The Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Dropping Pill Combined with Butylphthalide Capsule on Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients after Acute Ischemic Stroke and Its Impact on Serum Cytokines

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills combined with butylphthalide capsules on cognitive dysfunction in patients after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and its impact on serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy. Methods: This study selected 76 patients with cognitive dysfunction after ischemic stroke who were hospitalized at Zhuji People’s Hospital from January 2023 to January 2024. The patients were divided into two groups. The control group was treated with butylphthalide capsules, while the combination group received Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills in addition to the treatment given to the control group. The neurological function, cognitive function, activities of daily living, and levels of serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy were compared between the two groups after 1 month and 3 months of treatment. Results: The NIHSS scores, MMSE scores, ADL scores, and levels of CRP, IL-6, and Hcy in both groups showed statistically significant differences compared to before treatment (P Conclusion: The combination of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills and butylphthalide capsules has a better therapeutic effect on cognitive dysfunction in patients after ischemic stroke. It can improve the neurological function and cognitive function of patients, enhance their ability to perform daily activities, and reduce inflammatory responses.

Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens via reshaping gut microbiota

Background Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and alleviation of metabolic disorders,including obesity,diabetes and fatty liver disease.However,the role of GBE in alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome(FLHS)in laying hens and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.Here,we investigated the effects of GBE on relieving FLHS with an emphasis on the modulatory role of GBE in chicken gut microbiota.Results The results showed that GBE treatment ameliorated biochemical blood indicators in high-fat diet(HFD)-induced FLHS laying hen model by decreasing the levels of TG,TC,ALT and ALP.The lipid accumulation and pathological score of liver were also relieved after GBE treatment.Moreover,GBE treatment enhanced the antioxidant activity of liver and serum by increasing GSH,SOD,T-AOC,GSH-PX and reducing MDA,and downregulated the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis(FAS,LXRα,GPAT1,PPARγand Ch REBP1)and inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,TLR4 and NF-κB)in the liver.Microbial profiling analysis revealed that GBE treatment reshaped the HFD-perturbed gut microbiota,particularly elevated the abundance of Megasphaera in the cecum.Meanwhile,targeted metabolomic analysis of SCFAs revealed that GBE treatment significantly promoted the production of total SCFAs,acetate and propionate,which were positively correlated with the GBE-enriched gut microbiota.Finally,we confirmed that the GBE-altered gut microbiota was sufficient to alleviate FLHS by fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT).Conclusions We provided evidence that GBE alleviated FLHS in HFD-induced laying hens through reshaping the composition of gut microbiota.Our findings shed light on mechanism underlying the anti-FLHS efficacy of GBE and lay foundations for future use of GBE as additive to prevent and control FLHS in laying hen industry.

Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761) attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats:Roles of oxidative stress and nitric oxide

AIM： To investigate the effect of ginkgo biloba extract （EGb 761） on lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion （ Ⅱ/R）. METHODS： The rat model of Ⅱ/R injury was produced by damping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 180 min. The rats were randomly allocated into sham, Ⅱ/R, and EGb ＋Ⅱ/R groups. In EGb ＋Ⅱ/R group, EGb 761 （100 mg/kg per day） was given via a gastric tube for 7 consecutive days prior to surgery. Rats in Ⅱ/R and sham groups were treated with equal volumes of the vehicle of EGb 761. Lung injury was assessed by light microscopy, wet-todry lung weight ratio （W/D） and pulmonary permeability index （PPT）. The levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） and nitrite/nitrate （NO2/NO3）, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and myeloperoxidase （MPO） were examined. Western blot was used to determine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）. RESULTS： EGb 761 markedly improved mean arterial pressure and attenuated lung injury, manifested by the improvement of histological changes and significant decreases of pulmonary W/D and PPT （P 〈 0.05 or 0.01）.Moreover, EGb 761 markedly increased SOD activity, reduced MDA levels and MPO activity, and suppressed NO generation accompanied by down-regulation of iNOS expression （P 〈 0.05 or 0.01）. CONCLUSION： The results indicate that EGb 761 has a protective effect on lung injury induced by Ⅱ /R, which may be related to its antioxidant property and suppressions of neutrophil accumulation and iNOS- induced NO generation. EGb 761 seems to be an effective therapeutic agent for critically ill patients with respiratory failure related to Ⅱ/R.

