Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.is an important plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine,whose primary active ingredient is a ginsenoside.Ginsenoside biosynthesis is not only regulated by transcription factors but als...Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.is an important plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine,whose primary active ingredient is a ginsenoside.Ginsenoside biosynthesis is not only regulated by transcription factors but also controlled by a variety of structural genes.Nonetheless,the molecular mechanism underlying ginsenoside biosynthesis has always been a topic in the discussion of ginseng secondary metabolites.Squalene epoxidase(SQE)is a key enzyme in the mevalonic acid pathway,which affects the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenoid.Using ginseng transcriptome,expression,and ginsenoside content databases,this study employed bioinformatic methods to systematically analyze the genes encoding SQE in ginseng.We first selected six PgSQE candidates that were closely involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and then identified PgSQE08-01 to be highly associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis.Next,we constructed the overexpression vector pCAMBIA3301-PgSQE08-01 and the RNAi vector pART27-PgSQE08-01 and transformed ginseng adventitious roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes,to obtain positive hairy-root clones.Thereafter,quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the expression of relevant genes and ginsenoside content,respectively.Then,we focused on the function of PgSQE08-01 gene,which was noted to be involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis.Thus,these findings not only provided a molecular basis for the identification of important functional genes in ginseng but also enriched genetic resources for the biosynthesis of ginsenosides using synthetic biology.展开更多
Background:Cancer-related fatigue(CRF)is a common and debilitating symptom experienced by patients with advanced-stage cancer,especially those undergoing antitumor therapy.This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and...Background:Cancer-related fatigue(CRF)is a common and debilitating symptom experienced by patients with advanced-stage cancer,especially those undergoing antitumor therapy.This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Renshenguben(RSGB)oral solution,a ginseng-based traditional Chinese medicine,in alleviating CRF in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)receiving antitumor treatment.Methods:In this prospective,open-label,controlled,multicenter study,patients with advanced HCC at BCLC stage C and a brief fatigue inventory(BFI)score of≥4 were enrolled.Participants were assigned to the RSGB group(RSGB,10 mL twice daily)or the control group(with supportive care).Primary and secondary endpoints were the change in multidimensional fatigue inventory(MFI)score,and BFI and functional assessment of cancer therapy-hepatobiliary(FACT-Hep)scores at weeks 4 and 8 after enrollment.Adverse events(AEs)and toxicities were assessed.Results:A total of 409 participants were enrolled,with 206 assigned to the RSGB group.At week 4,there was a trend towards improvement,but the differences were not statistically significant.At week 8,the RSGB group exhibited a significantly lower MFI score(P<0.05)compared to the control group,indicating improved fatigue levels.Additionally,the RSGB group showed significantly greater decrease in BFI and FACT-Hep scores at week 8(P<0.05).Subgroup analyses among patients receiving various antitumor treatments showed similar results.Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that the RSGB group experienced a significantly substantial decrease in MFI,BFI,and FACT-Hep scores at week 8.No serious drug-related AEs or toxicities were observed.Conclusions:RSGB oral solution effectively reduced CRF in patients with advanced HCC undergoing antitumor therapy over an eight-week period,with no discernible toxicities.These findings support the potential of RSGB oral solution as an adjunctive treatment for managing CRF in this patient population.展开更多
Panax ginseng(PG)and Panax notoginseng(PN)are highly valuable Chinese medicines(CM).Although both CMs have similar active constituents,their clinical applications are clearly different.Over the past decade,RNA sequenc...Panax ginseng(PG)and Panax notoginseng(PN)are highly valuable Chinese medicines(CM).Although both CMs have similar active constituents,their clinical applications are clearly different.Over the past decade,RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis has been employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of extracts or monomers.However,owing to the limited number of samples in standard RNA-seq,few studies have systematically compared the effects of PG and PN spanning multiple conditions at the transcriptomic level.Here,we developed an approach that simultaneously profiles transcriptome changes for multiplexed samples using RNA-seq(TCM-seq),a high-throughput,low-cost workflow to molecularly evaluate CM perturbations.A species-mixing experiment was conducted to illustrate the accuracy of sample multiplexing in TCM-seq.Transcriptomes from repeated samples were used to verify the robustness of TCM-seq.We then focused on the primary active components,Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)and Panax ginseng saponins(PGS)extracted from PN and PG,respectively.We also characterized the transcriptome changes of 10 cell lines,treated with four different doses of PNS and PGS,using TCM-seq to compare the differences in their perturbing effects on genes,functional pathways,gene modules,and molecular networks.The results of transcriptional data analysis showed that the transcriptional patterns of various cell lines were significantly distinct.PGS exhibited a stronger regulatory effect on genes involved in cardiovascular disease,whereas PNS resulted in a greater coagulation effect on vascular endothelial cells.This study proposes a paradigm to comprehensively explore the differences in mechanisms of action between CMs based on transcriptome readouts.展开更多
Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)as a common dietary adjunct is widely applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine due to its health-promoting properties,but the differences between white ginseng and red ginseng was rarely...Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)as a common dietary adjunct is widely applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine due to its health-promoting properties,but the differences between white ginseng and red ginseng was rarely studied.In the present study,color parameters and scanning electron microscope(SEM)were determined to evaluate the differences of ginseng color and microstructure induced by processing procedure.Quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker(QAMS)method and anti-α-amylase activity test were used to assess variations of chemical ingredients and pharmacological activity between white and red ginseng.Finally,molecular docking studies were carried out to screen out the most effective compound againstα-amylase.Results indicated that processing had a significant impact on the physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity of white and red ginseng.After processing,the color value of L*declined significantly.Red ginseng sample displayed a compact structure and presented of a gel layer on the surface compared to white ginseng.Additionally,the content of ginsenosides and the activity of anti-α-amylase decreased.The contents of total ginsenosides were positively correlated with the anti-α-amylase activities of ginseng,and ginsenoside Rb1 might be the most effective compound to inhibit the activity ofα-amylase.展开更多
