The Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Dropping Pill Combined with Butylphthalide Capsule on Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients after Acute Ischemic Stroke and Its Impact on Serum Cytokines

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills combined with butylphthalide capsules on cognitive dysfunction in patients after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and its impact on serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy. Methods: This study selected 76 patients with cognitive dysfunction after ischemic stroke who were hospitalized at Zhuji People’s Hospital from January 2023 to January 2024. The patients were divided into two groups. The control group was treated with butylphthalide capsules, while the combination group received Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills in addition to the treatment given to the control group. The neurological function, cognitive function, activities of daily living, and levels of serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy were compared between the two groups after 1 month and 3 months of treatment. Results: The NIHSS scores, MMSE scores, ADL scores, and levels of CRP, IL-6, and Hcy in both groups showed statistically significant differences compared to before treatment (P Conclusion: The combination of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills and butylphthalide capsules has a better therapeutic effect on cognitive dysfunction in patients after ischemic stroke. It can improve the neurological function and cognitive function of patients, enhance their ability to perform daily activities, and reduce inflammatory responses.

Protective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract on Learning and Memory Deficit Induced by Aluminum in Model Rats

Objective： To examine the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract （GbE） on learning and memory deficit induced by aluminum chloride （AlCl3）, and explore its mechanisms. Methods： The rat models with learning and memory deficit were induced by administering via gastrogavage and drinking of AlCl3 solution. And the model rats were treated with GbE at the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg every day for 2 months accompanied with drinking of AlCl3 solution, respectively. Their abilities of spatial learning and memory were tested by Morris water maze, and the acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity in serum was assayed with chemical method, the AChE expression in hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemistry assay, and then quantitative analysis was done by BI 2000 image analysis system. Results： Learning and memory deficit of rats could be induced by AlCl3 solution （P〈0.01）, and AChE expressions in rats hippocampus were increased （P〈0.01）; GbE ameliorated learning and memory deficit and reduced AChE expression in rats hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner, while GbE significantly increased serum AChE activity at the dose of 200 mg/kg each day （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： GbE can ameliorate learning and memory deficit induced by AlCl3, which may be due to its inhibition of the AChE expression in hippocampus.

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase, Bcl-2, and Bax expression in rat models of spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND：Ginkgo biloba leaf extract exhibits neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury. However, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVE： To investigate inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） and Bcl-2/Bax expression in the injured spinal cord, and to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of ginkgo biloba leaf extract in rats with spinal cord injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized, controlled, cell molecular biology experiment was performed at Soochow University, China from March 2007 to March 2008. MATERIALS： A total of 120 healthy, adult Sprague Dawley rats were selected for this study. Rat models of moderate acute thoracic （T9） spinal cord injury were established using the modified Allen method. Shuxuening injection was obtained from Zhenbaodao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China. Methylprednisolone was purchased from North China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. METHODS： All rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups. Only the spinal cord was exposed in the sham operation group rats. In the trauma group, rats were not treated with drugs following spinal cord injury. Rats in the hormone group were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone following spinal cord injury. Rats in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group were intraperitoneally infused with a 1.0 mL/kg Shuxuening injection per day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 1 hour, as well as 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after spinal cord injury, iNOS- and Bcl-2/Bax-positive cells were quantified with immunohistochemistry. Pathological changes were detected using hematoxylineosin staining under an optical microscope. RESULTS： Spinal cord injury in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups was milder compared with the trauma group. Demyelination was significantly ameliorated and the necrotic cavity was obviously reduced in the injured spinal cord of rats in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups at each time point. iNOS expression was increased in the injured spinal cord, and reached a peak at 5 days. The number of iNOS-positive cells was lower in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups compared with the trauma group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The number of iNOS-positive cells was lower in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group compared with the hormone group at 7 and 14 days after spinal cord injury （P 〈 0.05）. Bcl-2 expression reached a peak at 3 days, and Bax expression reached a peak at 5 days following rat spinal cord injury. Bcl-2 expression was increased, but Bax expression was decreased in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups compared with the trauma group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. Bcl-2 expression was greater, but Bax expression was reduced in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group compared with the hormone group at 7 and 14 days after spinal cord injury （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Ginkgo biloba leaf extract exhibits neuroprotective effects by upregulating Bcl-2 expression, downregulating Bax expression, and significantly inhibiting high expressions of iNOS in the injured spinal cord. The neuroprotective effects of ginkgo biloba leaf extract are greater compared with methylprednisolone at 1 week after spinal cord injury.