Repair and regeneration properties of Ginkgo biloba after ischemic brain injury

The irretrievable fate of neurons rhetoric for the first half of this dominated the neuroscience century, a position that was fiercely contested and recently debunked by extensive studies carried out in the field of neuroregeneration research. The turning point came in the year 1928, when Ramon Y. Cajal＇s （Lobato, 2008） work suggested that the regenerative capacity of neurons, though limited, could exist beyond their physical be- ing and depended on the environment surrounding them. That the manipulation of the restrictive environment surrounding the neuron could aid the regenerative process was conclusively established by Aguayo and colleagues （Richardson et al., 1980）. Since then, various strategies have been employed to target the different phases of regeneration which include： cell-replacement and augmenting endogenous neurogenesis, the use of trophic factors, reversal of the inhibitory cues, and induction of signal- ing pathways that stimulate axon growth and guidance （Horner and Gage. 2000）.

Effects of a Cocktail Supplement of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract on Cognitive Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment. Current treatments often involve synthetic drugs with significant side effects and potential for dependency. This study investigates the effects of a natural supplement combination of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract on cognitive symptoms in a 77-year-old male with PD. The participant underwent a three-month supplementation regimen, with cognitive function assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test before and after the intervention. The results indicated an improvement in cognitive scores, suggesting that the combination of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract may offer a promising alternative or adjunct to conventional PD treatments. This study highlights the potential of natural supplements in managing PD symptoms and calls for further research with larger sample sizes to confirm these findings. Human data was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki by the Roxbury District IRB Board (IRB Number: IRB00011767).

Mechanism of Ginkgo biloba L.leaf in the treatment of ischemic stroke based on network pharmacology,bioinformatics and molecular docking

Ginkgo biloba L.leaf(GBL)has been reported to protect against ischemic stroke(IS),one of the leading causes of death and longterm disability worldwide,while there is a lack of systematic study on the exact mechanism.Here,network pharmacology and bioinformatics were used to predict the active components,important targets,and potential mechanisms of GBL in the treatment of IS.Active compounds of GBL were screened based on drug-like index and oral bioavailability,key target genes were screened based on network pharmacology and gene chip,downstream pathways for the regulation of key target genes were predicted based on gene set enrichment analysis,and the interaction between key targets and active compounds was verified based on molecular docking.The results showed that GBL played a protective role in cerebral ischemia with mainly 14 active compounds,such as isoquercitrin,luteolin-4’-glucoside,beta-sitosterol,campesterol,diosmetin,ginkgolide B,ginkgolide C,ginkgolide J,ginkgolide M,isogoycyrol,laricitrin,luteolin,sesamin,and stigmasterol.Further studies revealed that GBL played important role in immunomodulation and inflammation inhibition after cerebral ischemia by acting on its peripheral targets ARG1 and MMP9 to regulate Toll-like receptor,Chemokine and Notch signaling pathway.Meanwhile,GBL played important role in reducing neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage after cerebral ischemia by acting on its central targets,CCL2,PTGS2,IL6,IL1B and MMP9 to regulate the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction,Jak-STAT,and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.Additionally,molecular docking verified that the active compounds mentioned above could bind to ARG1,MMP9,CCL2,PTGS2,IL6,and IL1B.The present study shows the multicomponent,multitarget and multichannel pharmacological effects of GBL on cerebral ischemia and provides a new strategy for the treatment of IS.

Effect of Ginkgo Biloba extract combined with butylphthalide on serum biochemical indexes of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease

Objective: To study the effect of Ginkgo Biloba extract combined with butylphthalide on serum biochemical indexes of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Methods:The patients who were diagnosed with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease for the first time in Weinan Central Hospital between March 2015 and December 2017 were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into two groups, observation group received Donepezil Hydrochloride Tablets + Ginkgo Biloba Extract Tablets + Butylphthalide Soft Capsules treatment, and control group received Donepezil Hydrochloride Tablets treatment. The serum levels of metabolites, cytokines, oxidative stress mediators and other biochemical indicators were measured before treatment and 3 months after treatment. Results: 3 months after treatment, serum Hcy, IL-1β, TNF-α, HMGB1, MCP-1, MDA and Tau levels of both groups of patients were significantly lower than those before treatment whereas UA, VitB12, FA, VEGF, BDNF, GPX3, CAT and SOD levels were significantly higher than those before treatment, and serum Hcy, IL-1β, TNF-α, HMGB1, MCP-1, MDA and Tau levels of observation group after treatment were significantly lower than those of control group whereas UA, VitB12, FA, VEGF, BDNF, GPX3, CAT and SOD levels were significantly higher than those of control group. Conclusion: Ginkgo Biloba extract combined with butylphthalide treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease can significantly improve the substance metabolism and reduce the inflammatory stress response.

孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)伴性光合生理特征与进化生态

银杏类是一类古老的雌雄异株植物,目前仅存单科单属。由于银杏在系统发育等方面的独特地位,吸引了科学家从不同方面进行了广泛的研究。在适宜的条件下,测定了生长在野外环境下的成年银杏的雌雄个体的光合特性。研究结果表明,银杏的雌雄植株对光具有相同的表现趋势,光饱和点,光补偿点,光下呼吸速率等均没有明显差异。但是雌性银杏的净光合速率明显大于雄性银杏的净光合速率。这种差异可能与雌性个体在繁衍后代时需要投入更多的能量有关。研究也表明,在与其它的裸子植物和被子植物比较时,银杏的光合能力并没有明显的弱势,因此光合能力可能并不是银杏在第三纪分布受限的直接原因.

Identification of a Sex-Associated RAPD Marker in Ginkgo biloba

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to amplify DNA fragment, aiming at finding markers linked to the sex determination in Ginkgo biloba L. One thousand and two hundred random decamers had been screened. Of the 8 372 RAPD bands, only a 682 bp RAPD marker generated by a primer (S1478) of random decamer sequence, named S1478-682, was found to be associated with the male plants. This marker was present in all male plants and absent in all female plants. Ginkgo trees collected in both Beijing and Shenyang, China were tested using primer S1478. Positive results were obtained, suggesting S1478-682 could be utilized as a reliable RAPD marker to detect the sexuality of Ginkgo.

Photoinhibition and Photoprotection in Ginkgo biloba leaves: Influence of Temperature, CO 2 and O 2

In midday ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves have to bear photon flux density over 1400 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 in combination with high temperatures around 35 ℃ at natural habitat. They show typical midday depression of stomatal conductance and of CO 2 assimilation rate. The zeaxanthin changes with light intensity during the day. The influence of the combination of strong light and temperature on photoinhibition was also examined in the laboratory. A low CO 2 internal conductance (31 mmol·m -2 ·s -1 ) was found in ginkgo leaves, which had been exposed to excessive light at temperature between 15 ℃ and 35 ℃ with reduced CO 2 (80 μL·L -1 ) or oxygen (2%) for 2 h, causing a low CO 2 concentration at the carboxylation site and a high proportion of photorespiration. The ratio of electron transport to CO 2 fixation was rather high in ginkgo (16 e -/CO 2 at 25 ℃) as compared with other plants. It increased with temperature also in 2% O 2 which could not be explained solely as due to change of photorespiration. The reduction of oxygen in 340 or 80 μL·L -1 CO 2 had no effect on the extent of photoinhibition at all temperatures, which indicated that electron flow caused by photorespiration in excess light was negligible in protective effect in ginkgo leaves. However, a decreased CO 2 concentration increased photoinhibition, especially at high temperature. It is concluded that the dissipation of excessive excitation energy in the PSⅡ antennae through the xanthophyll cycle may be the major protective mechanism to preventing from the deteriorated effects of strong light in ginkgo leaves.

CO_2浓度倍增对城市银杏(Ginkgo biloba)叶片膜脂过氧化与抗氧化酶活性的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的银杏为试材,使用开顶箱模拟法对倍增CO2浓度(700μmolmol-1)和正常空气CO2浓度(≈350μmolmol-1)条件下银杏生长参数,超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)产生速率,丙二醛(MDA)含量,抗坏血酸(ASA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性动态变化进行分析,探讨高浓度CO2对银杏膜脂过氧化与抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在短期(60d)内CO2浓度倍增使银杏细胞内O2-.产生速率与H2O2含量减少,而ASA含量与SOD、APX、GR活性升高。与对照相比,大多数测定显示出显著差别。但较长期(70d以上)CO2浓度倍增处理则使试验结果发生逆转,活性氧O2-.产生速率略有升高,SOD、APX、GR活性略有下降,ASA含量仍略高于对照(但与对照相比差异并不显著),长期CO2浓度倍增处理可能使试验结果发生逆转。