[Objectives]To study the potential molecular mechanism of ginseng in treating nephrotic syndrome(NS)by using network pharmacology,molecular docking and experimental verification methods.[Methods]The active components ...[Objectives]To study the potential molecular mechanism of ginseng in treating nephrotic syndrome(NS)by using network pharmacology,molecular docking and experimental verification methods.[Methods]The active components and targets of ginseng were obtained through the network pharmacology database,and the potential targets for the treatment of NS were predicted.The STRING data platform and Cytoscape software were used to construct protein interaction network,and carry out GO and KEGG enrichment analysis.Molecular docking of active components of ginseng and core targets was performed.The in vitro experiment verified the improvement effect of kaempferol,a key active ingredient of ginseng,on podocyte injury.[Results]After screening,17 active components of ginseng and 38 key targets for treating NS were obtained.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that NF-κB,MAPK and other inflammatory pathways were involved.Molecular docking results show that the core components had good binding activity to key targets.The results of in vitro experiments show that kaempferol can reduce the phosphorylation level of AKT1,down-regulate the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65,play an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway,and improve podocyte injury.[Conclusions]Ginseng may play a role in the treatment of NS by regulating multiple targets and pathways such as inflammatory response,substance metabolism,and signal transduction.展开更多
[Objectives] To investigate the effects of ginseng protein on gut microbiota and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in Alzheimer s disease (AD) mice. [Methods] D-galactose/AlCl 3 co-induction was used to establish AD model, ...[Objectives] To investigate the effects of ginseng protein on gut microbiota and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in Alzheimer s disease (AD) mice. [Methods] D-galactose/AlCl 3 co-induction was used to establish AD model, and mice were randomly divided into normal group 1, normal group 2, model group 1, model group 2, ginseng protein group, and microbiota transplantation group. Morris water maze experiment was used to evaluate learning and memory ability, and Western blot method was used to detect the expression of APP, p-Tau, BDNF, TrkB, p-TrkB proteins in brain tissue, and 16S rDNA was used to detect diversity of fecal microbiota. [Results] Ginseng protein and microbiota transplantation can shorten the escape latency of mice ( P <0.05), increase the number of crossing platforms ( P <0.05), reduce the expression of APP and p-Tau proteins in brain tissue ( P <0.05, P <0.01), increase the expression of BDNF, p-TrkB, p-TrkB/TrkB proteins ( P <0.05, P <0.01), and reduce the abundance of Alloprevotella, Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Prevotellaceae _UCG-001, and Ruminococcus _1 ( P <0.05, P <0.01). [Conclusions] The action mechanism of ginseng protein anti AD may be through regulating gut microbiota diversity and activating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.展开更多
This work aimed to evaluate the quality of biscuits incorporated with ginseng powder.This powder was incorporated into wheat flour at levels ranging from 0 to 4%and used in the production of biscuits.The biscuits were...This work aimed to evaluate the quality of biscuits incorporated with ginseng powder.This powder was incorporated into wheat flour at levels ranging from 0 to 4%and used in the production of biscuits.The biscuits were analysed for proximate composition,sensory attributes,phytochemical content,and antioxidant properties.Results revealed that the moisture and fat contents of the biscuits significantly decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder.Conversely,protein(3.15 to 4.55 g/100 g DM),carbohydrate(27.80 to 31.10 g/100 g DM)and fiber contents(6.21 to 13.74 g/100 g DM)significantly increased with incorporation.The total polyphenols,saponins,and total flavonoid contents increased from 1.67 to 1.99 mgGAE/100 g DM,0 to 0.69 mg,and 0.87 to 1.83 QE/100g DM respectively.Ginseng powder also significantly increased the DPPH scavenging activity,from 42.05%to 52.62%,and FRAP value from 2.25 to 7.71μgGAE/g with increased incorporation.However,the sensory attributes of the biscuits were not affected by the incorporation of ginseng.Ginseng powder can therefore be incorporated in wheat flour at up to 4%level for biscuits production as a functional food for the promotion of human health.展开更多
Korean ginseng and mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) are important traditional herbal plants whose ginsenosides are generally accepted as serving to improve sexual functions, such as penile erection. We inve...Korean ginseng and mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) are important traditional herbal plants whose ginsenosides are generally accepted as serving to improve sexual functions, such as penile erection. We investigated the effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng extract (TMGE) on male patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 143 patients experiencing ED. Over the course of 8 weeks, one group took 1 000 mg of TMGE twice a day, and the other group took 1 000 mg of placebo twice a day. The effects of the TMGE and the placebo were analyzed using the Korean version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. A total of 86 patients completed 8 weeks of treatment. The scores on the five domains of the IIEF after medication were significantly higher than the baseline scores in the group treated with TMGE (P 〈 0.05), whereas no significant improvement was observed in the placebo group (P 〉 0.05). Erectile function and overall satisfaction scores after medication were significantly higher in the TMGE group than in the placebo group (P 〈 0.05). Erectile function of patients in the TMGE-treated group significantly improved, suggesting that TMGE could be utilized for improving erectile function in male patients.展开更多