Antibacterial mechanism of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract when applied to Shewanella putrefaciens and Saprophytic staphylococcus

The antimicrobial mechanism of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts(GBLE)when applied to predominant spoilage bacteria(Shewanella putrefaciens and Saprophytic staphylococcus)on refrigerated pomfret and minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were measured by the plate counting method.GBLE at MIC and 2MIC were prepared in tryptic soy broth(TSB)medium and equivalent amounts of sterile distilled water were used in place of GBLE as a control group.The impact of GBLE on the growth of bacteria,the permeability of cell membrane,and cell wall were also investigated by growth curve of bacteria,alkaline phosphates activity(AKP),and electrical conductivity.A scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to study the effects of GBLE on the cellular structure of S.putrefaciens and S.staphylococcus.The results showed that the MICs of GBLE when applied to S.putrefaciens and S.staphylococcus were 100 mg/mL,the inhibitory rates of MIC and 2MIC concentrations of GBLE when applied to S.putrefaciens were 36.11%and 100%,while 27.78%and 62.22%for S.staphylococcus.Meanwhile,GBLE inhibited the growth of S.putrefaciens and S.staphylococcus until the number of cells at 2MIC values decreased to 0 and 4.29 log CFU/mL,respectively,after 24 h.The electrical conductivity of bacteria increased with GBLE treatment,which was followed by an increased leakage of AKP.The SEM revealed that the structure of bacterial cells was destroyed and the bacteria began to be adhere to each other.The inhibition effect of GBLE when applied to S.putrefaciens and S.staphylococcus was related to the damage of cell membrane and cell wall.It was also revealed that GBLE damages the morphology of bacteria and had stronger effects on the cell membrane of S.putrefaciens than that of S.staphylococcus.

Sensory and chemical assessment of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) treated with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract treatment during storage in ice

This study investigated the physical(L*,a*,b*,texture profile analyses,pH),chemical(TVB-N,K value and TBA),microbiological,amino acid content,and flavor effects that Gingko biloba leaf extract(GBLE)had on silver pomfret(Pampus argenteus)stored at 4±1
C in ice for 18 days.Fresh pomfret samples were obtained directly from the local fish market and transported to the laboratory with ice immediately.After being gutted,washed,filleted and trimmed in a water-ice mixture,samples were treated with different concentrations of GBLE(0.0 mg/mL,2.5 mg/mL,5.0 mg/mL,10.0 mg/mL)and packaged in Polyethylene bag,then stored in a refrigerator at 4±1
C with ice.The results show that the shelf-life of untreated(0.0 mg/mL)pomfret samples was 8e9 days compared to 14e15 days for the GBLE1(2.5 mg/mL)treated group.The assessment results showed that different concentrations of GBLE had variable effects on preserving the texture parameters of acceptability limit,inhibit lipid oxidation,protein degradation,and microorganism growth.2.5 mg/mL of GBLE was the best for the preservation of pomfret during storage in ice.Therefore,there is potential use for GBLE as a preservative to extend the shelf-life of pomfret during chilled storage in ice.

Effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on cerebral cortex amino acid levels in cerebral ischemia model rats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on amino acid levels in the cerebral cortex of cerebral ischemia model rats induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).METHODS: A rat model of cerebral ischemia was established by MCAO. Male rats were divided into a negative control group(Control), a sham-operated group(Sham), an ischemic group(MCAO), and an ischemic group treated with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract(MCAO_D). All groups were divided into two subgroups with occlusion times of 12 and 24 h, respectively. The levels of 18 endogenous amino acids in the cerebral cortex were quantified by triple quadrupole-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.RESULTS: Compared with the MCAO group, behavioral performance, neurological deficit score, and cerebral infarct volume were significantly improved in the MCAO_D group(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the sham group, the levels of 17 amino acids in the cerebral cortex were markedly changed in the MCAO group. The levels of Alanine(Ala), Isoleucine(Ile), Glutamic acid(Glu), Serine(Ser), Valine(Val), Phenylalanine(Phe), Proline(Pro),Threonine(Thr), Lysine(Lys), Tyrosine(Tyr), Hydroxyproline(Hyp), Arginine(Arg), Leucine(Leu),Tryptophan(Trp), and Glycine(Gly) were increased(P < 0.001, P < 0.05), while levels of Gln and Tau were decreased(P < 0.001, P < 0.05). Compared with the MCAO group, Ginkgo biloba extract treatment in the MCAO_D group significantly down-regulated the levels of 11 amino acids, especially those of Arg, Thr, and Ser in 12 or 24 h.CONCLUSION: Injection of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has a therapeutic effect on model rats with MCAO-induced cerebral ischemia by acting on amino acids in the cerebral cortex. This effect might be associated with the regulation of amino acid metabolism in the cerebral cortex.

银杏叶总黄酮绿色提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

采用单因素实验考察了低共熔溶剂种类、液料比、提取温度、n(氯化胆碱)∶n(尿素)、低共熔溶剂含水量、提取时间对银杏叶总黄酮提取率的影响,通过响应面法进一步优化了银杏叶总黄酮的提取工艺,并通过测定银杏叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、·OH、·O_(2)^(-)的清除能力,金属离子螯合能力及总还原能力综合评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优提取工艺为:液料比30∶1(mL∶g)、提取温度57℃、n(氯化胆碱)∶n(尿素)为1∶1.6、低共熔溶剂含水量40%、提取时间60 min,在此条件下,银杏叶总黄酮提取率为1.062%,且其抗氧化活性显著优于传统乙醇提取工艺。

银杏叶提取物促进大鼠激素性股骨头坏死中H亚型微血管形成的实验研究

目的观察银杏叶提取物在大鼠激素性股骨头坏死(SONFH)模型中对H亚型微血管的影响。方法采用脂多糖联合甲泼尼龙法复制SONFH模型。将50只大鼠分为空白组、模型组,以及银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组,每组10只。银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组分别予0.88、0.43、0.21 mL/kg银杏叶提取物溶液尾静脉注射,空白组和模型组分别予等量生理盐水尾静脉注射。4周时Micro-CT断层扫描和HE染色观察股骨头外形、骨小梁结构及囊性变情况;治疗8周后,采用HE染色观察检测股骨头软骨表面光滑度和骨小梁密度,免疫荧光染色观察检测股骨头血小板-内皮细胞黏附分子(CD31)和内皮黏蛋白(Emcn)表达。结果4周后Micro-CT断层扫描可见大鼠股骨头变形,骨小梁稀疏;HE染色结果可见骨小梁稀疏、断裂、股骨头坏死,Micro-CT断层扫描与HE染色结果一致,表明大鼠SONFH模型复制成功。8周后HE染色结果显示,与空白组相比,银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组及模型组均有不同程度股骨头坏死,但银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组与模型组比较,骨小梁相对密集,股骨头坏死减少。各组大鼠CD31及Emcn阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),模型组CD31和Emcn阳性率较空白组及银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组均降低(P<0.05),银杏叶提取物高剂量组CD31阳性率与空白组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但Emcn阳性率高于空白组(P<0.05),银杏叶提取物高剂量组CD31和Emcn阳性率与中、低剂量组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但中剂量与低剂量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论银杏叶提取物可促进大鼠SONFH模型中H亚型微血管形成,改善股骨头周围血循,促进血管成骨耦合,延缓疾病进程。

