Effect of resuscitation after selective cerebral ultraprofound hypothermia on expressions of nerve growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the brain of monkey

Objective To investigate the expression of nerve growth factor （NGF） and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor （GDNF） in monkeys of resuscitation after selective cerebral ultraprofound hypothermia and blood flow occlusion. Methods The monkeys were immediately removed brain after death in operation of group A （identical temperature perfusion group） and group B （ultraprofound hypothermia perfusion group）. Immunohistochemical technique was used to determine frontal cellular expression of NGF and GDNF. Statistics were analyzed by ANOVA analyses with significance level at P 〈 0.05. Results The expressions of NGF and GDNF in the group B were significantly higher than those in the group A （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion NGF and GDNF increased significantly in the monkeys of resuscitation after selective cerebral ultraprofound hypothermia and blood flow occlusion. It may be a protective mechanism for neuron survival and neural function recovery.

Effect of electroacupuncture on glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampus of rats with hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombus

Electroacupuncture(EA)has been shown to reduce blood lipid level and improve cerebral ischemia in rats with hyperlipemia complicated by cerebral ischemia.However,there are few studies on the results and mechanism of the effect of EA in reducing blood lipid level or promoting neural repair after stroke in hyperlipidemic subjects.In this study,EA was applied to a rat model of hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombosis and the condition of neurons and astrocytes after hippocampal injury was assessed.Except for the normal group,rats in other groups were fed a high-fat diet throughout the whole experiment.Hyperlipidemia models were established in rats fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks.Middle cerebral artery thrombus models were induced by pasting 50%FeCl3 filter paper on the left middle cerebral artery for 20 minutes on day 50 as the model group.EA1 group rats received EA at bilateral ST40(Fenglong)for 7 days before the thrombosis.Rats in the EA1 and EA2 groups received EA at GV20(Baihui)and bilateral ST40 for 14 days after model establishment.Neuronal health was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining in the brain.Hyperlipidemia was assessed by biochemical methods that measured total cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein in blood sera.Behavioral analysis was used to confirm the establishment of the model.Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampal CA1 region.The results demonstrated that,compared with the model group,blood lipid levels significantly decreased,glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was significantly weakened and nerve growth factor immunoreactivity was significantly enhanced in the EA1 and EA2 groups.The repair effect was superior in the EA1 group than in the EA2 group.These findings confirm that EA can reduce blood lipid,inhibit glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and promote nerve growth factor expression in the hippocampal CA1 region after hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombosis.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Animal Use and Management Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,China(approval No.BUCM-3-2018022802-1002)on April 12,2018.

Secretion of nerve growth factor,brain-derived neurotrophic factor,and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor in co-culture of four cell types in cerebrospinal fluid-containing medium

The present study co-cultured human embryonic olfactory ensheathJng cells, human Schwann cells, human amniotic epithelial cells and human vascular endothelial cells in complete culture medium- containing cerebrospinal fluid. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor secretion in the supernatant of co-cultured cells. Results showed that the number of all cell types reached a peak at 7-10 days, and the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor peaked at 9 days. Levels of secreted nerve growth factor were four-fold higher than brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which was three-fold higher than glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Increasing concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid （10%, 20% and 30%） in the growth medium caused a decrease of neurotrophic factor secretion Results indicated co-culture of human embryonic olfactory ensheathing cells, human Schwann cells human amniotic epithelial cells and human vascular endothelial cells improved the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. The reduction of cerebrospinal fluid extravasation at the transplant site after spinal cord injury is beneficial for the survival and secretion of neurotrophic factors from transplanted cells.

Transfection of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene promotes neuronal differentiation

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor recombinant adenovirus vector-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells using inductive medium containing retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor. Cell viability, micro- tubule-associated protein 2-positive cell ratio, and the expression levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and growth-associated protein-43 protein in the su- pernatant were significantly higher in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells compared with empty virus plasmid-transfected bone marrow mes- enchymal stem cells. Furthermore, microtubule-associated protein 2, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and growth-associated protein743 mRNA levels in cell pellets were statistically higher in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/bone marrow mesen- chymal stem cells compared with empty virus plasmid-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. These results suggest that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a higher rate of induction into neuron-like cells, and this enhanced differentiation into neuron-like cells may be associated with up-regulated expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and growth-associated protein-43.

