The Impact of Sun Radiation on the Thermal Comfort in Highly Glazed Buildings Equipped with Floor Heating Systems

Occupants of highly glazed buildings often suffer from thermal discomfort during the mid-seasons when no shadings are used in such buildings,especially when inertial heating systems are used.The present study is devoted to evaluating the impact of long solar beam exposure on the internal thermal discomfort in glazed spaces when heating is implemented through a floor system.A comprehensive experimental study is carried out using an experimental bi-climatic chamber which is fully monitored and controlled,allowing realistic simulations of the dynamic movement of the sun patch on a heated slab.The findings show that a period of discomfort as long as 8 h can occur,and persist far after the sunbeam exposure stops.During this period,the heating slab’s surface temperature,considered from an average point of view,can attain 34°C while the indoor temperature reaches 26°C.Simulations conducted using a previously developed model display a good fit with the measurements.

Effect of Fly Ash on Drying Shrinkage of Thermal Insulation Mortar with Glazed Hollow Beads

Drying shrinkage of thermal insulation mortar with glazed hollow beads was measured by a vertical length comparator, and the influences of fly ash with different contents（0, 18%, 36%, and 54% were used） on the long-term drying shrinkage were discussed. The mass loss was measured by the weighting method and the pore structure was characterized using three different methods, including the light microscopy, the mercury intrusion porosimetry（MIP）, and the nitrogen adsorption/desorption（NAD） experiments, and the correlations among them were researched. The results show that drying shrinkage process of thermal insulation mortar includes three steps with increasing curing time： the acceleration period（before 7 d）, the deceleration period（7-365 d）, and the metastable period（after 365 d）. Drying shrinkage in the first stage（7 d before） increases quickly owing to the fast water loss, and its development in the last two stages is attributed to the increment of the pore volume of mortar with the radius below 50 nm, especially the increment of the pore volume fraction of the pore radius within the size range between 7.3 nm and 12.3 nm. There is no change in the drying shrinkage development trend of mortar with fly ash addition, and three steps in the service life, but fly ash addition in the mortar restrains its value. There is a linear relationship between the drying shrinkage and fly ash content, which means that drying shrinkage reduces with fly ash addition.

Research on the Application in Glazed Tile Heating of the Low-Carbon Catalytic Combustion Furnace of Natural Gas

This experiment aims to summarize the regular pattern of low-carbon catalytic combustion furnace of natural gas used in glazed tile heating. The tiles used for decorating which are heated by catalytic combustion furnace are more fine and glossy than the conventional ones, moreover, pollutant emission produced in productive process is much less than before. This conclusion may provide a new way to glazed tile heating industry, and at the same time, provide a general method of using the catalytic combustion furnace.

Investigation of the Effects of Glazed Balconies uponThermal Comfort in Hot Tropical Region

The balcony is responsible to a series of effects on the environmental behavior of a building,mainly in relation of thermal comfort and air distribution to their indoor spaces.Currently a very common practice in several metropolitan areas is the closing with retractable glass panels in balcony openings.This work analyzed the effects of glazed balconies upon thermal comfort in a hot tropical region.Environmental parameters were carried out in a flat alternating the conditions of retractable glass panels to balconies.Thermal simulations were performed considering closing or not the glass door that divides the balcony room;the building material used on the balcony sill;and the use of curtains or shading devices.The results show the maximum mean hourly temperatures recorded on the balcony during the period when the retractable glass panels were closed,reaching peaks between 31.7 and 39.2°C,above the comfort range recommended by ASHRAE 55.All situations simulated show the thermal discomfort prevails in the use of the closed glass panels reaching DhTD of 94.55°C/day.Thus,this practice of using most of the closed retractable glass panels in the balconies presents disadvantages and inefficiencies especially in hot and humid tropical climate regions.

Study on Properties of Glazed Tiles Heated by the Low-Carbon Catalytic Combustion Furnace of Natural Gas

This experiment aims to summarize the properties of glazed tiles that heated by the low-carbon catalytic combustion furnace of natural gas. The tiles heated by the catalytic combustion furnace are more fine and glossy than the conventional ones. This conclusion provides a new way to glazed tile heating industry. Only with a better understanding of catalytic combustion, can the application benefit our environment and industry.

