Behnken experimental design was used to obtain the predictive models and the maximum values of total polyphenols,total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity(TAC).The three optimization factors involved were:(a)water/solid ratio;(b)extraction temperature;(c)extraction time and the effectiveness and robustness of the three models were statistically verified by ANOVA.

Microwave-assisted Extraction of Rutin and Quercetin from Flos Sophorae

Three microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) procedures were studied. The first procedure was household microwave oven dynamic extraction(HMODE). The second procedure was special microwave oven bath extraction(SMOBE). The third procedure was microwave resonant cavity dynamic extraction(MRCDE). The results obtained by the three microwave-assisted extraction procedures were compared with those obtained by using traditional Soxhlet extraction. The results indicate that the MAE not only took a shorter time, but also simplified the procedure, and made the extraction a higher yield. At the same time the results obtained by the three MAE procedures were also compared with each other.

Extraction, Identification and Antioxidative Properties of the Flavonoid-Rich Fractions from Leaves and Flowers of Cassia <i>angustifolia</i>

Flavonoids identification, total flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of the extracts from the leaves as well as flowers of Cassia angustifolia were determined. Five different extraction techniques were used for the extraction of flavonoids from leaves and flowers. Total flavonoid contents (TFC) in the extracts were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Individual flavonoids were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ioniza- tion tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS). It has been examined that aqueous ethanol (70%) fractions of C. angustifolia flowers and leaves are highly rich in flavonoids and microwave extraction is the best method for the extraction of individual flavanoid constituents (1 - 9) as well as total flavonoid contents. It was also found that compound 8 was absent in the leaves and compounds 2 and 5 could not be identified. The extracts of C. angustifolia flowers and leaves show strong antioxidant activity.

Comparison of Differences in Total Flavonoids between Leaves and Whole Plants of Anoectochilus roxburghii

[Objectives] To compare the differences in the total flavonoids between leaves and whole plants of Anoectochilus roxburghii.[Methods] The total flavonoids in the tissue cultured leaves and whole plants of A.roxburghii were extracted by microwave-assisted extraction.The content of total flavonoids in the extracts was determined by UV spectrophotometry.[Results]The results of the content determination showed that there were significant differences in the flavonoid content between the leaves and the whole plants of A.roxburghii.[Conclusions]The content of total flavonoids in tissue cultured leaves was higher than that of whole plants.Thus,in the development and utilization of A.roxburghii,tissue cultured leaves can be used to take the place of the whole plants.

响应面优化设计铜陵生姜不同部位黄酮类成分提取及抑菌活性研究

目的优化铜陵生姜根、茎、叶不同部位黄酮提取工艺并比较抑菌活性。方法采用超声辅助提取的方法,在单因素试验基础上,以黄酮提取率为指标,通过Box-Behnken响应面试验,以料液比、超声时间、乙醇浓度为因素,优化生姜总黄酮提取工艺。结果生姜黄酮提取最佳工艺为料液比13∶1、超声时间42 min、乙醇浓度76%。生姜的不同部位所含黄酮量顺序为根>叶>茎,对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制效果为根>叶>茎。结论优化的提取工艺可用于生姜不同部位总黄酮的提取,抑菌试验结果对开展铜陵生姜的新用途具有参考价值。

微波辅助深共熔溶剂提取紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

目的:优化紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮的微波辅助深共熔溶剂提取方法,并探究其体外抗氧化活性。方法:以低共熔溶剂作为提取溶剂,采用微波辅助技术提取紫斑牡丹籽中的总黄酮。采用单因素实验以及响应面法进行提取工艺优化。从DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率进行总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性研究。结果:以氯化胆碱作为氢键受体,脲作为氢键供体的低共熔溶剂体系下,在摩尔比为1:3,含水量41.80%(V/V)的深共熔溶剂体系最优,料液比1:19 g/mL,微波功率为110 W,微波时间3.00 min,此时紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮得率为1.76 mg/g。当提取物总黄酮浓度在80μg/mL时,对DPPH·、羟基自由基的清除率分别为82.00%、42.10%。结论:采用微波辅助深共熔溶剂提取紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮,含量高,均具有抗氧化活性,且对DPPH自由基清除率超80%。