银杏叶提取物对糖尿病肾病患儿TGF-β1、HGF水平的影响

目的探究银杏叶提取物用于糖尿病肾病患儿对其转化生长因子TGF-β1、肝细胞生长因子HGF水平的影响。方法回顾性选取2020年1月至2023年2月期间于石家庄市第六医院接受治疗的糖尿病肾损伤患儿资料188份,分为常规组(82例,常规西医治疗)和研究组(106例,银杏叶提取物+常规治疗),比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后肾功能相关指标、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)水平差异及不良反应发生情况。结果研究组治疗总有效率92.45%,高于常规组81.71%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.972,P<0.05);治疗后两组血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、24h尿蛋白定量(24hUP)等肾功能指标及血清TGF-β1水平与治疗前比较均降低,而血清HGF水平则升高,且研究组上述指标变化幅度均大于常规组,差异有统计学意义(t=6.024、7.317、11.651、5.486、8.863、10.345,P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论银杏叶提取物有利于糖尿病肾病患儿治疗,可通过调节患者TGF-β1、HGF水平显著改善患者肾功能,提高临床疗效。

丁苯酞联合银杏叶注射液治疗对ACI患者神经功能、血流流变学及炎症反应的改善效果

目的分析丁苯酞联合银杏叶注射液治疗对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者神经功能、血流流变学及炎症反应的改善效果。方法选择2021年4月至2023年4月武陟县中医院收治的110例ACI患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各55例,两组均治疗14 d。比较治疗前、治疗14 d后两组患者神经功能、神经损伤、血流流变学及炎症因子水平相关指标;统计并比较两组的不良反应发生情况。结果治疗14 d后,两组美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分低于治疗前,观察组NIHSS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗14 d后,两组神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平低于治疗前,脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、神经生长因子(NGF)水平高于治疗前,观察组NSE水平低于对照组,NGF、BDNF水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗14 d后,观察组全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度低于治疗前,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗14 d后,两组C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)低于治疗前,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率(10.91%)低于对照组(14.55%),但两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论丁苯酞联合银杏叶注射液治疗可以有效促进ACI患者的神经功能恢复,减轻炎症反应和神经损伤,改善患者血流流变学,且不会显著增加不良反应发生率风险。

丁苯酞联合银杏叶注射液对缺血性脑卒中认知障碍患者认知、神经功能及日常生活能力的影响

目的分析使用丁苯酞联合银杏叶注射液,对缺血性脑卒中认知障碍患者认知功能、神经功能和日常生活能力的影响。方法将上海市宝山区月浦镇盛桥社区卫生服务中心2022年1月—2023年3月收治的70例缺血性脑卒中伴有认知障碍患者作为本次研究的对象,按照随机数字表法分为两组,每组35例。对照组使用丁苯酞治疗,试验组使用丁苯酞联合银杏叶注射液治疗,对比两组治疗效果。结果试验组NIHSS评分各维度均低于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后1周、2周,试验组患者认知能力优于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,试验组Fugl-Meye评分、Barthel指数均高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对缺血性脑卒中伴认知障碍患者使用丁苯酞联合银杏叶注射液可以提升患者的认知功能、神经功能和日常生活能力,值得研究推广。

银杏叶提取物对吡拉西坦在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响

目的:探讨银杏叶提取物单次给药和多次给药对吡拉西坦在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响。方法:选用雄性SD大鼠18只,随机分为空白对照组(n=6)、银杏叶提取物单次干预组(n=6)和银杏叶提取物多次干预组(n=6),银杏叶提取物灌胃后,给予吡拉西坦尾静脉注射50 mg·kg^(-1),后采集血样测定大鼠血浆中吡拉西坦的浓度。采用DAS计算各组药代动力学参数,并进行统计学分析。结果:与空白对照组相比,多次给予银杏叶提取物后,吡拉西坦的AUC减少了60%,MRT降低了50%,T_(1/2z)减少了47%,Cl升高了154%(P<0.05)。结论:银杏叶提取物多次干预会使吡拉西坦在大鼠体内的血浆暴露显著减少,并显著加快药物在体内的消除速率。临床上吡拉西坦与银杏叶提取物合用时,需考虑药物之间的相互作用。

