Anti-Jamming Algorithm Based on Spatial Blind Search for Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver

A novel subspace projection anti-jamming algorithm based on spatial blind search is proposed,which uses multiple single-constrained subspace projection parallel filters.If the direction of arrival(DOA)of a satellite signal is unknown,the traditional subspace projection anti-jamming algorithm cannot form the correct beam pointing.To overcome the problem of the traditional subspace projection algorithm,multiple single-constrained subspace projection parallel filters are used.Every single-constrained anti-jamming subspace projection algorithm obtains the optimal weight vector by searching the DOA of the satellite signal and uses the output of cross correlation as a decision criterion.Test results show that the algorithm can suppress the jamming effectively,and generate high gain toward the desired signal.The research provides a new idea for the engineering implementation of a multi-beam anti-jamming algorithm based on subspace projection.

Evaluation of global navigation satellite system spoofing efficacy

The spoofing capability of Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)represents an important confrontational capability for navigation security,and the success of planned missions may depend on the effective evaluation of spoofing capability.However,current evaluation systems face challenges arising from the irrationality of previous weighting methods,inapplicability of the conventional multi-attribute decision-making method and uncertainty existing in evaluation.To solve these difficulties,considering the validity of the obtained results,an evaluation method based on the game aggregated weight model and a joint approach involving the grey relational analysis and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(GRA-TOPSIS)are firstly proposed to determine the optimal scheme.Static and dynamic evaluation results under different schemes are then obtained via a fuzzy comprehensive assessment and an improved dynamic game method,to prioritize the deceptive efficacy of the equipment accurately and make pointed improvement for its core performance.The use of judging indicators,including Spearman rank correlation coefficient and so on,combined with obtained evaluation results,demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method and the optimal scheme by the horizontal comparison of different methods and vertical comparison of evaluation results.Finally,the results of field measurements and simulation tests show that the proposed method can better overcome the difficulties of existing methods and realize the effective evaluation.

Compact and broadband circularly polarized ring antenna with wide beam-width for multiple global navigation satellite systems

A compact and broadband circularly polarized （CP） annular ring antenna with wide beam-width is proposed for multiple global navigation satellite systems （GNSS） in the L1 band. The annular ring is excited by two modified L-probes with quadrature phase difference. It has a 36.3% 10-dB return loss bandwidth and a 13% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth, because of the orthogonal L-probes with 90° phase difference. The measured peak gain of the antenna is 3.9 dBic. It can detect the satellites at lower elevation as its half power beam-width （HPBW） is 113° in both the x-z and y-z planes, achieving a cross-polarization level of larger than 25 dB. Noticeably, the antenna achieves 89% size reduction compared with the conventional half wavelength patch antennas. It can be used in hand-held navigation devices of multiple GNSS such as COMPASS, Galileo, GPS and GLONASS.

The Performance Evaluation of the Integration of Inertial Navigation System and Global Navigation Satellite System with Analytic Constraints

The integration of GNSS （Global Navigation Satellite System） and INS （Inertial Navigation System） using IMU （Inertial Measurement Unit） is now widely used for MMS （Mobile Mapping System） and navigation applications to seamlessly determine position, velocity and attitude of the mobile platform. With low cost, small size, ligh weight and low power consumtion, the MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical System） IMU and low cost GPS （Global Positioning System） receivers are now the trend in research and using for many applications. However, researchs in the literature indicated that the the performance of the low cost INS/GPS systems is still poor, particularly, in case of GNSS-noise environment. To overcome this problem, this research applies analytic contrains including non-holonomic constraint and zero velocity update in the data fusion engine such as Extended Kalman Filter to improve the performance of the system. The benefit of the proposed method will be demonstrated through experiments and data analysis.

LNA Design for Future S Band Satellite Navigation and 4G LTE Applications

A good design of LNA for S band satellite navigation receivers and 4G LTE wireless communication system has been implemented in this paper.Due to increased congestion in the present L band,the S Band frequency from 2483.5-2500 MHz has been allocated for the future satellite navigation systems.For this purpose ATF-34143 amplifier(pHEMT)having high electron mobility and fast switching response has been chosen due to its very low Noise Figure(NF).The amplifier has been designed having bandwidth of 0.8 GHz from 1.8-2.6 GHz.Because of the large bandwidth,the amplifier could serve many wireless communication applications including 4G LTE mobile communication at 2.1 GHz.The design was implemented using the micro strip technology offering extremely low noise figure of 0.312 dB and 0.377 dB for 2.1 GHz and 2.49 GHz respectively.The gain of the amplifier was low and found to be 10.281 dB and 9.175 dB.For the purpose of increasing the gain of an amplifier,the proposed LNA design was then optimized by using Wilkinson Power Divider(WPD).The Balanced LNA design using WPD offered very low noise figure of 0.422 dB and 0.532 dB respectively and the gain was considerably increased and was found to be 20.087 dB and 17.832 dB respectively against 2.1 GHz and 2.49 GHz.Simulations and measurements were taken in Agilent Advanced Design System(ADS)software.The suggested LNA can be used for a variety of wireless communications applications including the future S band satellite navigation systems.