管萼山豆根总黄酮的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

以管萼山豆根的叶为原料,采用微波-超声波辅助低共熔溶剂(DES)提取总黄酮,筛选出较优的DES体系,在单因素试验的基础上,运用Plackett-Burman和响应面试验优化其提取工艺;并考察了最佳提取工艺下总黄酮对DPPH·、·ABTS^(+)和·OH的清除作用。研究结果表明:较优的DES溶剂体系为n(氯化胆碱)∶n(三乙二醇)=1∶3,总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为提取时间45 min、提取温度74℃、料液比1∶45(g∶mL)、微波功率300 W、DES含水量25%、超声波功率300 W,在该条件下叶中总黄酮得率为3.460%;分别采用乙酸乙酯、热乙酸乙酯(50±1)℃、大孔吸附树脂AB-8、NKA-9和D101分离总黄酮,其回收率分别为23.40%、28.09%、88.66%、71.55%和41.86%;AB-8大孔树脂分离所得总黄酮对DPPH·、·ABTS^(+)与·OH的半数抑制质量浓度(IC_(50))值分别为0.01705、0.01835和0.12330 g/L;总黄酮对DPPH·、·ABTS^(+)的清除率显著高于维生素C(V_(c)),而对·OH的清除率略低于V_(c)。进一步分析发现:优化条件下叶总黄酮得率(3.460%)高于茎(2.059%)和根(1.875%),高于单一微波提取(3.377%)和超声波提取(3.390%),低于加热回流提取(3.635%),但所需时间仅为加热回流提取的1/4。

微波辅助低共熔溶剂提取杜仲雄花黄酮工艺优化及抗疲劳作用研究

为研究杜仲雄花黄酮的提取工艺和抗疲劳作用,采用微波辅助低共熔溶剂(DES)法对杜仲雄花中的黄酮进行提取。在单因素试验结果的基础上,通过响应面试验对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率350 W,提取温度59℃,提取时间11 min,在此条件下,杜仲雄花黄酮得率平均值为3.09%,该方法的提取效果优于其他单一提取方法。抗疲劳实验结果表明,杜仲雄花黄酮能够延长小鼠的游泳时间,降低小鼠体内血乳酸(BLA)和血尿素氮(BUN)含量,增加肝糖原(HG)和肌糖原(MG)含量,表明杜仲雄花黄酮具有一定的抗疲劳作用。该研究为杜仲雄花黄酮的提取及产品开发提供了理论依据。

生姜黄酮提取纯化及结构的初步鉴定

探讨了生姜黄酮的提取工艺、纯化方法及其可能的结构。结果表明生姜黄酮提取用40倍原料的90%甲醇溶液,在60～65℃条件下提取4h为其优化组合,而其试验组合中以用40倍原料的75%甲醇溶液,在60～65℃条件下提取2h的提取效果最好,最大得率是1.250%。在甲醇提取的生姜黄酮中,主要成分是双氢黄酮。通过对其紫外斑点检测、紫外光谱分析、颜色反应,初步判断可能是A环无邻位二羟基、无游离5-羟基、7-羟基的双氢黄酮。

中药刺五加叶中有效成分的几种微波辅助提取方法研究

利用高压微波提取法、常压回流微波提取法、流动微波提取法和索氏提取法提取中药刺五加中黄酮和皂苷类化合物,考察各种提取方法提取效率随时间的变化。结果表明,高压微波提取法在压力为300kPa,完全提取的时间为10min; 常压回流微波提取法完全提取的时间为14min; 流动微波提取法完全提取的时间为10min; 索氏提取法需8h尚能完成。各种提取方法总黄酮的提取率分别为43. 7、48. 2、42. 7和34. 7mg/g;总皂苷的提取效率分别为60. 2、61. 5、59. 8和46. 5mg/g.。与索氏提取法比较,微波提取法提取黄酮和皂苷,提取时间大大缩短,且提取效率显著提高。

微波辅助提取多穗柯嫩叶黄酮工艺研究

该研究比较了微波辅助水提(MW)、微波辅助氢氧化钙溶液提取(MCW)、水提(W)、氢氧化钙溶液提取(CW)、乙醇回流(E)和甲醇回流(Me)等工艺提取多穗柯黄酮的效果,用正交设计筛选MCW工艺条件,并对材料预煮与微波处理时间的关系、氢氧化钙溶液浓度对提取效果的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,MCW提取效果明显优于W、CW、MW和E或Me;材料预煮和适当的氢氧化钙浓度可以明显提高MCW黄酮提取效果;研究得出的最佳工艺条件为:1.2%氢氧化钙水溶液,固液比1∶12,预煮时间5min,高档功率微波处理25min。此工艺提取率达到96%,提取物黄酮含量达到37%,是一种高效、无污染的提取多穗柯黄酮工艺。