Investigation on surface figuration and microstructure of laser glazed nanostructure zirconia thermal barrier coatings

CO2 continuous wave laser beam had been applied to the laser glazing of plasma sprayed nanostructure zirconia thermal barrier coatings. The effects of laser glazing processing parameters on the surface figuration and microstructure change had been carried out, the microstructure and phase composition of the coatings had been evaluated by the scanning electron microscope （ SEM） and the X-ray diffraction （ XRD ）. SEM observation indicates that the microstructure of the as-glazed coating could be altered from singlecolumnar structure to a combination of the columnar grain and fine equiaxed grain with the different laser glazing conditions. XRD analysis illustrates that the predominance phase of the us-glazed coating is the metastable tetragonal phase, and the glazed coating with the single columnar structure has shown the clear orientation in （220） and （400） peaks while the other coatings do not show that.

The technical research on the huge glazed brick from the relic of Nanyue Kingdom Palace

‘Qin brick and Han tile’ has a great worldwide reputation in the architectural history of China. According to the former archaeological materials, the big hollow brick is usually one meter long and thirty to forty centimeters wide, while the solid brick is generally much smaller. But in 1995, large scale vestiges and structures were un- earthed at the center of Guangzhou’s old district, from the relic of Nanyue Kingdom Palace, which was built some 2000 years ago during the Western-Han Dynasty. A great number of earthen structural members were discovered, especially the solid glazed bricks in various beautiful patterns with an astonishing thickness and size. Some of them are one meter square, more than 20 centimeters thick, and weight half a ton, which are named ‘Brick No.1 in the world’ by excavators. People have shown great interest in how to make these huge glazed bricks at the ancient tech- nical conditions, because it is very difficult to manufacture such huge bricks even with the modern technology. At the request of Guangdong Nanyue Kingdom Palace Museum, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics carried out systematical measurements and analysis on these bricks and studied the physical and chemical forming mechanisms from their chemical compositions, structure, and physical character- istics. Here the technical characteristics of the bricks are also discussed.

Glazed Tile Makers

Peasants living in Nanzhang Zhuang, a remote village in the mountainous area of Yuxian County, Hebei Province, wanted to open a glazed tile plant because they heard that the domestic market needed building materials in the Chinese national style. Through the help and support of the Yuxian County Women’s Federation and Nanzhang Zhuang Women’s Representative Assembly, the glazed tile plant was established.

Designing interactive glazing through an engineering psychology approach:Six augmented reality scenarios that envision future car human-machine interface

Background With an increasing number of vehicles becoming autonomous,intelligent,and connected,paying attention to the future usage of car human-machine interface with these vehicles should become more relevant.Several studies have addressed car HMI but were less attentive to designing and implementing interactive glazing for every day(autonomous)driving contexts.Methods Reflecting on the literature,we describe an engineering psychology practice and the design of six novel future user scenarios,which envision the application of a specific set of augmented reality(AR)support user interactions.Additionally,we conduct evaluations on specific scenarios and experiential prototypes,which reveal that these AR scenarios aid the target user groups in experiencing a new type of interaction.The overall evaluation is positive with valuable assessment results and suggestions.Conclusions This study can interest applied psychology educators who aspire to teach how AR can be operationalized in a human-centered design process to students with minimal pre-existing expertise or minimal scientific knowledge in engineering psychology.

The effect of single-horn glaze ice on the vortex structures in the wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine

The present study experimentally investigated the effect of a simulated single-horn glaze ice accreted on ro- tor blades on the vortex structures in the wake of a hori- zontal axis wind turbine by using the stereoscopic particle image velocimetry （Stereo-PIV） technique. During the ex- periments, four horizontal axis wind turbine models were tested, and both ＂free-run＂ and ＂phase-locked＂ Stereo-PIV measurements were carried out. Based on the ＂free-run＂ measurements, it was found that because of the simulated single-horn glaze ice, the shape, vorticity, and trajectory of tip vortices were changed significantly, and less kinetic en- ergy of the airflow could be harvested by the wind turbine. In addition, the ＂phase-locked＂ results indicated that the pres- ence of simulated single-horn glaze ice resulted in a dramatic reduction of the vorticity peak of the tip vortices. Moreover, as the length of the glaze ice increased, both root and tip vortex gaps were found to increase accordingly.