American ginseng(Panax Quinquefolium L),also known as Xi Yang Shen(西洋参 Radix Panacis Quinquefolii),is indigenous to the United States and Canada.Its discovery in the 1700s paved the way for international trade,whic...American ginseng(Panax Quinquefolium L),also known as Xi Yang Shen(西洋参 Radix Panacis Quinquefolii),is indigenous to the United States and Canada.Its discovery in the 1700s paved the way for international trade,which boosted the economy of the New World and helped build commercial ties between the US and China.Due to its therapeutic effects,the demand for American ginseng grew steadily,eventually causing the volume of wild ginseng to dwindle.As a result,laws and regulations were introduced requiring farmers and exporters to engage in harvesting practices that would preserve wild American ginseng.Nowadays,wild American ginseng is considered an endangered and protected species.This article discusses the history,properties,and applications of American ginseng to optimize its use and protection.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore effective biocontrol methods for diseases in the process of ginseng cultivation,and develop an efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent.[Methods]In this study,2 strains were isola...[Objectives]To explore effective biocontrol methods for diseases in the process of ginseng cultivation,and develop an efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent.[Methods]In this study,2 strains were isolated from biogas slurry,and Cylindrocarpon destructans(XF),Fusarium solani(GF),Botrytis cinerea Pers(HM)and Alternaria panax Whetz(HB)were used as test materials.The strains were isolated and identified by dilution plate method,16S rDNA sequence identification method,confrontation culture method,filter paper method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method,and the bacteriostatic activity and bacteriostatic rate were tested.[Results]Strain 15(Sphingomonas)and strain 19(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)were screened out through identification and analysis,and they grew stably within 8-10 d.The bacteriostatic rates of strain 15 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 47.37%and 43.40%,respectively,and the bacteriostatic rates of strain 19 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 62.30%and 63.27%,respectively.The bacteriostatic activity of the extract of strain 19 increased with the increase of OD_(600) value,and the bacteriostatic effect was optimal when the OD_(600) value was in the range of 0.8-1.0,up to 70%,so it had a strong biocontrol potential.[Conclusions]This experiment provides convenience for more effective inoculation,establishes a fast,simple and accurate method for the determination of the best bacteriostatic rate of P.aeruginosa culture solution to HM,and lays a foundation for large-scale culture of P.aeruginosa culture solution.Besides,it is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient control of ginseng B.cinerea in field production,use it for the prevention and control of ginseng shoot diseases,and provide a reference for the efficient and diverse development of biocontrol agents for ginseng shoot diseases.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to observe the effects of red ginseng aqueous extract on immune function of mice.[Methods]The aqueous extract of red ginseng was obtained by water extraction and concentration,and 10 mL of aq...[Objectives]The paper was to observe the effects of red ginseng aqueous extract on immune function of mice.[Methods]The aqueous extract of red ginseng was obtained by water extraction and concentration,and 10 mL of aqueous extract was equivalent to 2.86 g of raw materials.Total 240 mice were randomly divided into blank control group,low dose,medium dose and high dose groups of red ginseng aqueous extract,60 mice each group.Mice in low dose,medium dose and high dose groups were intragastrically administered with 0.24,0.48,1.43 g/kg red ginseng aqueous extract once a day respectively,and those in blank control group were intragastrically administered with equal volume of deionized water at the dose of 0.1 mL/10 g once a day for consecutive 30 d.The immunoregulation effects of red ginseng aqueous extract on mice were explored by organ/body weight ratio measurement,delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH)reaction,Con A-induced spleen T lymphocyte transformation test,antibody-producing cells test,half hemolytic value(HC 50)test,carbon particle clearance test,phagocytosis test of chicken red blood cells by macrophages and NK cell activity test.[Results]Compared with the blank control group,the degree of toe swelling in low dose group and medium dose group of red ginseng aqueous extract[(0.62±0.14)mm,(0.53±0.12)mm vs.(0.36±0.10)mm]significantly increased(P<0.05).The ability of T lymphocytes proliferation(0.173±0.054,0.189±0.063 vs.0.098±0.012)in low dose group and high dose group significantly increased(P<0.05).The number of haemolytic plaque(137.49×10^(3)±24.73×10^(3),148.43×10^(3)±27.53×10^(3) vs.112.96×10^(3)±26.28×10^(3))in medium dose group and high dose group significantly increased(P<0.05).The phagocytosis rate(35.67%±3.82%,49.26%±6.54%,57.92%±7.36%vs.24.34%±4.22%)and phagocytosis index(0.72±0.23,0.82±0.15,0.91±0.26 vs.0.35±0.11)of low dose,medium dose,high dose groups significantly increased(P<0.05).However,there was no statistical difference in spleen/body weight ratio,thymus/body weight ratio,half hemolytic value,carbon particle clearance and NK cell activity.[Conclusions]Red ginseng aqueous extract could enhance the immunity of mice.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to explore the correlation between active components of ginseng and community structure of endophytic fungi in ginseng under different cultivation methods.[Methods]Using ginsengs under two ma...[Objectives]The paper was to explore the correlation between active components of ginseng and community structure of endophytic fungi in ginseng under different cultivation methods.[Methods]Using ginsengs under two main planting patterns in Huanren County,Liaoning Province as the samples,the community structure of endophytic fungi was studied by molecular means,and the chemical components were identified and the content of chemical markers was measured via LC-MS.Moreover,the correlation between medicinal components of ginseng and diversity of endophytic fungal flora was analyzed.[Results]The diversity and active components of endophytic fungi of ginseng were different.The diversity analysis showed that the medicinal components of ginseng were positively correlated with some fungal groups in ginseng.[Conclusions]Artificial intervention in the planting process would affect the endophytic fungi in medicinal materials,and further affect the chemical components of ginseng medicinal materials.展开更多
Objective To analyze the gaps between patents of ginseng extraction method in China and South Korea,and to provide research and development directions for Chinese companies.Methods By observing the changes in the amou...Objective To analyze the gaps between patents of ginseng extraction method in China and South Korea,and to provide research and development directions for Chinese companies.Methods By observing the changes in the amount of patent applications over time,the distribution of application countries and regions,the analysis of applicants,the extraction of technical topics,and the development and change of method,an in-depth discussion on the patent of ginseng extraction method in China and South Korea was conducted.Results and Conclusion China lacks the mastery of advanced technology and the exploration of popular fields,while South Korea is just the opposite of China.Therefore,Chinese enterprises should focus on extraction processes and actively explore new technical fields.展开更多