星载GNSS-R检测太湖水华可行性分析

星载全球导航卫星系统反射信号(GNSS-R)属于被动遥感技术,具有数据重访周期高、全天时、全天候、信号源丰富等优势。基于此,研究星载GNSS-R检测太湖水华的可行性。星载GNSS-R可以有效检测反射面的粗糙程度,通过使用相干反射表征反射面的粗糙度,研究不同风速区间内相干反射与蓝藻水华的关系。利用2020年4—8月美国气旋全球导航卫星系统(CYGNSS)数据,计算CYGNSS镜面反射点的时延多普勒图(DDM)功率比。以“哨兵-3”卫星水色遥感仪器(OLCI)影像最大特征峰高度(MPH)算法反演出的太湖叶绿素浓度作为参照,与欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的风速产品进行时空间线性匹配,分析发现,在1~2.5 m/s风速区间内,叶绿素浓度达到0.1 mg/L以上时,极易引起镜面反射点发生相干反射,且功率比与叶绿素浓度的相关系数为0.84,具有良好的相关性。实验结果证明了利用星载GNSS-R的功率比及相关特性实现太湖水华检测的可行性。

顾及河流流向的GNSS-R流速反演

针对传统的河流流速测量方法存在价格昂贵、维护困难或不准确等问题,提出一种顾及河流流向的GNSS-R流速反演方法:指出河流流向和反射几何构型会对GNSS-R流速反演造成影响,并利用GNSS信号相对反射面运动产生的多普勒效应进行流速测量;然后引入声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)实测数据对反演结果进行验证,分析不同几何构型下,散射效应对于多普勒频移的影响,并完善GNSS-R河流流速反演方法。实验结果表明,后向构型时,反演的河流流速值一般大于前向构型;基于后向构型的多普勒频率差对河流流速进行反演的结果与实测流速值变化趋势相近,但由于多普勒频率难以准确捕获的原因,反演中误差较大。

GNSS-R土壤水分反演研究进展

土壤水分是陆地水循环中最活跃的部分,是影响水文、生物生态和生物地球化学过程的关键变量。全球导航卫星系统反射测量(GNSS-R)技术由于使用L波段的电磁波且具备高频观测的能力,是土壤水分监测的有效手段。北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)是我国自行研制的全球卫星导航系统,土壤水分监测也是其业务应用的重要组成部分。从观测平台、反演方法两方面对当前GNSS-R反演土壤水分的研究进行了总结分析,指出了不同反演方法的优势和劣势,并进一步阐明了BDS对GNSS-R土壤水分反演研究的主要贡献和优势。

Scene image recognition with knowledge transfer for drone navigation

In this paper,we study scene image recognition with knowledge transfer for drone navigation.We divide navigation scenes into three macro-classes,namely outdoor special scenes(OSSs),the space from indoors to outdoors or from outdoors to indoors transitional scenes(TSs),and others.However,there are difficulties in how to recognize the TSs,to this end,we employ deep convolutional neural network(CNN)based on knowledge transfer,techniques for image augmentation,and fine tuning to solve the issue.Moreover,there is still a novelty detection prob-lem in the classifier,and we use global navigation satellite sys-tems(GNSS)to solve it in the prediction stage.Experiment results show our method,with a pre-trained model and fine tun-ing,can achieve 91.3196%top-1 accuracy on Scenes21 dataset,paving the way for drones to learn to understand the scenes around them autonomously.

基于北斗/GNSS-R的厘米级水位测量

水位变化监测是防洪抗旱的重点工作之一,全球导航卫星系统反射测量(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectome‐try,GNSS-R)技术已被证明可进行高精度、全天候、全天时的水位变化监测。我国北斗卫星导航系统(Beidou Navigation Satellite System,BDS)拥有丰富的频段数据,在GNSS-R遥感应用领域中具有广阔的应用前景。基于湖南省浏阳河流域建设的GNSS-R实验观测站数据,进一步研究了BDS在水位反演中的性能,分别采用频谱分析法和非线性拟合法对站点水位变化进行测量,并将实验结果与附近水文站的实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,非线性拟合法相较于频谱分析法,水位测量精度大幅提升,均方根误差(RMSE)平均降低了66%,且多频数据融合后RMSE达到了1.8 cm,整体上BDS的水位反演性能与GPS相当。

利用SG平滑滤波优化GNSS-R潮位反演

利用全球导航卫星系统反射(GNSS-R)信号进行潮位反演时,需要对多路径频率进行估计.常规反演方法仅对主频率估计,因此存在数据利用率低、反演结果时间分辨率不足的问题.为解决该问题,本文利用Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑滤波优化GNSS-R潮位反演.首先,利用Lomb-Scargle周期图(LSP)法提取信号功率的前4个频率f_(1)~f_(4),并反演它们对应的潮位值;然后,利用SG平滑滤波方法提取最佳反演结果;最后,以法国BRST站和MAYG站30 d的数据验证算法的有效性.通过与LSP法和窗口LSP(WINLSP)法进行对比,结果表明:相比LSP法,滤波后BRST站和MAYG站的日均反演值数量分别提升34.3%和19.6%,反演值的最大时间间隔分别减少43.2%和29.4%,RMSE值变化不大;相比WINLSP法,滤波后BRST站和MAYG站的日均反演值数量分别提升24.2%和45.9%,反演值最大时间间隔分别减少25.4%和28.6%,RMSE值均减少了7 cm.总体而言,该方法能够在保证精度的前提下提高反演结果的数量,同时提高了数据的利用率和潮位反演的时间分辨率.