Dynamic performance of cable net facade with consideration of glass panels under earthquake

Shaking table tests and theoretical analysis were conducted to study the dynamic performance of cable net facade with consideration of glass panels under earthquake. Firstly,the dynamic response of cable net faade under earthquake was investigated with shaking table test. Then the working mechanism of glass panels in coordination with cable net was proposed. Accordingly,a numerical simulation model of glass panel's working in coordination with cable net was built for the dynamic analysis.And then the seismic response was analyzed with this model theoretically. The study indicates that the seismic response of the cable net with glass panels on most occasions is mainly decided by the symmetric modes,and the first vibration mode is dominant. The damping of cable net facade is mainly decided by glass panels. And it is very good for cable net faade to restrain its dynamic response under earthquake.

Numerical Study on Ridge Ice Accretion and Its Effect Under Thermal Ice Protection

Under the condition of thermal anti-icing,the liquid water on the leading edge of the airfoil that would flow to the downstream non-protective zone will produce ridge ice,thus endangering flight safety.Based on the existing three-dimensional(3 D)icing model which considers the water film flow on the ice layer,an icing model with thermal boundary condition is introduced.With the boundary conditions of none anti-icing and thermal anti-icing,glaze ice accretion and ridge ice accretion are simulated on a simplified airfoil of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),and then the lift coefficient and drag coefficient are calculated and compared with the smooth airfoil under the same conditions.The results show that the lift-drag ratio obviously decreases after glaze ice occurred on the leading edge under the condition of none anti-icing;and that after setting the condition of anti-icing heat flux in the impingement area,the glaze ice on the leading edge becomes thinner and the ridge ice occurs in the non-protective zone,so the airfoil with this icing characteristic gets a lower lift-drag ratio.

Numerical Simulation of Icing on Nrel 5-MW Reference Offshore Wind Turbine Blades Under Different Icing Conditions

Offshore wind energy resources are operational in cold regions,while offshore wind turbines will face the threat of icing.Therefore,it is necessary to study icing of offshore wind turbines under different icing conditions.In this study,icing sensitivity of offshore wind turbine blades are performed using a combination of FLUENT and FENSAP-ICE software,and the effects of liquid water content(LWC),medium volume diameter(MVD),wind speed and air temperature on blade icing shape are analyzed by two types of ice,namely rime ice and glaze ice.The results show that the increase of LWC and MVD will increase the amount of ice that forms on the blade surface for either glaze ice or rime ice,and an increase of MVD will expand the adhesion surface between ice and blade.Before reaching the rated wind speed of 11.4 m/s,it does not directly affect the icing shape.However,after reaching the rated wind speed,the attack angle of the incoming flow decreases obviously,and the amount of ice increases markedly.When the ambient air temperature meets the icing conditions of glaze ice(i.e.,−5℃ to 0℃),the lower the temperature,the more glaze ice freezes,whereas air temperature has no impact on the icing of rime ice.Compared with onshore wind turbines,offshore wind turbines might face extreme meteorological conditions,and the wind speed has no impact on the amount of ice that forms on the blade surface for most wind speeds.