刺五加中黄酮类化合物的微波辅助提取研究

利用微波辅助提取法 (MAE)提取刺五加中的黄酮类化合物 ,通过正交实验 ,考察了微波提取条件(包括溶剂、微波辐射时间、提取压力和料液比 )对刺五加中总黄酮提取率的影响 ,结果表明 :溶剂为 5 0 %乙醇 ,提取压力为 70 0kPa ,提取时间为 10min ,料液比为 1∶2 0时 ,提取率最佳。与索氏提取法相比较 ,提取率可提高 4 0 %。

超声微波双辅助提取柑橘皮总黄酮的研究

为研究柑橘皮总黄酮的超声微波双辅助提取效果,对柑橘皮先进行超声再进行微波提取。应用单因素和正交试验,研究乙醇体积分数、固液比、微波功率及作用时间等因素对柑橘皮总黄酮提取率的影响。结果表明:采用超声微波双辅助提取技术得到的黄酮提取率较单独采用超声或微波辅助提取率高。以70%乙醇为溶剂、固液比1:20(g/mL)、40℃超声处理30min、微波功率400W、微波时间3min得到的总黄酮提取率为3.11%,结果较为理想。

微波萃取沙棘黄酮的研究

以体积分数70%的乙醇为萃取液,用单因素分析与正交试验相结合的方法,研究了微波萃取沙棘叶黄酮。确定的优化条件为微波功率560W,萃取时间6min,料液比(g∶mL)1∶20。测定沙棘叶中黄酮类化合物的含量为3068mg/g。

微波法提取沙棘叶总黄酮的工艺研究

目的研究微波技术在沙棘叶总黄酮提取中的应用效果,并为产业化生产提供试验性指导。方法采用单因素试验和正交试验考察不同因素对微波技术提取沙棘叶总黄酮中的影响,优选提取工艺条件。结果微波技术提取沙棘叶总黄酮的最佳条件为提取10 m in,微波提取功率400 W,乙醇体积分数为75%,料液比1∶25。结论微波提取技术应用于沙棘叶总黄酮的提取,具有省时、高效、节能等优点。

芝麻叶中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺研究

该文测定了芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量,并对芝麻叶黄酮的提取工艺进行了研究。重点探讨了采用乙醇提取法和微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法提取芝麻叶黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明:芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量为0.98%;乙醇提取法的最适工艺参数是浸提剂乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为2.5h,如此条件可使黄酮提取率达95.6%;微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法的最适工艺参数是微波功率200W、微波处理时间70s,乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为30min,这种工艺可使黄酮提取率达95.8%。

生姜皮总黄酮的提取工艺研究

以生姜加工的废弃物生姜皮为原料,提取生姜皮中总黄酮。采用乙醇浸提法,以总黄酮得率为提取指标,通过单因素实验和正交试验研究生姜皮总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。结果表明:生姜皮中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度75%、、浸提时间5.5h、浸提温度60℃、料液比1:45,此条件下总黄酮得率0.61%。

银叶树树叶中总黄酮提取工艺优化

目的:优化工艺条件,从红树林植物银叶树Heritiera littoralis Dryand.树叶中提取具有抗氧化、抗癌等活性的黄酮类化合物。方法:将微波浸提法和超声波浸提法进行比较,紫外可见分光光度法在510 nm处对提取液中黄酮含量进行测定,考察提取时间、提取功率、溶剂浓度、料液比四个单因素对黄酮提取率的影响。根据L9(34)正交试验对黄酮的提取条件进行优化。结果:确定溶剂提取黄酮的工艺参数为:采取微波法提取,处理时间为8 min,微波提取功率400 W,乙醇浓度70%,料液比(g∶mL)1∶30,该条件下黄酮提取率达6.15%。结论:利用银叶树提取黄酮具有开发利用价值,为红树林植物药用成分的进一步开发研究奠定基础。

微波辅助提取葡萄皮渣总黄酮及其抗氧化性研究

研究葡萄皮渣总黄酮的微波辅助提取工艺及体外抗氧化活性。在单因素试验基础上,通过L_9(3~4)正交试验考察微波辅助法各因素对葡萄皮渣总黄酮提取率的影响。优化后工艺为:乙醇浓度60%(体积分数)、料液比1∶25(g/m L)、微波时间120 s、微波功率440 W,提取2次。在此条件下,总黄酮提取率为38.64 mg/g。体外抗氧化试验中,葡萄皮渣总黄酮提取物表现出明显的抗氧化能力,对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基具有较好的清除能力。