Panax ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plant.Panax ginseng extract has numerous biological activities,including antitumor,anti-inflammatory and antistress activities.Panax ginseng extract also has a cognition-enhan...Panax ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plant.Panax ginseng extract has numerous biological activities,including antitumor,anti-inflammatory and antistress activities.Panax ginseng extract also has a cognition-enhancing effect in rats with alcohol-induced memory impairment.In this study,we partially occluded the bilateral carotid arteries in the rat to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,a wellknown model of vascular dementia.The rats were then intragastrically administered 50 or 100 mg/kg Panax ginseng extract.Morris water maze and balance beam tests were used to evaluate memory deficits and motor function,respectively.Protein quantity was used to evaluate cholinergic neurons.Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells.Western blot assay was used to evaluate protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,Bcl-2 and Bax.Treatment with Panax ginseng extract for 8 weeks significantly improved behavioral function and increased neuronal density and VEGF and b FGF protein expression in the hippocampal CA3 area.Furthermore,Panax ginseng extract reduced the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive cells,and it decreased apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax protein expression.The effect of Panax ginseng extract was dose-dependent and similar to that of nimodipine,a commonly used drug for the treatment of vascular dementia.These findings suggest that Panax ginseng extract is neuroprotective against vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,and therefore might have therapeutic potential for preventing and treating the disease.展开更多
Ginsenosides Rgl, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd in different parts of the American ginseng plant were investigated. The extraction process was a pressurized microwave-assisted extraction(PMAE). The seven ginsenoside...Ginsenosides Rgl, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd in different parts of the American ginseng plant were investigated. The extraction process was a pressurized microwave-assisted extraction(PMAE). The seven ginsenosides were separated and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with a ultraviolet(UV) detector, at 203 nm. The experiment results showed significant variations in the individual ginsenoside contents of the American ginseng in different parts and ages of the plant. The results demonstrated that the leaves, root hairs, and rhizomes of Panax quinquefolius L. contained higher ginsenoside contents, followed by the main roots and stems. The leaves contained dramatically higher levels of ginsenoside Rg1 Rb3, and Rd than the other four parts. Higher contents of Rb1 and Re were present in the main roots, root hairs, and rhizomes. The amount of ginsenoside content in the stems was the lowest. The total content of the seven ginsenosides in main roots, root hairs and rhizomes increased with the age of the plant. In contrast, the ginsenoside contents in the leaves and stems decreased with a year of growth.展开更多
Aim: To examine the treatment efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in impotent men with erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods: A total of 60 patients presenting mild or mild to moderate ED were enrolled in a double...Aim: To examine the treatment efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in impotent men with erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods: A total of 60 patients presenting mild or mild to moderate ED were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which the efficacies of KRG and a placebo were compared. The patients received either 1 000 mg (3 times daily) of KRG or a placebo. Results: The five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score after the treatment was significantly higher in the KRG group compared with that before the treatment (from 16.4±2.9 to 21.0±6.3, P 〈 0.0001). In contrast, there was no difference before and after the treatment in the placebo group (from 17.0±3.1 to 17.7±5.6, P 〉 0.05). In the KRG group, 20 patients (66.6%), reported improved erection, significant in the global efficacy question (P 〈 0.01); in the placebo group there was no significance. Scores on questions 2 (rigidity), 3 (penetration), 4 and 5 (maintenance), were significantly higher for KRG than those for the placebo when those questions were answered after 12 weeks of each treatment (P 〈 0.01). When the score in the KRG group was compared to the placebo group after the treatment, there was a significant improvement in total score (IIEF-5 score) in questions 3 and 5 for the KRG-treated group (P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.0001, respectively). The levels of serum testosterone, prolactine and cholesterol after the treatment were not statistically significant different between the KRG and the placebo group (P 〉 0.05). Conclusion: Our data show that KRG can be an effective alternative to the invasive approaches for treating male ED.展开更多
A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2...A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-(-L-rhamnosyl-(1?2)-(-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3(, 6(, 12(-triol.展开更多
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory.Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve lea...Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory.Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve learning and memory;however,the mechanisms are still elusive.Therefore,we evaluated whether KRG can promote cognitive function and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus.Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received 50 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally and 100 mg/kg of KRG or vehicle orally once a day for 14 days.Pole,Rotarod and Morris water maze tests were performed and the brains were collected after the last behavioral test.Changes in the numbers of BrdU- and BrdU/ doublecortin (DCX;a marker for neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for cell differentiation),cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus were then investigated.KRG-treated mice came down the pole significantly faster and stood on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice.The Morris water maze test showed that KRG administration enhanced the learning and memory abilities significantly.KRG also significantly increased BrdU- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen,cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus compared to vehicle.Administration of KRG promotes learning and memory abilities,possibly by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis.This study was approved by the Pusan National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No.PNU-2016-1071) on January 19,2016.展开更多
基金This work was supported by an award from the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20210402043GH and 20210204063YY).
