Islam and Girls＇ Education： Obligatory or Forbidden

＂Acquisition of knowledge is binding on all Muslims＂ （al-Sunan 1：81 ~224）. This Hadith, sayings or actions of the prophet Muhammad （MPBUH）l, indicates that there is no preference based on sex in getting access to education in Islam; however, there is a growing misconception among the people of other religions that Islam constrains Muslim girls from getting education. This paper reviews literature and two authentic sources of Islamic scriptures, which are the Holy Qura＇an and the Ahadith to position the girls＇ education in purview of Islam. It further examines the possible reasons for conflicting interpretations of Islamic teachings. It concludes that Islam does not restrict girls from getting education. It recommends further systematic studies for exploring the reasons for the projection of distorted images of Islam.

Gaze and Oppositional Gaze in Mr. Tang’s Girls

The gaze is a means of power that can flow through family relationships.It has intense regulatory overtones.In her short story Mr.Tang’s Girls,Malaysian-Chinese Anglophone diasporic writer Shirley Geok-lin Lim shows the conflict between Eastern and Western cultures and the resistance of women under the oppression of patriarchy through the portrayal of the father,Ah Kong,and the eldest daughter,Kim Li.Based on Foucault’s discipline gaze and Hooks’oppositional gaze,this article analyzes the power operation in the story from the following three aspects:the male gaze,discipline and self-discipline,and the oppositional gaze.Kim Li’s subjective image of breaking free from male ownership control has been presented.It suggests the difficulties encountered by female groups in their rebellion against the male gaze and their pursuit of freedom and emancipation.It also reflects the tragedy of awakening women’s destinies under the dual oppression of patriarchy and the East-Westen cultural conflict.

Factors Associated with HPV Vaccine Uptake among Girls Aged 9 - 14 in the Langue de Barbarie Area of Saint-Louis, Senegal in 2024

Introduction: The HPV vaccine was included in the Expanded Programme on Immunisation in Senegal in 2018. However, vaccination coverage is still low among targeted girls. The aim of this research was to study the factors associated with vaccine uptake among girls aged 9 - 14 years in the Langue de Barbarie area of Saint-Louis, Senegal. Methodology: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. The sample size was calculated using the Schwartz formula and distributed proportionally to the size of the population in the neighborhoods. Data were collected from 2nd to 19th January 2024 from mothers or guardians of girls aged 9 to 14 using anonymous questionnaires configured on tablets with Survey 123 software and analysed using R software. Results: A total of 799 people were interviewed. The average age of the respondents was 35.67 years, with a standard deviation of 7.08 and a range of 17 and 49 years. Reported vaccination coverage was 41.9%. Factors positively correlated with vaccination included: attendance at primary school or daara (OR = 2.50 [CI: 1.43 - 4.48] and OR = 2.05 [CI: 1.09 - 3.94]), information about vaccination (OR = 6.64 [CI: 4.59 - 9.72]), history of cervical cancer screening among mothers or guardians (OR = 6.64 [CI: 4.59 - 9.72]). Conclusion: Identifying the factors associated with HPV vaccination is necessary to assess and improve the vaccination strategy in order to improve vaccination coverage among targeted girls.

Study on the Knowledge of Mothers or Guardians of Girls Aged 9 - 14 from the Langue de Barbarie in Saint-Louis, Senegal about Cervical Cancer and Its Relationship to HPV Vaccination in 2024

Introduction: The relationship between knowledge of HPV and vaccination has been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of mothers or guardians of girls aged 9 - 14 about cervical cancer and their attitudes to HPV vaccination. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The sample size was calculated using the Schwartz formula and distributed proportionally to the size of the neighbourhood population. Data was collected between 2nd to 19th January 2024 using anonymous questionnaires configured on tablets with Survey 123 software and analysed using R software. Results: A total of 799 people were interviewed. The average age of the respondents was 35.67 years, with a standard deviation of 7.08 and a range of 17 and 49 years. The information channels for cervical cancer were the media (82.8%), health facilities (47.7%) and community intermediaries (23.3%). Only 53.7% had information about the vaccine and 25.5% about the vaccination strategy. The main reason for accepting the vaccine was awareness of the seriousness of cervical cancer (55.1%). Conclusion: It is essential to take stock of knowledge about cervical cancer and attitudes to vaccination to assess the impact of interventions and redirect strategies to improve vaccination coverage. .