Postnatal roles of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family members in nociceptors plasticity

The neurotrophin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF) family of growth factors have been extensively studied because of their proven ability to regulate development of the peripheral nervous system.The neurotrophin family,which includes nerve growth factor(NGF),NT-3,NT4/5 and BDNF,is also known for its ability to regulate the function of adult sensory neurons.Until recently,little was known concerning the role of the GNDF-family(that includes GDNF,artemin,neurturin and persephin) in adult sensory neuron function.Here we describe recent data that indicates that the GDNF family can regulate sensory neuron function,that some of its members are elevated in inflammatory pain models and that application of these growth factors produces pain in vivo.Finally we discuss how these two families of growth factors may converge on a single membrane receptor,TRPV1,to produce long-lasting hyperalgesia.

Beta-nerve growth factor gene therapy alleviates pyridoxine-induced neuropathic damage by increasing doublecortin and tyrosine kinase A in the dorsal root ganglion

Beta-nerve growth factor(β-NGF) is known to be a major leading cause of neuronal plasticity. To identify the possible action mechanisms of β-NGF gene therapy for sciatic nerve recovery, experimental dogs were randomly divided into control, pyridoxine, and pyridoxine + β-NGF groups. We observed chronological changes of morphology in the dorsal root ganglia in response to pyridoxine toxicity based on cresyl violet staining. The number of large neurons positive for cresyl violet was dramatically decreased after pyridoxine intoxication for 7 days in the dorsal root ganglia and the neuron number was gradually increased after pyridoxine withdrawal. In addition, we also investigated the effects of β-NGF gene therapy on neuronal plasticity in pyridoxine-induced neuropathic dogs. To accomplish this, tyrosine kinase receptor A(TrkA), βIII-tubulin and doublecortin(DCX) immunohistochemical staining was performed at 3 days after the last pyridoxine treatment. TrkA-immunoreactive neurons were dramatically decreased in the pyridoxine group compared to the control group, but strong TrkA immunoreactivity was observed in the small-sized dorsal root ganglia in this group. TrkA immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia was similar between β-NGF and control groups. The numbers of βIII-tubulin-and DCX-immunoreactive cells decreased significantly in the pyridoxine group compared to the control group. However, the reduction of βIII-tubulin-and DCX-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal root ganglia in the β-NGF group was significantly ameliorated than that in the pyridoxine group. These results indicate that β-NGF gene therapy is a powerful treatment of pyridoxine-induced neuropathic damage by increasing the TrkA and DCX levels in the dorsal root ganglia. The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IACUC) of Seoul National University, South Korea(approval No. SNU-060623-1, SNU-091009-1) on June 23, 2006 and October 9, 2009, respectively.

Functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury via sustained growth factor delivery from mineral-coated microparticles

The gold standard for treating peripheral nerve injuries that have large nerve gaps where the nerves cannot be directly sutured back together because it creates tension on the nerve,is to incorporate an autologous nerve graft.However,even with the incorporation of a nerve graft,generally patients only regain a small portion of function in limbs affected by the injury.Although,there has been some promising results using growth factors to induce more axon growth through the nerve graft,many of these previous therapies are limited in their ability to release growth factors in a sustained manner and tailor them to a desired time frame.The ideal drug delivery platform would deliver growth factors at therapeutic levels for enough time to grow axons the entire length of the nerve graft.We hypothesized that mineral coated microparticles(MCMs)would bind,stabilize and release biologically active glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF)and nerve growth factor(NGF)in a sustained manner.Therefore,the objective of this study was to test the ability of MCMs releasing growth factors at the distal end of a 10 mm sciatic nerve graft,to induce axon growth through the nerve graft and restore hind limb function.After sciatic nerve grafting in Lewis rats,the hind limb function was tested weekly by measuring the angle of the ankle at toe lift-off while walking down a track.Twelve weeks after grafting,the grafts were harvested and myelinated axons were analyzed proximal to the graft,in the center of the graft,and distal to the graft.Under physiological conditions in vitro,the MCMs delivered a burst release of NGF and GDNF for 3 days followed by a sustained release for at least 22 days.In vivo,MCMs releasing NGF and GDNF at the distal end of sciatic nerve grafts resulted in significantly more myelinated axons extending distal to the graft when compared to rats that received nerve grafts without growth factor treatment.The rats with nerve grafts incorporated with MCMs releasing NGF and GDNF also showed significant improvement in hind limb function starting at 7 weeks postoperatively and continuing through 12 weeks postoperatively when compared to rats that received nerve grafts without growth factor treatment.In conclusion,MCMs released biologically active NGF and GDNF in a sustained manner,which significantly enhanced axon growth resulting in a significant improvement of hind limb function in rats.The animal experiments were approved by University of Wisconsin-Madison Animal Care and Use Committee(ACUC,protocol#M5958)on January 3,2018.