银杏(Ginkgo biloba)叶表皮特征及其气孔的发育

通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜 ,对离析和未离析的、成熟的和刚开始发育的银杏叶表皮进行了研究。表皮基本特征 :两面生气孔型 ,但气孔主要分布在下表皮 ,上表皮气孔的数目和分布因个体而异 ;气孔器为单唇单环式 ,围绕每个气孔的副卫细胞数目多为 5～ 6个 ;副卫细胞的平周壁明显加厚 ,具乳突状突起 ,拱盖着下陷的保卫细胞 ;偶有双气孔发生 ;上表皮厚于下表皮 ;表皮细胞可明显分为叶脉区和脉间区。角质外蜡质层 :在高倍扫描电子显微镜下 ,管状的蜡质晶体交错覆盖在叶片的外表面 ,还观察到有些管状的蜡质晶体呈分叉状态。气孔的发育 :通过我们的观察 ,认为银杏气孔的发生属于典型的周源型 ,即副卫细胞与保卫细胞各自发生于不同的母细胞 ,而不是前人报道的中———周型起源。

孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)雌雄株水分生理特征初步研究

[目的]研究银杏雌雄株在水分生理上的差异，探讨其水分利用策略，以及在进化过程中的重要作用。[方法]对银杏雌雄株的树干液流（sap flow）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）以及水分利用效率（WUE）进行对比研究。[结果]雌雄银杏的液流昼夜进程具有相似的规律，且白天雌雄株液流基本相同，夜间雄株液流大于雌株；不同性别银杏的丹和岱同样呈现为早晚高、午间低的曲线趋势，早晚雌株有比雄株更高的Tr和Gs，但中午11：00-14：00之间雌株的值低于雄株；雌雄银杏的WUE曲线变化趋势相似，但雌株的平均水分利用效率略小于雄株。[结论]与其他伴性植物比较分析得知，不同性别银杏的水分生理有较强的趋同特征。这可能是在长期进化的压力下，雌雄异株植物的一种生存策略。

Study and Application of Fingerprints of Ginkgo biloba Leaves Preparations

Aim To establish a method for determination of Ginkgo biloba L, its extractand preparations with HPLC fingerprints, so as to control the quality of the preparations. MethodsHPLC-DAD method was used to determine the constituents in preparations. Diamonsil? C_(18) (200mm X 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used as analytical column, and acetonitrile/KH_2PO_4 was used as mobilephase with gradient elu-tion. The column temperature was at 24 ℃. The HPLC profile of chemicalconstituents of control sample and preparations were analyzed using similarity software. Results Thefingerprints of different preparations from different companies were slightly different because ofthe different preparing procedures. Mean while, the fingerprints of different batches of the samepreparation from the same company were similar to each other and the technology of each preparationwas stable. Conclusion This method is accurate, reproducible , simple, and can be used as ananalytical method for the routine quality control of Ginkgo biloba preparations.

The Construction of Fusion Expression Vector Carrying GFP and TP of GGPPS from Ginkgo biloba L.

[Objective]The aim was to construct the fusion gene expression vector which consisted of GFP and TP gene of GGPPS from the Ginkgo biloba L.[Method]The transit-peptide（TP） sequence of GGPPS from cDNA of Ginkgo biloba L.was successfully cloned by using DNA recombination technology,which was then linked to the efficient plant expression vector p1304 ＋ to construct the fusion gene expression vector p1304 ＋-TP.Then engineering strain EHA105-p1304 ＋-TP was constructed by transformed p1304 ＋-TP to Agrobacterium rhizogenes EHA105 using freeze-thaw method.[Result]The fusion gene expression vector which consisted of GFP and TP gene of GGPPS from the Ginkgo biloba L.and engineering strain EHA105-p1304 ＋-TP were successfully constructed.[Conclusion]It lays a foundation for further study of subcellular localization of TP transit peptide,which can help to clarify the molecular mechanism of a key step in biosynthesis of ginkgolides precursors,and also provides an important basis for the research on metabolic engineering of ginkgolide.

银杏(Ginkgo biloba)叶的形态发育与演化

通过对银杏叶的形态发育和解剖结构观察,根据重演律和顶枝学说,以及出土化石的地质年代,对银杏类植物的演化过程进行了讨论和推断.指出其演化总趋势是向着叶裂片由窄变宽,利于光合作用的方向发展.