文摘Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.is an important plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine,whose primary active ingredient is a ginsenoside.Ginsenoside biosynthesis is not only regulated by transcription factors but also controlled by a variety of structural genes.Nonetheless,the molecular mechanism underlying ginsenoside biosynthesis has always been a topic in the discussion of ginseng secondary metabolites.Squalene epoxidase(SQE)is a key enzyme in the mevalonic acid pathway,which affects the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenoid.Using ginseng transcriptome,expression,and ginsenoside content databases,this study employed bioinformatic methods to systematically analyze the genes encoding SQE in ginseng.We first selected six PgSQE candidates that were closely involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and then identified PgSQE08-01 to be highly associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis.Next,we constructed the overexpression vector pCAMBIA3301-PgSQE08-01 and the RNAi vector pART27-PgSQE08-01 and transformed ginseng adventitious roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes,to obtain positive hairy-root clones.Thereafter,quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the expression of relevant genes and ginsenoside content,respectively.Then,we focused on the function of PgSQE08-01 gene,which was noted to be involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis.Thus,these findings not only provided a molecular basis for the identification of important functional genes in ginseng but also enriched genetic resources for the biosynthesis of ginsenosides using synthetic biology.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81972726,82273074 and 82372813)Dawn Project Foundation of Shanghai(21SG36)+2 种基金Shanghai Health Academic Leader Program(2022XD001)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(22ZR1477900)Adjunct Talent Fund of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital(2021-YT).
文摘Background:Cancer-related fatigue(CRF)is a common and debilitating symptom experienced by patients with advanced-stage cancer,especially those undergoing antitumor therapy.This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Renshenguben(RSGB)oral solution,a ginseng-based traditional Chinese medicine,in alleviating CRF in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)receiving antitumor treatment.Methods:In this prospective,open-label,controlled,multicenter study,patients with advanced HCC at BCLC stage C and a brief fatigue inventory(BFI)score of≥4 were enrolled.Participants were assigned to the RSGB group(RSGB,10 mL twice daily)or the control group(with supportive care).Primary and secondary endpoints were the change in multidimensional fatigue inventory(MFI)score,and BFI and functional assessment of cancer therapy-hepatobiliary(FACT-Hep)scores at weeks 4 and 8 after enrollment.Adverse events(AEs)and toxicities were assessed.Results:A total of 409 participants were enrolled,with 206 assigned to the RSGB group.At week 4,there was a trend towards improvement,but the differences were not statistically significant.At week 8,the RSGB group exhibited a significantly lower MFI score(P<0.05)compared to the control group,indicating improved fatigue levels.Additionally,the RSGB group showed significantly greater decrease in BFI and FACT-Hep scores at week 8(P<0.05).Subgroup analyses among patients receiving various antitumor treatments showed similar results.Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that the RSGB group experienced a significantly substantial decrease in MFI,BFI,and FACT-Hep scores at week 8.No serious drug-related AEs or toxicities were observed.Conclusions:RSGB oral solution effectively reduced CRF in patients with advanced HCC undergoing antitumor therapy over an eight-week period,with no discernible toxicities.These findings support the potential of RSGB oral solution as an adjunctive treatment for managing CRF in this patient population.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:81973701 and 81903767)the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Grant No.:ZYYCXTD-D-202002)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.:LZ20H290002).
文摘Panax ginseng(PG)and Panax notoginseng(PN)are highly valuable Chinese medicines(CM).Although both CMs have similar active constituents,their clinical applications are clearly different.Over the past decade,RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis has been employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of extracts or monomers.However,owing to the limited number of samples in standard RNA-seq,few studies have systematically compared the effects of PG and PN spanning multiple conditions at the transcriptomic level.Here,we developed an approach that simultaneously profiles transcriptome changes for multiplexed samples using RNA-seq(TCM-seq),a high-throughput,low-cost workflow to molecularly evaluate CM perturbations.A species-mixing experiment was conducted to illustrate the accuracy of sample multiplexing in TCM-seq.Transcriptomes from repeated samples were used to verify the robustness of TCM-seq.We then focused on the primary active components,Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)and Panax ginseng saponins(PGS)extracted from PN and PG,respectively.We also characterized the transcriptome changes of 10 cell lines,treated with four different doses of PNS and PGS,using TCM-seq to compare the differences in their perturbing effects on genes,functional pathways,gene modules,and molecular networks.The results of transcriptional data analysis showed that the transcriptional patterns of various cell lines were significantly distinct.PGS exhibited a stronger regulatory effect on genes involved in cardiovascular disease,whereas PNS resulted in a greater coagulation effect on vascular endothelial cells.This study proposes a paradigm to comprehensively explore the differences in mechanisms of action between CMs based on transcriptome readouts.
