GDI and GSI: China’s New Propositions for Global Governance

In the post-pandemic era,the global economic and security landscapes are fraught with complexities and uncertainties.Among them,four risk flashpoints merit attention:Certain countries are raising interest rates to subdue inflation,despite their already high levels of debt;the bulk commodities market is experiencing volatility,leading to global turbulence and change;trade protectionism is at the forefront of major-power rivalry in political and economic spheres;and regional security crises are compounding international tensions.Behind those flashpoints are contradictions that obstruct world peace and progress,including development imbalances,governance gaps,and structural tensions in global security.In the face of uncertainties,it is crucial for China to seize strategic opportunities and transform crises into favorable situations.China has launched the Global Development Initiative(GDI)and the Global Security Initiative(GSI)to contribute to global prosperity and security.The two initiatives demonstrate China’s commitment to addressing global deficits in peace,development,security,and governance.

Evaluation of global gridded crop models in simulating sugarcane yield in China

中国是全球第三大甘蔗生产国,中国甘蔗产量模拟可服务于全球食糖和乙醇的生产和贸易.全球格点作物模式CLM5-crop和LPJmL已实现对甘蔗的模拟,但它们在中国的模拟能力未知.本文评估结果表明:两个模式均严重低估了甘蔗产量,模拟均不足观测的1/4.CLM5-crop能有技巧地模拟产量的空间分布特征,而LPJmL不能.两个模式均不能合理模拟产量的年际变化,且低估了产量的上升趋势.模式低估甘蔗产量的部分原因是模式假设收割的是甘蔗的穗而非茎.

Globalization of English and Teaching EIL in China

The globalization of English has led to the internationalization and localization of the language.English varieties with multi-cultures emerged.In this English as an international language(EIL) context,English learners are not inextricably tied to native norms and cultures,instead,they can use their own varieties which reflect their own cultures and project their own identities.Providing a descriptive account of the general trends of English language teaching(ELT) in China in the last few decades,this paper tries to explore whether the rapid globalization of English has had any impact on policy and practice on EIL in our country,and changes of peoples' perceptions which accompany the shift from EFL to EIL will also be addressed.

Soil carbon pool in China and its global significance

Soil organic carbon density and its related characteristics of 41 soil types all over China were analyzed by using data of 745 soil profiles , and size of soil carbon pool was estimated. As a result, area-weighted averages of these 41 soil types for bulk density, profile depth, organic carbon content and profile carbon were 1. 24 tC/m3, 86. 2 cm, 3. 04% and 19. 7 kg C/m2 respectively. Total size of soil carbon pool was 185. 68 × 1009tC, which is 29 times of that in terrestrial biomass of China and 12. 6% of global soil carbon pools. Because of its huge carbon pool, soil of China plays an important role in global carbon cycle.

Burden of Cirrhosis and Other Chronic Liver Diseases Caused by Specific Etiologies in China, 1990-2016:Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Objective To estimate the burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies in China.Methods Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016(GBD 2016)were used.We evaluated the burden by analyzing age-sex-province-specific prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted lifeyears(DALYs)of 33 provinces in China.Results From 1990 to 2016,prevalence cases in thousands increased by 73.7%from 6833.3(95%UI:6498.0–7180.6)to 11869.6(95%UI:11274.6–12504.7).Age-standardized mortality and DALY rates per100,000 decreased by 51.2%and 53.3%,respectively.Male and elderly people(aged≥60 years)preponderance were found for prevalence,mortality,and DALYs.The number of prevalence cases,deaths,and DALYs due to hepatitis C virus(HCV)increased by 86.6%,8.7%,and 0.9%,respectively.Also,age-standardized prevalence rates decreased in 31 provinces,but increased in Yunnan and Shandong.The Socio-demographic Index(SDI)values were negatively correlated with age-standardized mortality and DALY rates by provinces in 2016;the correlation coefficients were-0.817 and-0.828,respectively.Conclusion Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases remain a huge health burden in China,with the increase of population and the aging of population.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)remains the leading cause of the health burden in China.