Clinical efficacy of leprerelin acetate with different dosage forms in central precocious puberty girls

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of different dosage forms of lepraline acetate(LA)in the treatment of girls with central precocious puberty(CPP).Methods:72 CPP girls treated in the Department of Pediatrics of Huai'an First People's Hospital from February 2021 to August 2022 were included as subjects and divided into two groups:3-month LA group(n=34)and 1-month LA group(n=38).Both group girls were treated for 6 months.Serum hormone levels,body mass index(BMI),bone age/chronological age(BA/CA)and pelvic color ultrasound were detected at 0 and 6 months after treatment,and the changes of various indexes were compared before and after treatment.Results:1)There were no significant differences in baseline data between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05).2)After 6 months of treatment,BA/CA decreased,growth rate slowed down,and predicted adult height increased in both groups(P<0.05),but there were no significant differences between groups(P>0.05).3)After 6 months of treatment,there waere no significant differences in luteinizing hormone(LH)inhibition ratio between the 3 month and 1 month dosage groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the peak value of serum LH and FSH,estradiol level,uterine volume,bilateral ovarian volume,maximum follicle diameter and the number of follicles 4mm were significantly decreased in the two groups,but there were no significant differences between the two groups(P>0.05).4)There were no significant differences in the levels of thyroid hormone,fasting blood glucose and triglyceride between the two groups before and after treatment(P>0.05).Total cholesterol levels were increased after treatment(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between groups(P>0.05).5)No serious adverse reactions occurred during the treatment of the two dosage forms of LA,but the 3-month dosage form of LA reduced the treatment cost and improved the treatment compliance.Conclusion:The short-term efficacy of 3-month LA in the treatment of CPP in girls is similar to that of 1-month LA.The 3-month dosage form LA is a safe,effective,and economical method for the treatment of CPP in girls.

F.Scott.Fitzgerald and His Protagonists' Fascination about Rich Girls:Seen from His Works "The Great Gatsby" and "Winter Dreams"

F.Scott.Fitzgerald was a well known American writer in the 1920s.He worte some works which represented the characteristics of the 1920s America and he was considered as the spokesman for that time period,the Jazz Age..His masterpiece was The Great Gatsby.The novel fully reveals the life and people of the Jazz age,showing the epicurean,indulging,and immoral ethos of the whole American society and people's fasicination about wealth and enjoyment,looking down upon and deserting the traditional faiths and values.This article discusses F.Scott.Fitzgerald and his protagists' fascination about rich girls in his two novels The Great Gatsby and "Winter Dreams" from the life and love stories of the author and his protagonists,men's love ideal under the influence of American dream and the Jzaa Age,several characteristivs of love itself.Through this article,we may see the influence of the social faith and social ethos on individual's love ideal,and the beautiful and wordly aspects about love.

浅析张爱玲、孔慧怡合译之作 The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai

The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai为张爱玲译作之沧海遗珠,此译本凝结了张氏数十年翻译之功。后经孔慧怡整理,张、孔二人合译之The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai始由美国哥伦比亚大学出版社出版。从译者使用的翻译策略,即归化、异化并举之策略和对超文本的有效使用两方面评析这部合译之作可以发现,The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai再现了原文平淡而又近自然的风格。

Association of Estrogen Receptor-α Gene PvuII Polymorphisms with the Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Skeletal Development in Chinese Pubertal Girls