基金supported by Tianjin Key R&D Plan-Key Projects Supported by Science and Technology (19YFZCSN00010)
文摘Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)as a common dietary adjunct is widely applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine due to its health-promoting properties,but the differences between white ginseng and red ginseng was rarely studied.In the present study,color parameters and scanning electron microscope(SEM)were determined to evaluate the differences of ginseng color and microstructure induced by processing procedure.Quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker(QAMS)method and anti-α-amylase activity test were used to assess variations of chemical ingredients and pharmacological activity between white and red ginseng.Finally,molecular docking studies were carried out to screen out the most effective compound againstα-amylase.Results indicated that processing had a significant impact on the physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity of white and red ginseng.After processing,the color value of L*declined significantly.Red ginseng sample displayed a compact structure and presented of a gel layer on the surface compared to white ginseng.Additionally,the content of ginsenosides and the activity of anti-α-amylase decreased.The contents of total ginsenosides were positively correlated with the anti-α-amylase activities of ginseng,and ginsenoside Rb1 might be the most effective compound to inhibit the activity ofα-amylase.
基金Supported by College Students'Innovation Entrepreneurship and Training Program of Yantai University(X202211066143)。
文摘[Objectives]To study the potential molecular mechanism of ginseng in treating nephrotic syndrome(NS)by using network pharmacology,molecular docking and experimental verification methods.[Methods]The active components and targets of ginseng were obtained through the network pharmacology database,and the potential targets for the treatment of NS were predicted.The STRING data platform and Cytoscape software were used to construct protein interaction network,and carry out GO and KEGG enrichment analysis.Molecular docking of active components of ginseng and core targets was performed.The in vitro experiment verified the improvement effect of kaempferol,a key active ingredient of ginseng,on podocyte injury.[Results]After screening,17 active components of ginseng and 38 key targets for treating NS were obtained.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that NF-κB,MAPK and other inflammatory pathways were involved.Molecular docking results show that the core components had good binding activity to key targets.The results of in vitro experiments show that kaempferol can reduce the phosphorylation level of AKT1,down-regulate the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65,play an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway,and improve podocyte injury.[Conclusions]Ginseng may play a role in the treatment of NS by regulating multiple targets and pathways such as inflammatory response,substance metabolism,and signal transduction.
基金Supported by Liaoning Province Science and Technology Department Project(20180530033,2022-MS-281)Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Project(LJKZZ20220105)Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Project(2021LZY042).
文摘[Objectives] To investigate the effects of ginseng protein on gut microbiota and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in Alzheimer s disease (AD) mice. [Methods] D-galactose/AlCl 3 co-induction was used to establish AD model, and mice were randomly divided into normal group 1, normal group 2, model group 1, model group 2, ginseng protein group, and microbiota transplantation group. Morris water maze experiment was used to evaluate learning and memory ability, and Western blot method was used to detect the expression of APP, p-Tau, BDNF, TrkB, p-TrkB proteins in brain tissue, and 16S rDNA was used to detect diversity of fecal microbiota. [Results] Ginseng protein and microbiota transplantation can shorten the escape latency of mice ( P <0.05), increase the number of crossing platforms ( P <0.05), reduce the expression of APP and p-Tau proteins in brain tissue ( P <0.05, P <0.01), increase the expression of BDNF, p-TrkB, p-TrkB/TrkB proteins ( P <0.05, P <0.01), and reduce the abundance of Alloprevotella, Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Prevotellaceae _UCG-001, and Ruminococcus _1 ( P <0.05, P <0.01). [Conclusions] The action mechanism of ginseng protein anti AD may be through regulating gut microbiota diversity and activating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.
文摘This work aimed to evaluate the quality of biscuits incorporated with ginseng powder.This powder was incorporated into wheat flour at levels ranging from 0 to 4%and used in the production of biscuits.The biscuits were analysed for proximate composition,sensory attributes,phytochemical content,and antioxidant properties.Results revealed that the moisture and fat contents of the biscuits significantly decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder.Conversely,protein(3.15 to 4.55 g/100 g DM),carbohydrate(27.80 to 31.10 g/100 g DM)and fiber contents(6.21 to 13.74 g/100 g DM)significantly increased with incorporation.The total polyphenols,saponins,and total flavonoid contents increased from 1.67 to 1.99 mgGAE/100 g DM,0 to 0.69 mg,and 0.87 to 1.83 QE/100g DM respectively.Ginseng powder also significantly increased the DPPH scavenging activity,from 42.05%to 52.62%,and FRAP value from 2.25 to 7.71μgGAE/g with increased incorporation.However,the sensory attributes of the biscuits were not affected by the incorporation of ginseng.Ginseng powder can therefore be incorporated in wheat flour at up to 4%level for biscuits production as a functional food for the promotion of human health.
文摘Korean ginseng and mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) are important traditional herbal plants whose ginsenosides are generally accepted as serving to improve sexual functions, such as penile erection. We investigated the effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng extract (TMGE) on male patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 143 patients experiencing ED. Over the course of 8 weeks, one group took 1 000 mg of TMGE twice a day, and the other group took 1 000 mg of placebo twice a day. The effects of the TMGE and the placebo were analyzed using the Korean version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. A total of 86 patients completed 8 weeks of treatment. The scores on the five domains of the IIEF after medication were significantly higher than the baseline scores in the group treated with TMGE (P 〈 0.05), whereas no significant improvement was observed in the placebo group (P 〉 0.05). Erectile function and overall satisfaction scores after medication were significantly higher in the TMGE group than in the placebo group (P 〈 0.05). Erectile function of patients in the TMGE-treated group significantly improved, suggesting that TMGE could be utilized for improving erectile function in male patients.