GGF及Ki67表达与听神经瘤细胞增殖相关性的探讨

目的:分析听神经胶质生长因子(GGF)、Ki67抗原与听神经瘤间的相关性,进一步探讨听神经瘤发生的分子机制。方法:回顾性分析49例听神经瘤,计算其生长速率,GGF、Ki67免疫组织化学方法分析细胞增殖相关性及GGF对细胞培养的作用观察。卡方检验及相关分析研究生长速率与GGF、Ki67表达之间的相关性。结果:听神经瘤GGF、Ki67表达均与生长速率呈显著正相关,听神经瘤组中GGF、Ki67标记指数之间也有显著相关性,持续应用GGF可促进培养的听神经瘤细胞生长产生组织形态学变化。结论:GGF与听神经瘤的异常增生有关,其表达率与听神经瘤的生长呈正相关。Ki67抗原可提示肿瘤的增殖活性,GGF与Ki67抗原联合可对术后听神经瘤的生长作出预测。

GGF、PCNA与垂体瘤侵袭性关系探讨

目的探讨胶质生长因子(GGF)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)与人垂体腺瘤侵袭性生长的关系。对垂体瘤生长的生化机制作进一步探讨,并对术后生长作预测。方法免疫组织化学方法分析GGF、PCNA在147例垂体瘤中的表达,分析GGF、PCNA的表达与垂体腺瘤侵袭性关系。用GGF干预垂体瘤细胞,观察细胞生长、细胞周期变化情况。结果GGF、PCNA在多数侵袭性垂体瘤阳性表达,侵袭性垂体腺瘤中GGF表达显著大于非侵袭性腺瘤(P<0.05);复发组GGF、PCNA表达明显高于非复发组(P<0.05)。结论GGF可以明显促进垂体瘤细胞生长,与其侵袭性有重要作用。GGF、PCNA能够部分地反映垂体腺瘤细胞的增殖状态及侵袭潜能,可为临床上评价垂体腺瘤侵袭性、复发、治疗及预后提供参考。

Müller cells are activated in response to retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration in rats subjected to simulated weightlessness conditions

A microgravity environment has been shown to cause ocular damage and affect visual acuity,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Therefore,we established an animal model of weightlessness via tail suspension to examine the pathological changes and molecular mechanisms of retinal damage under microgravity.After 4 weeks of tail suspension,there were no notable alterations in retinal function and morphology,while after 8 weeks of tail suspension,significant reductions in retinal function were observed,and the outer nuclear layer was thinner,with abundant apoptotic cells.To investigate the mechanism underlying the degenerative changes that occurred in the outer nuclear layer of the retina,proteomics was used to analyze differentially expressed proteins in rat retinas after 8 weeks of tail suspension.The results showed that the expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 2(also known as basic fibroblast growth factor)and glial fibrillary acidic protein,which are closely related to Müller cell activation,were significantly upregulated.In addition,Müller cell regeneration and Müller cell gliosis were observed after 4 and 8 weeks,respectively,of simulated weightlessness.These findings indicate that Müller cells play an important regulatory role in retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration during weightlessness.

Acupuncture promotes functional recovery after cerebral hemorrhage by upregulating neurotrophic factor expression

Acupuncture is widely used in the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage,and it improves outcomes in experimental animal models and patients.However,the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment for cerebral hemorrhage are still unclear.In this study,a model of intracerebral hemorrhage was produced by injecting 50μL autologous blood into the caudate nucleus in Wistar rats.Acupuncture at Baihui(DU20)and Qubin(GB7)acupoints was performed at a depth of 1.0 inch,12 hours after blood injection,once every 24 hours.The needle was rotated at 200 r/min for 5 minutes,For each 30-minute session,needling at 200 r/min was performed for three sessions,each lasting 5 minutes.For the positive control group,at 6 hours,and 1,2,3 and 7 days after induction of hemorrhage,the rats were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mL aniracetam(0.75 mg/mL),three times a day.The Bederson behavioral test was used to assess palsy in the contralateral limbs.Western blot assay was used to examine the expression levels of Nestin and basic fibroblast growth factor in the basal ganglia.Immunohistochemistry was performed to count the number of Nestin-and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-positive cells in the basal ganglia.Acupuncture effectively reduced hemorrhage and brain edema,elevated the expression levels of Nestin and basic fibroblast growth factor in the basal ganglia,and increased the number of Nestin-and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-positive cells in the basal ganglia.Together,these findings suggest that acupuncture promotes functional recovery after cerebral hemorrhage by increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors.The study was approved by the Committee for Experimental Animals of Heilongjiang Medical Laboratory Animal Center(approval No.2017061001)on June 10,2017.