银杏(Ginkgo bilobaL.)大孢子的发生和形成

研究观察银杏 (GinkgobilobaL .)大孢子母细胞发生和大孢子的形成过程 .结果表明银杏大孢子发生在 4月中旬 .从孢原细胞到雌配子体游离核时期 ,要经历几个不同的发育阶段 .未成熟的大孢子母细胞是近菱形的 ,并被一层较厚的细胞壁所围绕 .初期一个大细胞核位于细胞的中央 ,各种细胞器散布在细胞质中 .将要成熟时 ,大孢子母细胞以胚珠纵轴的方向伸长 .当大孢子母细胞的长度大于宽度的 3- 4倍时 ,即进入成熟阶段 ,并出现较大的液泡 .随后大孢子母细胞开始发生减数分裂 ,形成一纵列四分体大孢子 .但到后来只有合点端的一个是具功能的 ,珠孔端的 3个大孢子逐渐退化消失 .具功能的大孢子进行有丝分裂 。

Cloning and Functional Analysis of HDR Gene from Ginkgo biloba L

[Objective] The aims were to obtain cloning of HDR gene from Ginkgo biloba.and study its function.[Method] The coding sequence of HDR gene was cloned from G.biloba by reversed transcription polymerase chain reaction,which was designated as GbHDR （GenBank accession No.：DQ364231）.The cDNA full-length of GbHDR is 1 827 bp containing a 1 425-bp open reading frame （ORF） encoding a 474-amino-acid polypeptide and constructed into the prokaryotic expression vector pTrcGbHDR.The β-carotene biosynthetic pathway in E.coli strain XL1-Blue was reconstructed by transforming with pAC-BETA.This engineered XL1-Blue was transformed with pTrcGbHDR.[Result] A 1 441 bp GbHDR was obtained containing a 1 425-bp ORF encoding a 474-amino-acid residues of protein,the predicted molecular weight was 53.2 kD,and predicted isoelectric point was 5.76.Functional complementation assay indicated that GbHDR could promote theβ-carotene accumulation in engineered XL1-Blue harboring pTrcGbHDR and pAC-BETA,and as a result,the engineered bacteria showed the brightly orange given by β-carotene.This suggested that GbHDR had the typical function of known HDR genes.[Conclusion] A engineered bacteria of E.coli which could highly accumulate β-carotene was obtained,which will provide candidate genes and targets for realizing β-carotene metabolic engineering.

Establishment of the Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic Transformation System of Ginkgo biloba and the Construction of the Expression Vector of Gb-DXR

[Objective] The research aimed to provide reference for increasing the genetic transformation efficiency of Ginkgo biloba mediated by Agrobacterium.[Method] Taking the mature embryos of Ginkgo biloba seeds as explants,after 48 hours＇ pre-cultivation on MS medium in the absence of phytohormone,GUS gene was transmitted into embryos of Ginkgo biloba mediated by three kinds of Agrobacterium.Transient expression of GUS gene activity was observed through histochemical staining,and the influencing factors of the expression of GUS gene were analyzed.And the expression vector of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase in the biosynthesis approach of biobalide precursor of Ginkgo biloba was constructed.[Result] A more suitable genetic transformation scheme was obtained as follows：taking embryos of Ginkgo biloba as explants,using EHA105 Agrobacterium with pCAMBIA1304＋ for infection,co-culture for 3 days and GUS staining.The results showed that transient expression rate of GUS after transformation was higher.[Conclusion] The research provide a more effective method for further study on the transgene of Ginkgo biloba.

Preliminary Study on Water Physiological Characters of Male and Female Ginkgo biloba L.

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study the difference of water physiology of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. for discussing the strategy of water utilization as well as the important role of this difference during evolution process. [Method] The stem sap flow, stomatal conductance(Gs), transpiration rate(Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE) of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. were comparatively studied. [Result] The day-night processes of flow on male and female Ginkgo biloba L. were similar. The flow on male and female Ginkgo biloba L. in day were almost same while the flow at night on male Ginkgo biloba L. was bigger than that on female Ginkgo biloba L. The Tr and Gs of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. were high in morning and at night but low at noon ,while Tr and Gs of female Ginkgo biloba L. in morning and at night were higher than these of male Ginkgo biloba L. at the same time point. However, these indexes of female plant were lower than these of male plant from 11:00 to 14:00. WUE changing trends of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. were similar, while average water utilization rate of female Ginkgo biloba L. was slightly lower than that of male Ginkgo biloba L. [Conclusion] Compared with other companion plants, water physiology of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. had strong homoplasy. The phenomenon might be a survival strategy of dioecious plants under long term evolutionary pressure.