Methodology of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in China, 2010

INTRODUCTION The Global Adult Tobacco Survey （GATS） is a component of Global Tobacco Surveillance System （GTSS） under auspices of the Bloomberg philanthropy and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. GATS is a household survey with a standard protocol and its goals are to measure tobacco use, to assess changes due to policy and to facilitate cross country comparison. China is the largest consumer and producer of tobacco in the world. China was selected as one of 14 countries of high burden of tobacco use, large population, and mostly low income, to conduct the GATS.

China’s financial conundrum and global imbalances

China’s financial conundrum arises from two sources: (1) its large trade (saving) surplus results in a currency mismatch because it is an immature creditor that cannot lend in its own currency. Instead foreign currency claims (largely dollars) build up within domestic financial institutions. And (2) economists – both American and Chinese – mistakenly attribute the surpluses to an undervalued renminbi. To placate the United States, the result is a gradual appreciation of the renminbi against the dollar of 6% or more per year. This predictable appreciation since 2004, and the fall in US interest rates since mid 2007, not only attracts hot money inflows but inhibits private capital outflows from financing China’s huge trade surplus. This one-way bet in the foreign exchange markets can no longer be offset by relatively low interest rates in China compared to the United States, as had been the case in 2005-06. Thus, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) now must intervene heavily to prevent the renminbi from ratcheting upwards – and so becomes the country’s sole international financial intermediary. Despite massive efforts by the PBOC to sterilize the monetary consequences of the reserve buildup, inflation in China is increasing, with excess liquidity that spills over into the world economy. China has been transformed from a deflationary force on American and European price levels into an inflationary one. Because of the currency mismatch, floating the RMB is neither feasible nor desirable – and a higher RMB would not reduce China’s trade surplus. Instead, monetary control and normal private-sector finance for the trade surplus require a return to a credibly fixed nominal yuan/dollar rate similar to that which existed between 1995 and 2004. But for any newly reset yuan/dollar rate to be credible as a monetary anchor, foreign "China bashing" to get the RMB up must end. Currency stabilization would allow the PBOC to regain monetary control and quash inflation. Only then can the Chinese government take decisive steps to reduce the trade (saving) surplus by tax cuts, increased social expenditures, and higher dividend payouts. But as long as the economy remains overheated, the government hesitates to take these trade-surplus-reduction measures because of their near-term inflationary consequences.

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES AND THE TOURISM OF CHINA

The future global climate changes induced by the increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is receiving much attention from the scientific community as well as the public. Model simulations and palaeoclimatic data studies show an evident change in temperature and precipitation over China will occur under conditions of the global warming. Possible scenarios of the future climates are given here for China on the basis of synthesizing model simulations and palaeoclimatic data. Most parts of China will experience an increase in temperature, but the warming may be more remarkable in winter in h1e northern half of the country. Increase in precipitation will be seen in nearly every parts of the eastern China, and it will be larger in North and Northeast China. Impacts of the climate changes on the national tourism are assessed. Regions suitable for tourisin development in terms of climate comfortable index will shift northward. Some scenic spots and toruism facilities will be damaged due to sea level rise and increased rainfall. Some regions will benefit from the dimate change, but the tourism industry as a whole will be negatively affected.

Some Preliminary Results on Pilot Study of Global Change in China

On the basis of existing data and research results the changes of life supporting environment in China in the history are briefly described. The differences between regional climate variations and climate jump are the very important features and phenomena in estimating the trend of environmental evolution in the future. Finally, it is pointed out that sensitive zone is an ideal place to study global change. Many evidences show that the response of environmental elements in the sensitive zones to global change events is very obvious, so that much attention should be paid to the study of sensitive zone.

INFLUENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING ON VEGETATION IN NORTHEAST CHINA

The response of vegetation in northeast China to global warming would be the following: 1) the future alteration types of edificators could be divided into three types; 2) the plant populations would move northwards about 400-700 km and upwards 250-350m; 3) the distribution border of cultivated crops would change; 4) the phenological development of most plants would advance one season; 5) the productivity of main forest ecosystems would increase 7. 65% and that of main agroecosystems would increase 36. 4%.

A Global Ocean Reanalysis Product in the China Ocean Reanalysis(CORA) Project

The first version of a global ocean reanalysis over multiple decades （1979-2008） has been completed by the National Marine Data and Information Service within the China Ocean Reanalysis （CORA） project. The global ocean model employed is based upon the ocean general circulation model of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A sequential data assimilation scheme within the framework of 3D variational （3DVar） analysis, called multi-grid 3DVar, is implemented in 3D space for retrieving multiple-scale observational information. Assimilated oceanic observations include sea level anomalies （SLAs） from multi-altimeters, sea surface temperatures （SSTs） from remote sensing satellites, and in-situ temperature/salinity profiles. Evaluation showed that compared to the model simulation, the annual mean heat content of the global reanalysis is significantly approaching that of World Ocean Atlas 2009 （WOA09） data. The quality of the global temperature climatology was found to be comparable with the product of Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA）, and the major ENSO events were reconstructed. The global and Atlantic meridional overturning circulations showed some similarity as SODA, although significant differences were found to exist. The analysis of temperature and salinity in the current version has relatively larger errors at high latitudes and improvements are ongoing in an updated version. CORA was found to provide a simulation of the subsurface current in the equatorial Pacific with a correlation coefficient beyond about 0.6 compared with the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean （TAO） mooring data. The mean difference of SLAs between altimetry data and CORA was less than 0.1 m in most years.

Facing the globalization of China's agricultural development

This article discussed what economic globalization had brought to China＇s agricultural development and how to deal with the globalization of China＇s agricultural development after China＇s entry into WTO. This study expounded our opportunities and challenges under the new circumstance of China＇s accession to WTO on the agriculture and gave some measures to reduce the unfavorable impacts on the agriculture

Research on the correlation between North China earthquake and global regional strong earthquakes

Active belts of global strong earthquakes were divided into 17 seismic zones based on the principles of global plate tectonics.The seismicity index number A(b) was used to denote the yearly seismicity level.Using the stepwise regression method,an empirical formula was derived to predict the North China seismic risk in the next year by the aid of strong earthquakes in the world.

The Influence of the Globalisation of English On English Used in China

“World English”,also known as“Global English”which has been attracting wide ranged attention by scholars world⁃wide,is a relatively new way to understand the spread of English.It also somewhat greatly affects the methodology that Chinese teachers and students apply to approach English teaching and learning respectively.This paper starts with a brief introduction to the trend of English globalization and followed by the difference between China English and Chinglish.In addition,it analyzes the use of China English as one of the standard species of“World English”.Finally,it suggests that in order to achieve better ap⁃plication of English,make the best use of China English as a supplement of English teaching and learning could be a reasonable way.

The Spread of English as a Global Language and its Implication for Classroom Teaching in China Context

The status of English in today’s world has been established definitely.It is not only embodied in the increasing numbers of speakers,but also embodied in the role which English has played in some non-English speaking countries.English is spread as an International language in worldwide and which is no longer belonging to any English speaking countries but belonging to those who use it(McKay,2002).The consequences of English spreading are:on one hand,English as an international lingua franca status has been further consolidated;on the other hand,different regional variants appear in English.These changes lead to the debate between Standard English and varieties of English.All of these in turn generate a profound impact on English language teaching.China as one of non-English speaking countries has also been the impact of globalization in English.The English teaching in China is facing challenges and innovation.