Antenatal taurine reduces cerebral cell apoptosis in fetal rats with intrauterine growth restriction

From pregnancy to parturition, Sprague-Dawley rats were daily administered a low protein diet to establish a model of intrauterine growth restriction. From the 12th day of pregnancy, 300 mg/kg taurine was daily added to food until spontaneous delivery occurred. Brain tissues from normal neonatal rats at 6 hours after delivery, neonatal rats with intrauterine growth restriction, and neo- natal rats with intrauterine growth restriction undergoing taurine supplement were obtained for fur- ther experiments. The terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase （TdT）-mediated biotin-16-dUTP nick-end labeling assay revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in the brain tissue of neonatal rats with intrauterine growth restriction significantly increased. Taurine supplement in pregnant rats reduced cell apoptosis in brain tissue from neonatal rats with intrauterine growth restriction. Immu- nohistochemical staining revealed that taurine supplement increased glial cell line-derived neuro- trophic factor expression and decreased caspase-3 expression in the cerebral cortex of intrauterine growth-restricted fetal rats. These results indicate that taurine supplement reduces cell apoptosis through the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-caspase-3 signaling pathway, resulting in a protective effect on the intrauterine growth-restricted fetal rat brain.

Neurotrophic factors: from neurodevelopmental regulators to novel therapies for Parkinson's disease

Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration are two of the most promising disease-modifying ther- apies for the incurable and widespread Parkinson＇s disease. In Parkinson＇s disease, progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons causes debilitating motor symptoms. Neurotrophic factors play important regulatory roles in the development, survival and maintenance of specific neuronal populations. These factors have the potential to slow down, halt or reverse the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsoffs disease. Several neurotrophic fac- tors have been investigated in this regard. This review article discusses the neurodevelopmental roles and therapeutic potential of three dopaminergic neurotrophic factors： glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin and growth/differentiation factor 5.

Advances in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: Perspectives for combination of stem cells with neurotrophic factors

Neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,are a group of incurable neurological disorders,characterized by the chronic progressive loss of different neuronal subtypes.However,despite its increasing prevalence among the everincreasing aging population,little progress has been made in the coincident immense efforts towards development of therapeutic agents.Research interest has recently turned towards stem cells including stem cells-derived exosomes,neurotrophic factors,and their combination as potential therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases.In this review,we summarize the progress in therapeutic strategies based on stem cells combined with neurotrophic factors and mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for neurodegenerative diseases,with an emphasis on the combination therapy.

Combined VEGF/PDGF improves olfactory regeneration after unilateral bulbectomy in mice

The olfactory receptor neurons lining the nasal cavity have a remarkable capacity to regenerate throughout life. They are replenished continuously and their axons make new connections within the olfactory bulb. However, some factors such as head trauma and skull base surgery damage the olfactory nerve which lead to olfactory dysfunction. Losing the sense of smell has considerable effects on quality of life and life-expectancy. Therefore, there is a clear need to find a treatment for olfactory dysfunction. One such potential treatment is growth factor therapy which showed promising results in the spinal cord and brain injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether combined delivery of two growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor treatment can improve the olfactory neurons regeneration in mice. The degeneration of the olfactory neurons was induced by unilateral bulbectomy. The treatment group received 1.5 μg of the combined growth factors intranasally, while the control injured group received saline. Growth factor treatment significantly increased the number of immature neurons at 5 and 7 days post injury and also the number of mature olfactory neurons at 10 and 14 days post bulbectomy. Regenerating axons extended over a larger volume in the operated cavity in the treatment group compared to control group at 14 days post bulbectomy. The growth factor treatment also significantly reduced astrocytic glia scar in the operated cavity. The results indicate that the combined delivery of the growth factors has the potential to improve olfactory dysfunction.