Objective To investigate the association of estrogen receptor alpha （ER-c0 PvulI polymorphisms with the effect of calcium supplementation on bone development in Chinese pubertal girls, and to study the importance of calcium supplementation by maximizing the peak bone mass at their pubertal stage for bone development and osteoporosis prevention and the role of estrogen in regulating bone mass. Methods Ninety-four pubertal girls were recruited in the study and divided into two groups and three sub-groups according to the ER-α PvulI polymorphisms. One year before and after calcium supplementation, bone mineral density （BMD） was measured by DEXA, while BGP, BAP, TRACP5b, and 25-OH-VitD3, as well as estrogen were detected by ELISA. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the effect of ER-ct polymorphisms on bone development. Results The absolute increase and percentage change of BGP were significantly higher in the supplemented group than in the control group （P〈0.05）. In the intervened group, The increase and percentage change of the total body and radio distal 1/3 BMD were higher in PP than in PP genotype （P〈0.05）, and the increase of BAP in Pp was also higher than PP in the same group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion PP genotype shows a better response to calcium supplementation than the other Pvull polymorphisms.

Body Mass Index and Health Related Physical Fitness in Saudi Girls and Adolescents Aged 8 - 15 Years

Health related physical fitness (HRPF) is considered to be an indirect marker of a person’s health and wellbeing, reflecting the interplay and integration of many persons’ systems and body functions. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and HRPF in a national cross-sectional sample of Saudi girls and adolescents. Methods: Weight, height and four components of HRPF (body fat composition, strength and endurance, flexibility and cardio-respiratory fitness) were measured in three age groups [(8 - 10), (11 - 12) and (13 - 15) years]. Pearson correlation coefficient and regressions analysis using a non-linear quadratic model were used to evaluate the relationship between BMI and HRPF in three age groups. Results: The results revealed variable relationships among tests. Lower scores in body fat composition and cardio-respiratory fitness were associated with higher body mass indexes in each age group. Also lower scores in muscle strength and endurance were recorded in girls aged from 11 to 15 years. Relationships between BMI and flexibility differed among age groups. Conclusion: BMI significantly and differentially influenced individual HRPF, but effects varied with age. Higher body mass indexes were generally associated with lower HRPF. The level of HRPF determined by this study may serve as an indicator of potential health risks that overweight and obese children girls and adolescents faced.

Earlier Menarche Can Be an Indicator of More Body Fat:Study of Sexual Development and Waist Circumference in Chinese Girls

Objective This paper aims to study the relationship between body fat and sexual development in Chinese girls with different waist circumference.Methods Six thousand one hundred and fifty six girls aged 6-19 were sampled.Their body weight,height,waist circumference,percentage of body fat and secondary sex characteristics were measured.All the subjects were divided into three groups：low class waist circumference,moderate class waist circumference and high class waist circumference.The menarche percentages were analyzed by using the status method.The menarche ages were analyzed by using the retrospective method.Estimates for mean age at entry into a pubertal stage and menarche were calculated by a probit analysis.Results The incidences of moderate class and high class waist circumstance were 20.94% and 25.27%,respectively.The sexual development of the former was earlier than that of the latter.The percentages of the menarche were detected as high classmoderate classlow class.The menarche ages were expressed as high classmoderate classlow class.Conclusion A close association is found between the waist circumference and sexual development,especially the menarche age.Girls with high class waist circumference are more vulnerable to earlier menarche and excess body fat.It is important to control the occurrence of central obesity through monitoring the change of waist circumference in puberty for girls＇ health.

The Agony of Early Chinese Immigrants--A Review on Shanghai Girls

The article aims at exploring by the way of a traditional approach—Historical-Biographical the agony confronted by early Chinese immigrants in America based on the novel Shanghai Girls.Early Chinese Americans encountered numerous pains:hardship in their work,discrimination in their lives,and the threat of deportation from the host government.Generally,the sufferings of theirs derive from three sources,namely,their powerless homeland,the hostility of the white and their low education status.Due to the poverty and powerless their homeland,both the sisters encountered countless insults.