基金By grants from the project of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2019GJ170)International Cooperation Department,National A dm inistration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.GZYYGJ2020003).
文摘American ginseng(Panax Quinquefolium L),also known as Xi Yang Shen(西洋参 Radix Panacis Quinquefolii),is indigenous to the United States and Canada.Its discovery in the 1700s paved the way for international trade,which boosted the economy of the New World and helped build commercial ties between the US and China.Due to its therapeutic effects,the demand for American ginseng grew steadily,eventually causing the volume of wild ginseng to dwindle.As a result,laws and regulations were introduced requiring farmers and exporters to engage in harvesting practices that would preserve wild American ginseng.Nowadays,wild American ginseng is considered an endangered and protected species.This article discusses the history,properties,and applications of American ginseng to optimize its use and protection.
基金Project of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology(20200403028SF,20200402040NC)Project of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture Bureau of Science and Technology(2019NS11).
文摘[Objectives]To explore effective biocontrol methods for diseases in the process of ginseng cultivation,and develop an efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent.[Methods]In this study,2 strains were isolated from biogas slurry,and Cylindrocarpon destructans(XF),Fusarium solani(GF),Botrytis cinerea Pers(HM)and Alternaria panax Whetz(HB)were used as test materials.The strains were isolated and identified by dilution plate method,16S rDNA sequence identification method,confrontation culture method,filter paper method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method,and the bacteriostatic activity and bacteriostatic rate were tested.[Results]Strain 15(Sphingomonas)and strain 19(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)were screened out through identification and analysis,and they grew stably within 8-10 d.The bacteriostatic rates of strain 15 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 47.37%and 43.40%,respectively,and the bacteriostatic rates of strain 19 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 62.30%and 63.27%,respectively.The bacteriostatic activity of the extract of strain 19 increased with the increase of OD_(600) value,and the bacteriostatic effect was optimal when the OD_(600) value was in the range of 0.8-1.0,up to 70%,so it had a strong biocontrol potential.[Conclusions]This experiment provides convenience for more effective inoculation,establishes a fast,simple and accurate method for the determination of the best bacteriostatic rate of P.aeruginosa culture solution to HM,and lays a foundation for large-scale culture of P.aeruginosa culture solution.Besides,it is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient control of ginseng B.cinerea in field production,use it for the prevention and control of ginseng shoot diseases,and provide a reference for the efficient and diverse development of biocontrol agents for ginseng shoot diseases.
基金Supported by Program for Science and Technology Development in Nanyang City(KGGG2018107).
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to observe the effects of red ginseng aqueous extract on immune function of mice.[Methods]The aqueous extract of red ginseng was obtained by water extraction and concentration,and 10 mL of aqueous extract was equivalent to 2.86 g of raw materials.Total 240 mice were randomly divided into blank control group,low dose,medium dose and high dose groups of red ginseng aqueous extract,60 mice each group.Mice in low dose,medium dose and high dose groups were intragastrically administered with 0.24,0.48,1.43 g/kg red ginseng aqueous extract once a day respectively,and those in blank control group were intragastrically administered with equal volume of deionized water at the dose of 0.1 mL/10 g once a day for consecutive 30 d.The immunoregulation effects of red ginseng aqueous extract on mice were explored by organ/body weight ratio measurement,delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH)reaction,Con A-induced spleen T lymphocyte transformation test,antibody-producing cells test,half hemolytic value(HC 50)test,carbon particle clearance test,phagocytosis test of chicken red blood cells by macrophages and NK cell activity test.[Results]Compared with the blank control group,the degree of toe swelling in low dose group and medium dose group of red ginseng aqueous extract[(0.62±0.14)mm,(0.53±0.12)mm vs.(0.36±0.10)mm]significantly increased(P<0.05).The ability of T lymphocytes proliferation(0.173±0.054,0.189±0.063 vs.0.098±0.012)in low dose group and high dose group significantly increased(P<0.05).The number of haemolytic plaque(137.49×10^(3)±24.73×10^(3),148.43×10^(3)±27.53×10^(3) vs.112.96×10^(3)±26.28×10^(3))in medium dose group and high dose group significantly increased(P<0.05).The phagocytosis rate(35.67%±3.82%,49.26%±6.54%,57.92%±7.36%vs.24.34%±4.22%)and phagocytosis index(0.72±0.23,0.82±0.15,0.91±0.26 vs.0.35±0.11)of low dose,medium dose,high dose groups significantly increased(P<0.05).However,there was no statistical difference in spleen/body weight ratio,thymus/body weight ratio,half hemolytic value,carbon particle clearance and NK cell activity.[Conclusions]Red ginseng aqueous extract could enhance the immunity of mice.
基金National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFC-1702301).
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to explore the correlation between active components of ginseng and community structure of endophytic fungi in ginseng under different cultivation methods.[Methods]Using ginsengs under two main planting patterns in Huanren County,Liaoning Province as the samples,the community structure of endophytic fungi was studied by molecular means,and the chemical components were identified and the content of chemical markers was measured via LC-MS.Moreover,the correlation between medicinal components of ginseng and diversity of endophytic fungal flora was analyzed.[Results]The diversity and active components of endophytic fungi of ginseng were different.The diversity analysis showed that the medicinal components of ginseng were positively correlated with some fungal groups in ginseng.[Conclusions]Artificial intervention in the planting process would affect the endophytic fungi in medicinal materials,and further affect the chemical components of ginseng medicinal materials.