Preparation of Lead-free Base Glaze Suitable for Pearlescent Pigments by Low-temperature Solid-phase Reaction with Alkali Waste

A lead-free base glaze suitable for pearlescent pigments was prepared by a low-temperature solid-phase reaction with alkali waste.Tests were performed to evaluate the effects of the sintering conditions and alkali waste composition on the prepared base glaze and pearlescent glaze.The experimental results show that partially replacing SiO_(2) with B_(2)O_(3) effectively reduced the sintering temperature and time to form a glass network,but the network structure becomes disconnected as the B_(2)O_(3) content increases.An amorphous base glaze was obtained when soda ash was replaced with a small amount of alkali waste,but increasing the addition of NaCl further was adverse to base glaze formation by resulting in crystallization of the base glaze and a decrease in the bridging oxygen content.The pearlescent pigment was thermally stable in the glaze at 750℃,while higher temperatures caused the crystalline phase of NaAlSiO_(4) to appear and adhere to the surface of pigment granules,which degraded the pearlescent effect of the glaze.

A Novel Infrared Radiant Glaze Exhibiting Antibacterial and Antifungal Functions

Infrared radiant powder was synthesized by conventional ceramic processing techniques by using Fe2 O3, MnO2, CuO, Co2 O3 and kaolin as raw materials. A novel infrared radant glaze was developed by introducing the infrared radiant powder into glazing as a functional additive. Infrared radiant characteristics of the powder and the glaze were investigated. The optimum content of infrared radiant powder in glazing was ascertained to be 5% . The infrared radiant glaze exhibits significant antibacterial and antifungal Junctions due to the thermal effect of infrared radiation. Antibacterial percentages of the glaze reach 91% - 100% when Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis are used as model bacterium respectively, while antifungal percentage of the glaze exceeds 95% when Penicillum citrinum is used as model fungus.

LASER GLAZING OF Ni-Nb AND Ni-Nb-Cr ALLOYS AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF AMORPHOUS LAYERS

Partially amorphous Ni-Nb alloy was made by 1.91 kW cw CO_2 laser melt-quenching, and fully amorphous by 4.5 kW and 4.9 kW.The corrosion resistance of the amor- phous layer was improved by adding Cr.Potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the amorphous Ni_(50)Nb_(40)Cr_(10) is in more corrosion-resistant than the amorphous Ni_(60)Nb_(40)and 18-8 stainless steel.

Application of cetylpyridinium chloride in dispersion of antibacterial ceramic glaze

The adsorption of cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC)onto a ceramic glaze mixture composed of limestone,feldspar,quartz,kaolin,and antibacterial agent was studied.Both adsorption isothermals and the average particle zeta potential were investigated in order to understand the suspension stability as a function of pH,ionic strength,and surfactant concentration.The results show that under the optimal conditions such as pH value of 7 or 9,0.01 mol/L of ionic strength and around critical micelle concentration(CMC)of surfactant,antibacterial ceramic glaze acquires fine dispersion stability.The adsorption of CPC on ceramic glaze particles is in accordance with Langmuir model in 0.01mol/L at pH=7 and pH=9.The adsorption of small amounts of cationic CPC onto the primarily negatively charged surfaces of the particles in the pH range of 7?9 produces strong attraction and flocculation due to hydrophobic interactions.High concentration of surfactant under 0.01 mol/L of salt provides high zeta potential,which produces a high stability.

A New Ceramic Substrate Glaze with High Resistance to Molten Aluminum

Corrosion resistance of ceramic substrate glazes to molten aluminum was studied in this paper. The glazes can spread slightly in aluminum alloy according to SEM examination of solidified interface between the glazes and aluminum alloy. The components of B2O3-P2O5 glazes were not detected with electron probe at the side of aluminum alloy near the interface, but the components of boron-free glaze were detected. It is shown that borophosphate glazes can resist the corrosion of molten aluminum.

Influence of Rare Earth Composite Phosphate on Surface Free Energy of Ceramic Glaze

Rare earth composite phosphate (RECP) was doped into the ceramic glazes. The contact angle and surface free energy were characterized by the OCA-30 automatism contact angle test system. Through studied the influence of RECP on the surface free energy of ceramic glaze and movement modality of oil on the ceramic glaze in the water, the results show that the ceramic surface free energy increase obviously after dope RECP. Analysis and calculation show that the surface free energy increase mainly profited from the surface hydroxyl groups increase.

SELF-LUBRICATING BEHAVIOR OF Fe-Re BINARY ALLOYS

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