超声波辅助醇提法提取银杏叶中多种活性成分

采用超声波辅助醇提法综合提取银杏叶中多种活性成分,通过溶剂萃取法脱脂、去叶绿素,经DM130大孔树脂吸附脱附后,再对银杏多糖、银杏莽草酸、银杏黄酮分阶段逐一分离纯化,并对工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,在75%乙醇为提取溶剂、超声时间为2.0 h、石油醚为脱脂溶剂的最佳条件下,分别采用0.2%H 2O 2脱色法、石油醚沉淀法、酸碱除杂法对银杏多糖、银杏莽草酸、银杏黄酮进行分离纯化,得到高纯度银杏多糖、银杏莽草酸、银杏黄酮,其纯度分别为85.20%、98.25%、35.72%,产率分别为4.67%、3.80%、0.77%。该方法工艺简单、成本低、资源利用度高,为银杏叶的综合开发利用提供了参考。

银杏叶中活性物质提取方法的研究进展

银杏叶是银杏纲银杏目下的一种落叶乔木的叶子,银杏叶含有多种生物活性物质,对治疗冠心病、心绞痛和高脂血症有明显的作用。银杏叶提取物活性成分有很多,主要包含黄酮类化合物、β-羟色胺类内酯以及苷类。作者综述了银杏叶中不同物质的提取方法,包括超声波辅助酶法、微波辅助提取法、超临界CO_(2)萃取法以及溶剂热法提取法等;总结归纳了不同提取物质的作用,包括抗氧化、抗病毒、抗炎以及抗肿瘤等;总结银杏叶活性物质提取方法的优点,展望了银杏叶活性物质的应用前景。

银杏叶渣中多糖和黄酮的综合提取及其抗氧化活性研究

以银杏叶渣为原料,分别采用水提醇沉法和复合酶辅助醇水溶剂提取法获取银杏叶渣多糖和总黄酮;通过DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟自由基清除试验考查其体外抗氧化活性。结果显示,银杏叶渣与纯水1∶9,85℃提取3 h,其粗多糖得率为17.90%,多糖提取率达3.03%。提取多糖后的银杏叶渣,添加β-葡萄糖甘酶、纤维素酶与果胶酶(1∶1∶2)复合酶,添加量为8.0%,pH值为5,50℃酶解2.5 h,之后在80%乙醇、料液比1∶8、80℃条件下提取4 h,银杏叶渣总黄酮提取率0.59‰,3种游离苷元(槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素)提取率0.93‰,与仅用80%乙醇提取的银杏叶渣总黄酮相比,其总黄酮提取率增加126.9%,游离苷元提取率增长102.2%。3.0 mg/mL多糖对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟自由基清除率分别为67.59%、52.56%、56.47%;复合酶辅助醇水溶剂提取法提取的银杏叶渣总黄酮对3种自由基IC_(50)值分别为0.63、1.08、0.35 mg/mL,与溶剂提取法所得银杏叶渣总黄酮IC50相比普遍降低。以上结果表明,银杏叶渣中多糖、总黄酮均具有较优抗氧化活性,复合酶辅助醇水溶剂提取法能够提高银杏叶渣总黄酮中游离苷元含量,且其抗氧化活性也得以提高。