文摘Objective To analyze the gaps between patents of ginseng extraction method in China and South Korea,and to provide research and development directions for Chinese companies.Methods By observing the changes in the amount of patent applications over time,the distribution of application countries and regions,the analysis of applicants,the extraction of technical topics,and the development and change of method,an in-depth discussion on the patent of ginseng extraction method in China and South Korea was conducted.Results and Conclusion China lacks the mastery of advanced technology and the exploration of popular fields,while South Korea is just the opposite of China.Therefore,Chinese enterprises should focus on extraction processes and actively explore new technical fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81660243the Joint Foundation of Department of Science and Technology of Guizhou Province of China,No.LG[2012]028the Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province of China,No.qian SY[2015]3041
文摘Panax ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plant.Panax ginseng extract has numerous biological activities,including antitumor,anti-inflammatory and antistress activities.Panax ginseng extract also has a cognition-enhancing effect in rats with alcohol-induced memory impairment.In this study,we partially occluded the bilateral carotid arteries in the rat to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,a wellknown model of vascular dementia.The rats were then intragastrically administered 50 or 100 mg/kg Panax ginseng extract.Morris water maze and balance beam tests were used to evaluate memory deficits and motor function,respectively.Protein quantity was used to evaluate cholinergic neurons.Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells.Western blot assay was used to evaluate protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,Bcl-2 and Bax.Treatment with Panax ginseng extract for 8 weeks significantly improved behavioral function and increased neuronal density and VEGF and b FGF protein expression in the hippocampal CA3 area.Furthermore,Panax ginseng extract reduced the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive cells,and it decreased apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax protein expression.The effect of Panax ginseng extract was dose-dependent and similar to that of nimodipine,a commonly used drug for the treatment of vascular dementia.These findings suggest that Panax ginseng extract is neuroprotective against vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,and therefore might have therapeutic potential for preventing and treating the disease.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20875037)
文摘Ginsenosides Rgl, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd in different parts of the American ginseng plant were investigated. The extraction process was a pressurized microwave-assisted extraction(PMAE). The seven ginsenosides were separated and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with a ultraviolet(UV) detector, at 203 nm. The experiment results showed significant variations in the individual ginsenoside contents of the American ginseng in different parts and ages of the plant. The results demonstrated that the leaves, root hairs, and rhizomes of Panax quinquefolius L. contained higher ginsenoside contents, followed by the main roots and stems. The leaves contained dramatically higher levels of ginsenoside Rg1 Rb3, and Rd than the other four parts. Higher contents of Rb1 and Re were present in the main roots, root hairs, and rhizomes. The amount of ginsenoside content in the stems was the lowest. The total content of the seven ginsenosides in main roots, root hairs and rhizomes increased with the age of the plant. In contrast, the ginsenoside contents in the leaves and stems decreased with a year of growth.
文摘Aim: To examine the treatment efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in impotent men with erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods: A total of 60 patients presenting mild or mild to moderate ED were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which the efficacies of KRG and a placebo were compared. The patients received either 1 000 mg (3 times daily) of KRG or a placebo. Results: The five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score after the treatment was significantly higher in the KRG group compared with that before the treatment (from 16.4±2.9 to 21.0±6.3, P 〈 0.0001). In contrast, there was no difference before and after the treatment in the placebo group (from 17.0±3.1 to 17.7±5.6, P 〉 0.05). In the KRG group, 20 patients (66.6%), reported improved erection, significant in the global efficacy question (P 〈 0.01); in the placebo group there was no significance. Scores on questions 2 (rigidity), 3 (penetration), 4 and 5 (maintenance), were significantly higher for KRG than those for the placebo when those questions were answered after 12 weeks of each treatment (P 〈 0.01). When the score in the KRG group was compared to the placebo group after the treatment, there was a significant improvement in total score (IIEF-5 score) in questions 3 and 5 for the KRG-treated group (P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.0001, respectively). The levels of serum testosterone, prolactine and cholesterol after the treatment were not statistically significant different between the KRG and the placebo group (P 〉 0.05). Conclusion: Our data show that KRG can be an effective alternative to the invasive approaches for treating male ED.
基金The Ninth 5-year Plan" Key Science and Technique R & D Programme Foundation of China (96-901-01-12A).
文摘A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-(-L-rhamnosyl-(1?2)-(-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3(, 6(, 12(-triol.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(No.NRF-2016R1D1A3B03930920 to SK)the MSIP(No.NRF-2014R1A5A2009936 to SK)
文摘Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory.Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve learning and memory;however,the mechanisms are still elusive.Therefore,we evaluated whether KRG can promote cognitive function and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus.Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received 50 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally and 100 mg/kg of KRG or vehicle orally once a day for 14 days.Pole,Rotarod and Morris water maze tests were performed and the brains were collected after the last behavioral test.Changes in the numbers of BrdU- and BrdU/ doublecortin (DCX;a marker for neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for cell differentiation),cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus were then investigated.KRG-treated mice came down the pole significantly faster and stood on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice.The Morris water maze test showed that KRG administration enhanced the learning and memory abilities significantly.KRG also significantly increased BrdU- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen,cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus compared to vehicle.Administration of KRG promotes learning and memory abilities,possibly by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis.This study was approved by the Pusan National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No.PNU-2016-1071) on January 19,2016.