Neurotrophic factor-based pharmacological approaches in neurological disorders

Aging is a physiological event dependent on multiple pathways that are linked to lifespan and processes leading to cognitive decline.This process represents the major risk factor for aging-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and ischemic stroke.The incidence of all these pathologies increases exponentially with age.Research on aging biology has currently focused on elucidating molecular mechanisms leading to the development of those pathologies.Cognitive deficit and neurodegeneration,common features of aging-related pathologies,are related to the alteration of the activity and levels of neurotrophic factors,such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor,nerve growth factor,and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor.For this reason,treatments that modulate neurotrophin levels have acquired a great deal of interest in preventing neurodegeneration and promoting neural regeneration in several neurological diseases.Those treatments include both the direct administration of neurotrophic factors and the induced expression with viral vectors,neurotrophins’binding with biomaterials or other molecules to increase their bioavailability but also cell-based therapies.Considering neurotrophins’crucial role in aging pathologies,here we discuss the involvement of several neurotrophic factors in the most common brain aging-related diseases and the most recent therapeutic approaches that provide direct and sustained neurotrophic support.

经筋透刺法联合穴位注射治疗顽固性面瘫60例临床观察

目的探讨经筋透刺法联合穴位注射治疗顽固性面瘫的临床疗效。方法选取2020年5月至2021年10月在遂宁市中医院接受治疗的120例顽固性面瘫病人,采用随机数字表法随机分为单一组(60例)和联合组(60例),两组病人均给予常规西药治疗,单一组在此基础上给予穴位注射,联合组在此基础上给予经筋透刺法联合穴位注射,比较两组病人治疗前后面神经功能、神经生长因子(NGF)和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)水平、神经功能分级(H-B)评分、面瘫Portmann评分、Sunnybrook量表、复发率及临床疗效。结果单一组和联合组治疗后面神经功能明显改善,且联合组面神经功能改善情况明显优于单一组(P<0.05);单一组H-B评分治疗后较治疗前降低(2.63±0.54)分比(4.01±0.73)分,联合组(1.67±0.49)分比(4.03±0.71)分(P<0.05),且联合组H-B评分低于单一组(P<0.05),单一组和联合组GDNF(12.16±3.33)mg/L比(8.92±1.35)mg/L、(15.54±3.42)mg/L比(8.89±1.37)mg/L、NGF水平(12.16±3.33)mg/L比(8.92±1.35)mg/L、(15.54±3.42)mg/L比(8.89±1.37)mg/L、面瘫Portmann评分(15.31±1.03)分比(6.69±0.68)分、(17.24±1.16)分比(6.72±0.71)分、Sunnybrook量表评分(69.16±10.67)分比(36.42±10.17)分、(78.64±11.56)分比(36.17±10.13)分治疗后较治疗前升高,且联合组GDNF、NGF水平、面瘫Portmann评分、Sunnybrook量表评分高于单一组(P<0.05);联合组总复发率(3.33%)低于单一组(13.33%)(P<0.05);联合组总有效率(90.00%)明显高于单一组(75.00%)(P<0.05)。结论经筋透刺法联合穴位注射可改善顽固性面瘫病人临床症状及面神经功能,疗效较好且复发率较低。

miR-146a-3p抑制胰岛素样生长因子1表达调控星形胶质细胞增殖、迁移和凋亡

背景:mi R-146a-3p水平改变是大多数神经系统疾病发病机制中的常见事件,mi R-146a-3p调节星形胶质细胞的具体机制尚未被研究。目的:验证mi R-146a-3p通过胰岛素样生长因子1调控星形胶质细胞的增殖、迁移和凋亡。方法:将12只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组和脊髓损伤组,每组6只。术后2周对大鼠脊髓组织进行了RNA-Seq测序分析,筛选出差异基因(log2FC>2),同时挑选出Genecards数据库中脊髓损伤相关基因(Score>20),再通过Targetscan预测mi R-146a-3p的靶基因,取这3个基因集交集,筛选出胰岛素样生长因子1为其中一个重要的目的基因。q PCR、Western blot和免疫组化分析脊髓组织中胰岛素样生长因子1的表达水平。将原代星形胶质细胞分为NC组、NC-mimics组和mi R-146a-3p mimics组,用Annexin-V/PI染色法检测细胞凋亡情况、CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况、Transwell法检测细胞的迁移能力。结果与结论:脊髓损伤组大鼠脊髓组织中mi R-146a-3p的表达较假手术组下降(P<0.05),胰岛素样生长因子1的表达较假手术组上升(P<0.05)。与NC组和NC-mimics组比较,mi R-146a-3p mimics组星形胶质细胞凋亡率增加(P<0.01),增殖能力下降(P<0.01),迁移数量减少(P<0.01)。结果表明,脊髓损伤后脊髓组织中mi R-146a-3p表达量下降,胰岛素样生长因子1表达量上升;在星形胶质细胞中mi R-146a-3p靶向调节胰岛素样生长因子1抑制星形胶质细胞的增殖和迁移,促进其凋亡。