银杏叶产量性状和莽草酸途径主要代谢物含量株间变异及叶用单株选择

[目的]研究莽草酸途径中银杏叶主要代谢物含量及叶产量性状的株间差异,并筛选叶用和特异单株,为银杏莽草酸途径主要代谢物代谢研究和定向培育提供材料。[方法]以55个银杏单株为材料,分析了银杏叶产量性状(单叶面积、单叶干质量、比叶干质量、单位枝长叶干质量)及莽草酸途径主要代谢物(莽草酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、总黄酮)含量的株间差异及相关性,基于叶产量性状、主要代谢物含量及主成分分析综合评价多层次筛选出特异单株。[结果]1)银杏叶产量性状和莽草酸途径主要代谢物含量的9个指标在株间均呈显著或极显著差异,且变异系数均超过10%。2)单叶面积与莽草酸含量呈显著负相关;比叶干质量分别与莽草酸含量、色氨酸含量呈极显著正相关,与酪氨酸含量呈显著正相关;单位枝长叶干质量分别与酪氨酸含量、总黄酮含量呈显著正相关。3)基于主成分综合得分,筛选出的排名前五的单株(23#、24#、20#、29#、34#)的单叶面积、单叶干质量、比叶干质量、单位枝长叶干质量、莽草酸含量、色氨酸含量、酪氨酸含量、苯丙氨酸含量、总黄酮含量的均值比排名后五位的单株(49#、1#、2#、43#、51#)的均值分别提高了41.93%、99.39%、40.47%、53.87%、19.40%、44.87%、49.75%、27.79%、13.26%;基于叶产量性状筛选出高叶产量单株7个(20#、21#、23#、24#、32#、34#、36#),低叶产量单株11个(1#、2#、9#、13#、17#、22#、25#、35#、37#、51#、56#);基于莽草酸途径主要代谢物含量筛选出主要代谢物含量高的单株4个(24#、27#、28#、35#),主要代谢物含量低的单株8个(1#、2#、3#、10#、16#、42#、53#、56#)。[结论]参试银杏单株的叶产量性状、莽草酸途径主要代谢物含量在株间存在丰富遗传差异,筛选潜力大;基于叶产量性状、主要代谢物含量和主成分分析综合评价多层次筛选出特异单株,为定向培育特异用途的专类园及莽草酸途径主要代谢物代谢研究提供了材料。

芽变黄叶银杏光合和叶绿素荧光特性

为探究芽变黄叶银杏与普通银杏的光合生理特性,以芽变黄叶银杏母株在3个发育时期的黄叶和绿叶为材料,研究叶中色素含量、叶片结构、光合和叶绿素荧光特性的差异性及动态变化。结果显示:(1)3个时期芽变黄叶银杏叶中,叶绿素a、b和叶绿素含量均显著低于绿叶;4月黄叶类胡萝卜素(Car)含量与绿叶差异不显著,而5月和8月的Car含量极显著高于绿叶;3个时期黄叶的Chla/b、Car/Chl极显著高于绿叶,黄化银杏呈现黄色的主要原因是由于叶绿素含量及其所占比例显著降低,与类胡萝卜素含量关系不大。(2)随着叶片发育,黄叶中Chla、Chlb、Chl含量升高,Chla/b、Car/Chl降低,叶绿体结构逐渐完善,出现返绿现象。(3)4月黄叶叶绿体结构的发育滞后、8月过早解体分别导致相应时期光合能力较弱,而5月叶绿体结构的完善导致其较强的光合能力。(4)黄叶的Fo、Fo′、Fm、Fm′、Fs和ETR较低,表明其捕光能力较弱,电子传递速率较低;4月具有较高的热耗散水平和较高的原初光能转换效率。研究结果表明,芽变黄叶银杏叶极低的叶绿素含量及其占比和叶绿体发育异常是其黄化呈色的物质和结构基础,同时降低了光合能力、光能吸收与捕获能力以及电子传递速率,提高了热耗散水平和原初光能转换效率。

银杏叶提取物预处理联合肢体远隔缺血后处理对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠氧化应激反应及心肌组织中热休克蛋白70表达的影响