China to Globalize Its Gold Market

In September 1993, China regulated its gold policy on the domestic market, which attracted the attention of the world market. Is China going to open its gold market to the outside world? A reporter from China’s Foreign Trade interviewed representatives of departments involved. As the sixth largest producer of gold in the world, China has progressively increased its annual output by more than 10 percent over the last decade.

An Aridity Trend in China and Its Abrupt Feature in Association with the Global Warming

A distinct aridity trend in China in last 100 years is presented by applying a linear fitting to both the climate records and the hydrological records, which is supported by evidence of environmental changes and seems to be associated with a global warming trend during this period.The Mann Kendall Rank statistic test reveals a very interesting feature that the climate of China entered into a dry regime abruptly in about 1920's, which synchronized with the rapid warming of the global temperature at almost the same time.According to an analysis of the meridional profile of observed global zonal mean precipitation anomalies during the peak period of global wanning (1930-1940), the drought occurred in whole middle latitude zone (25°N-55°N) of the Northern Hemisphere, where the most part of China is located in. Although this pattern is in good agreement with the latitude distribution of the difference of zonal mean rates of precipitation between 4 × CO2 and 1 × CO2 simulated by climate model (Manabe and Wetherald, 1983), more studies are required to understand the linkage between the aridity trend in China and the greenhouse effect.The EOF analysis of the Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure for the season of June to August shows an abrupt change of the time coefficient of its first eigenvector from positive to negative in mid-1920's, indicating an enhancement of the subtropical high over Southeast Asia and the western Pacific after that time. This is an atmospheric circulation pattern that is favorable to the development of dry climate in China.

How Have China＇ s Pre- 1978 Historical Experiences Shaped It＇ s ＂China Goes Global＂ Policies？

Before 1842, China was a major world economic power, about 30% of the world economy. From 1842 to 1901, China was forced to sign 29 ＂unequal treaties＂, depriving China of much of its sovereignty. （China lost tariff autonomy, consular jurisdiction over foreigners, control over land in concession areas, inland shipping rights, control over foreign troops, and the right to outlaw opium and to tax businesses）. These sovereignty losses correlated with China＇s economy shrinking to about five percent of the world economy by 1949 （Maddison, 2009）. Communist China regained full sovereignty in 1949 and, even with a post-Korean War US-led Western blockade; China＇s planned economy model achieved average GDP per capita growth of 2.8% annually from 1949 to 1973, despite the disasters of the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution （Maddison, 2009, p. 216）. Though twice the per capita growth rate of India （1.4%）, China＇s growth was only 35% of Japan＇s growth rate （eight percent from 1950 to 1973）. After Mao＇s 1976 death, Deng Xiaoping, with the new global political/economic environment, opened China to the global economy, achieving annual per capita growth of more than five percent （Maddison, 2009）. China＇s per capita income increased from USD 200 in 1978 to about USD 5000 in 2012, making China the world＇s second largest economy. We will explore how China used its post-1949 full sovereignty to combine lessons from China＇s semi-sovereign past and its domestic experiences （Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution） to engage in Western-style market reforms and ＂China Goes Global＂ policies. These Chinese reforms were also based on the post-WWII changed international environment and the success of Japan and the Four Tigers in creating ＂miracle＂ economies.

Global Mobile Market Situations and China Telecom's Strategy to Enter Mobile Market

The article briefly introduces the situation of the global mobile communications market,and based on the development status quo of China's mobile communications market,studies the strategy for China Telecom to enter the mobile market,mainly focusing on mo- bile technologies selection,differentiable services,regional strate- gies and price policies.

The global climate change and forest prediction in China

The climate change prediction in China based on OCU model as well as summary ana-lyses of GFDL, GISS, NCAR, OCU and UKMO models are used for discussing the approaches topredict the response of the forest in China under double concentration of atmospheric carbondioxide after about 2020. The growth, production and distribution boundary of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata), the tree composition and their growth in cold temperete Daxingan Moun-tain region, and potential forest zones in China are discussed in this paper as example.