西妥昔单抗对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经元凋亡、胶质细胞活化及脑组织淀粉样前体蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨西妥昔单抗对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经元凋亡、胶质细胞活化及脑组织淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)表达的影响。方法:27只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、西妥昔单抗组,每组9只。结扎大脑中动脉制备缺血再灌注模型,立即经侧脑室注射给予西妥昔单抗(106μg/d),持续7 d。每组选取3只,在术后第3和7天进行神经功能评分。每组分别在缺血再灌注术后第3和7天处死3只,取脑组织制备冰冻切片,用免疫荧光染色观察APP及胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达,用TUNEL染色法检测神经元凋亡指数。提取新生大鼠大脑皮层组织制备胶质细胞悬液,培养的胶质细胞换成含有西妥昔单抗(10μg/mL)的无糖无血清培养基在缺氧培养箱中培养2 h,然后换成正常糖/血清的培养基在正常氧的培养箱中继续培养6 h,收集细胞,观察胶质细胞GFAP荧光强度的变化,对照组不进行缺氧/复氧处理,缺氧/复氧组不加西妥昔单抗。结果:与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注组大鼠神经功能评分升高,凋亡指数增加,胶质细胞GFAP免疫荧光强度增强,APP表达升高(P<0.05)。与缺血再灌注组相比,西妥昔单抗组神经功能评分下降,凋亡指数降低,GFAP免疫荧光强度减弱,APP表达下降(P<0.05)。体外实验结果显示,与对照组比较,缺氧/复氧组胶质细胞GFAP免疫荧光强度增强,而西妥昔单抗组较缺氧/复氧组降低(P<0.05)。结论:西妥昔单抗能促进脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能恢复,其机制可能与减少APP的表达、抑制神经元凋亡及胶质细胞活化有关。

生长分化因子15与胶质源性神经营养因子样受体通路对小鼠动脉粥样硬化进展的影响

目的 探讨生长分化因子15(growth differentiation factor 15,GDF-15)/胶质源性神经营养因子样受体(glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha-like, GFRAL)通路对载脂蛋白E^(-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化进展的影响及可能机制。方法 选择8周龄C57BL/6雄性载脂蛋白E^(-/-)小鼠8只,随机分为对照组和重组GDF-15组,每组4只。对照组:高脂饮食4周后,每周1次尾静脉注射磷酸盐缓冲液;重组GDF-15组:高脂饮食4周后,每周1次尾静脉注射重组GDF-15(0.05 mg/kg)。高脂饮食12周,监测小鼠体质量,处死小鼠。取4只同等周龄(20周龄)正常小鼠作为正常组,比较3组空腹血糖、血脂、皮质醇和醛固酮水平。主动脉冷冻切片油红O染色评估对照组和重组GDF-15组斑块大小。免疫组织化学检测对照组和重组GDF-15组脑组织GDF-15及GFRAL表达。结果 重组GDF-15组血清GDF-15水平较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义[(52.59±2.90)ng/ml vs(20.09±1.27)ng/ml,P<0.01]。重组GDF-15组11周和12周体质量较对照组明显减低[(28.60±0.22)g vs(29.47±0.25)g;(28.98±0.22)g vs(30.35±0.13)g,P<0.01]。重组GDF-15组三酰甘油水平较对照组明显降低[(0.22±0.02)mmol/L vs(0.38±0.09)mmol/L,P<0.05]。重组GDF-15组斑块面积明显小于对照组,差异有统计学意义[(22.22±2.58)%vs(31.61±3.51)%,P<0.01]。重组GDF-15组脑组织GDF-15和GFRAL表达较对照组明显增加(0.088±0.007 vs 0.030±0.006,0.031±0.003 vs 0.010±0.001,P<0.01)。对照组及重组GDF-15组皮质醇和醛固酮水平较正常组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。重组GDF-15组醛固酮水平较对照组明显降低,差异有统计学意义[(22.01±3.67)mg/ml vs(87.29±8.63)mg/ml,P<0.01]。结论 GDF-15可能通过GFRAL调控小鼠体质量、三酰甘油及醛固酮水平影响动脉粥样硬化进展。