目的探讨银杏叶提取物(EGB)预处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理(RIP)对缺血再灌注(IR)大鼠氧化应激反应及心肌组织中热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的影响。方法将60只雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组、IR组、EGB预处理组、RIP组和联合处理组,每组12只。假手术组大鼠用丝线穿过冠状动脉左前降支但不结扎;其余各组大鼠结扎冠状动脉左前降支制备IR损伤模型。EGB预处理组大鼠造模前30 min腹腔注射EGB 50 mg·kg^(-1);RIP组大鼠在左前降支结扎15 min时实施RIP,不给予药物治疗;联合处理组大鼠造模前30 min腹腔注射EGB 50 mg·kg^(-1),造模前15 min实施RIP;IR组大鼠造模前30 min腹腔注射与EGB等体积的生理盐水。假手术组大鼠关闭胸腔3 h后经右颈内静脉采血4 mL,其余各组大鼠在恢复血流再灌注后3、12、24、48 h经右颈内静脉采血4 mL,采用比色法检测各组大鼠血清中丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。采血后处死大鼠,采用免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70的相对表达量。结果再灌注3 h时,IR组、EGB预处理组、联合处理组与假手术组大鼠血清中MDA水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),RIP组大鼠血清中MDA水平显著高于假手术组(P<0.05);其余各时间点,IR组、EGB预处理组、RIP组和联合处理组大鼠血清中MDA水平显著高于假手术组(P<0.05)。IR组、EGB预处理组、RIP组、联合处理组大鼠各时间点血清中SOD水平均显著高于假手术组(P<0.05)。再灌注3 h时,EGB预处理组、RIP组大鼠血清中MDA、SOD水平与IR组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);联合处理组大鼠血清中MDA水平显著低于IR组,SOD水平显著高于IR组(P<0.05)。再灌注24 h时,联合处理组大鼠血清中MDA水平显著低于EGB预处理组(P<0.05);其余各时间点,联合处理组与EGB预处理组大鼠血清中MDA水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。再灌注48 h时,联合处理组大鼠血清中SOD水平显著高于EGB预处理组(P<0.05);其余各时间点,联合处理组与EGB预处理组大鼠血清中SOD水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。联合处理组大鼠各时间点血清中MDA水平均显著低于RIP组(P<0.05)。再灌注3、12、24 h时,联合处理组大鼠血清中SOD水平显著高于RIP组(P<0.05);再灌注48 h时,联合处理组与RIP组大鼠血清中SOD水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EGB预处理组、RIP组、联合处理组大鼠各时间点心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量显著高于假手术组(P<0.05);再灌注3 h,IR组与假手术组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);再灌注12、24、48 h时,IR组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量显著高于假手术组(P<0.05)。再灌注3 h时,EGB预处理组和联合处理组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量显著高于IR组(P<0.05);RIP组与IR组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。再灌注12 h时,RIP组和联合处理组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量显著高于IR组(P<0.05);EGB预处理组与IR组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。再灌注24、48 h时,EGB预处理组、RIP组和联合处理组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量显著高于IR组(P<0.05)。再灌注3 h时,RIP组、联合处理组与EGB预处理组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70表达量比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);联合处理组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量显著高于RIP组(P<0.05)。再灌注12、24、48 h时,RIP组与EGB预处理组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);联合处理组大鼠心肌组织中HSP70相对表达量显著高于EGB预处理组和RIP组(P<0.05)。结论EGB预处理联合RIP可减轻IR大鼠心肌的氧化应激反应,提高心肌组织中HSP70表达量,二者联合的效果优于单独应用。

银杏叶提取物处理对采后南丰蜜橘果实保鲜效果和品质的影响

为延长南丰蜜橘的保鲜期,研究了不同质量浓度的银杏叶提取物(GLE)对采后南丰蜜橘果实保鲜效果和品质的影响。结果表明,GLE处理可显著提升保鲜效果,延缓果实衰老,维持果实的品质。15 g/L GLE处理可显著降低果实的腐烂率和失重率;5 g/L GLE处理可显著提高果实的亮度,阻止果皮黄化;5 g/L、10 g/L和15 g/L GLE处理可显著延缓可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量和可滴定酸含量的下降,但更高质量浓度的GLE处理对果实的保鲜效果和品质无明显提升,因此15 g/L为南丰蜜橘果实保鲜的最适GLE质量浓度。对果实呼吸作用和意大利青霉病原菌良好的抑制作用,优良的抗氧化功能,以及对果实抗氧化酶活性的诱导提高,是GLE延缓南丰蜜橘果实衰老和维持品质的主要原因。本研究为南丰蜜橘的贮藏保鲜提供了新技术及理论依据,具有重要的应用价值和理论意义。