Mental training can improve physical activity behavior in adolescent girls

Background:Lately,physical activity(PA) in young girls has been frequently discussed,thus we were interested to examine whether a mental training intervention can increase the level of PA in young girls.Methods:A sample of 56 girls aged 15.4 ± 0.3 years(mean ± SD) was assigned to either the intervention or control group.We then conducted a6-week mental imagery training program on young female participants.PA was evaluated with objective accelerometer monitors.Physical self-concept was also assessed in all participants.Results:Young females' PA increased after a course of mental training compared to female participants in control group.Furthermore,physical self-concept improved related to mental training program.Conclusion:Exercise imagery may be an effective method of PA increase besides psychological enhancement in young girls.

The Secular Tendency of the Age at Menarche in a Representative Sample of Mexican Girls from an Urban Zone in Central Mexico

Objective: To investigate the age at menarche, pubarche and telarche in a representative sample of residents of an urban zone of Leon, Guanajuato, Central Mexico and to evaluate the secular change of the age at menarche between 1985 and 2000. Methods: Using status quo and retrospective methods, menarcheal, pubarcheal and telarcheal status of girls 8 - 17 years of age (n = 1093) were determined. Multiple regression analysis and logistic regression were used to determine factors that were related to or predictive of age at menarche. Results: Median ages for menarche, pubarche and telarche in our studied sample were: 11.9 ± 0.04;11.13 ± 1.25 and 10.84 ± 1.34 years, respectively. A direct correlation was found between the age of menarche of adolescents and that of their mother (p p p = 0.001), but an indirect correlation was found with the girls’ hip circumference (p = 0.004). We demonstrated a clear secular tendency towards an earlier onset of menarche by comparing our results (11.9 ± 0.04) with data from 1985 (12.8 ± 1.3) for adolescents from the same city. Conclusion: We demonstrated a clear reduction in age at menarche of approximately 0.75 year/decade, higher than Tanner’s finding in 1962, but similar than that of Malina et al. in 2004.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Its Promises for the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Girls and Women in Africa

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals take into account the economic, social and environmental challenges of our world. In relation to the sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) of girls and women, the Sustainable Development Goals provide a platform for the enhancement of the SRHR of adolescents and women, especially in Africa. The promises of SDGs are to eliminate gender disparities in the education sector and to ensure equal access at all levels particularly for the vulnerable girls and women in Africa. The SDGs promise to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages through universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes. Predictably, few years down the line, most African countries have not demonstrated sufficient commitment and political will towards the realisation of these noble goals. The reproductive and sexual health of concerned girls and women in Africa that have been deliberately relegated for several decades can no doubt be redeemed by the SDGs. We advocate to Governments, non-governmental organisations and stakeholders in Africa to work towards the realisation of the SDGs and for more sensitization to enable African women live a happy and fulfilled life devoid of discrimination, sexual abuses or exploitations, injustice as well as unequal access to economic, political and reproductive health services.

Age at Menarche among School Adolescents Girls in Saudi Arabia: Environmental Factors

Background: Menarche is the first menstrual period of a girl at puberty. The timing of menarche is significant for health in future life. Saudi Arabia has developed immensely over the last three decades as evidenced by the economic and health sectors throughout all parts of the vast Kingdom. The current study measured the menarche age of school adolescents Girls in Saudi Arabia and explored environmental factors that could impact the onset of menarche. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1486 healthy Saudi school adolescents’ girls between 10 - 19 years old. The data were collected in 2016 using self-administered questionnaires. Health status, dietary intake, physical activities and parent’s education were recorded along with other environmental factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.1. Results: Out of 1486, 767 girls (51.6%) had experienced menarche with a mean age of 12.46 ± 1.57;681 girls (45.8%) had experienced menarche at age of 13 - 15;38 girls (2.6%) had experienced menarche at age of 16. A significant association between menarche and social factors was detected. Besides, the study discovered a significant association between menarche and the lifestyle of the studied groups.

Sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescent girls from conservative and low-income families in Erzurum, Turkey

The objective of this survey was to determine the sexual and reproductive health needs of conservative and/or economically challenged adolescent girls. A total of 310 subjects (16.5 ± 2.2 years old), attending three private institutes teaching Islamic matter and the holy Quran and two private institutes teaching carpet-weaving in Erzurum, Turkey, were interviewed between November 2004 and February 2005. The ques-tionnaire covered knowledge on reproductive health and sexual matters to attain their feelings prior to their first menarche, their practices during menstruation, and their awareness of gynecological and sexually transmitted dis-eases as well as their attitudes toward and re-sponsiveness to domestic violence. Their re-sponses showed that these issues were con-sidered taboo and/or embarrassing to share. Also, a considerable percentage of the girls had no or limited knowledge on reproductive health and sexual matters and mismanaged gyneco-logical problems and domestic violence. More-over, those had knowledge revealed that their sources were non-scientific information from unprofessional individuals. In conclusion, the conservative and/or economically challenged adolescent girls who are not attending regular high schools need professional lectures on re-productive health and sexual matters.

The Process by Which Girls Who Develop Type 1 Diabetes before School Age Acquire Self-Management Skills during Puberty and Adolescence

Our aim was to clarify the process by which girls who develop type 1 diabetes before school age acquire self-management skills during puberty and adolescence. We conducted semi-structured interviews with such women who had reached adolescence, and analyzed the results using the modified grounded theory approach (M-GTA). We found the process to be composed of eight categories: Girls begin to feel they understand their own bodies;Girls give precedence to fun, and forget about their disease;Girls build a foundation for taking control of their physical health;Girls feel “out of sync” with their physical sensations;Girls gain new awareness of their disease due to discrimination and comparing themselves to others;Girls revisit their lifestyle and diabetes care practices, with an eye to their future;Girls employ the wisdom and knowledge they have gained from experience;Girls are frustrated at diabetes’ relent-less presence in their lives. The learning process could be roughly divided into two periods: a period dominated by annoyance, where girls prioritize fun activities and try to forget about their disease, and a period where they leverage their wisdom to revisit their care behaviors and change their lifestyle.

《My girls》前瞻

《孔明传》是一款战棋类游戏。在游戏的制作中,在忠於原着的基础上,设计者大胆的编撰了大量全新的情节;而在游戏的玩法中,在已有战棋类游戏的架构基础上,《孔明传》中又加入了很多新的要素。

An Analysis of the Level Shifts in Dialect Translation—In Three Versions of The Sing-Song Girls in Shanghai

The Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai is a typical Chinese dialectal literary work.It has been translated into Mandarin(contemporary standard Chinese)and English versions by Eileen Chang,a famous Chinese writer.Dialect translation is a process involving both intralingual and interlingual translation,in which the strategy of Catford’s Translation Shifts is analyzed with examples in three versions of the novel.His theory is grounded on the sacrifice of“formal correspondence”,which,as a kind of translation strategy,attaches more importance to“semantic equivalence”.This article mainly discusses the application of Gatford’s translation level shifts in translating in dialectal literary works.

Comparing Coordination Abilities of 10-11 Years Old Girls Practicing Basketball and Rhythmic Gymnastic

The words---coordination, coordination abilities and coordination training are getting more and more popular among the coaches in different sports. The rhythm makes the movement logical, easy and correct done. The purpose of this study is to determine any difference between the coordination abilities of 10-11 years old gifts practicing basketball and rhythmic gymnastics. In that study, we have tested 40 girls at the age of 10-11 years practicing basketball and rhythmic gymnastic. We have tested them by 7 coordination tests. The results from the tests have been calculated in math-statistic methods and we have used descriptive statistic and t-test by Student with guaranteed probability Pt 〉 95 %. Ten-eleven old girls practicing rhythmic gymnastic have advantage against the girls practicing basketball in all 7 tests examining coordination abilities. The girls practicing rhythmic gymnastic, guaranteed by statistic, have better results in the balance and rhythmic abilities than the girls practicing basketball game. That statement is showing us that at this age the rhythmic gymnastic or elements from rhythmic gymnastic should be used for developing balance and rhythmic ability, which are very important for the basketball game.