融合星载GNSS-R数据和多变量参数全球海洋有效波高深度学习反演法

星载GNSS-R作为一种新兴的观测方法,最近被应用于有效波高反演。现有研究通常使用从延迟多普勒图中提取的特征值以构建经验地球物理模型函数反演SWH。然而,使用多个变量参数作为模型输入具有很大挑战。为此,本文提出了一个融合星载GNSS-R数据和多变量参数反演全球海面SWH的深度学习网络模型(GloWH-Net)。为了验证本文模型的性能,ERA5、WaveWatchⅢ和AVISO SWH数据被用作广泛测试的参考数据,以评估GloWH-Net模型和先前模型(即经验模型和机器学习模型)的SWH反演性能。结果表明,当分别使用ERA5、WaveWatchⅢ和AVISO SWH作为参考值时,所提的GloWH-Net模型反演SWH的均方根误差分别为0.330、0.393和0.433 m,相关系数分别为0.91、0.89和0.84。相比基于最小方差估计器的经验组合模型反演SWH的均方根误差分别降低了53.45%、48.06%和40.63%;相比袋装树机器学习模型反演SWH的均方根误差分别降低了21.92%、18.72%和4.47%。表明了本文方法在反演全球海面SWH方面具有显著优势。

Improving the spaceborne GNSS-R altimetric precision based on the novel multilayer feedforward neural network weighted joint prediction model

Global navigation satellite system-reflection(GNSS-R)sea surface altimetry based on satellite constellation platforms has become a new research direction and inevitable trend,which can meet the altimetric precision at the global scale required for underwater navigation.At present,there are still research gaps for GNSS-R altimetry under this mode,and its altimetric capability cannot be specifically assessed.Therefore,GNSS-R satellite constellations that meet the global altimetry needs to be designed.Meanwhile,the matching precision prediction model needs to be established to quantitatively predict the GNSS-R constellation altimetric capability.Firstly,the GNSS-R constellations altimetric precision under different configuration parameters is calculated,and the mechanism of the influence of orbital altitude,orbital inclination,number of satellites and simulation period on the precision is analyzed,and a new multilayer feedforward neural network weighted joint prediction model is established.Secondly,the fit of the prediction model is verified and the performance capability of the model is tested by calculating the R2 value of the model as 0.9972 and the root mean square error(RMSE)as 0.0022,which indicates that the prediction capability of the model is excellent.Finally,using the novel multilayer feedforward neural network weighted joint prediction model,and considering the research results and realistic costs,it is proposed that when the constellation is set to an orbital altitude of 500 km,orbital inclination of 75and the number of satellites is 6,the altimetry precision can reach 0.0732 m within one year simulation period,which can meet the requirements of underwater navigation precision,and thus can provide a reference basis for subsequent research on spaceborne GNSS-R sea surface altimetry.

森林火灾期间GNSS-R信号反射率与PM_(10)的相关性研究

本研究以2019年澳大利亚野火事件为例,利用悉尼和布里斯班两地气象站于2019年7月18日至12月31日观测的大气颗粒物(PM)浓度数据和全球卫星导航系统反射测量(GNSS-R)反演的地表反射率数据,采用滑动平均和滑动标准差的分析方法,探究了两种数据之间的相关性。结果显示,火灾发生前,PM_(10)浓度与地表反射率的相关性低于30%;火灾后,该相关性显著增强,相关系数超过65%。从数据波动幅度角度分析,火灾前后两者的相关性分别在50%以上和80%以上,但存在明显的相位差异。本研究证明了PM_(10)浓度的变化对GNSS-R反演地表反射率有显著影响,尤其在PM_(10)浓度较高时。这一发现为火灾遥感监测提供了新的理论基础和实用方法,具有显著的创新意义。

Collecting volunteered geographic information from the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS):experiences from the CAMALIOT project

Raw observations(carrier-phase and code observations)from the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)can now be accessed from Android mobile phones(Version 7.0 onwards).This paves the way for GNSS data to be utilized for low-cost precise positioning or in ionospheric or tropospheric applications.This paper presents results from data collection campaigns using the CAMALIOT mobile app.In the frst campaign,116.3 billion measurements from 11,828 mobile devices were collected from all continents.Although participation decreased during the second campaign,data are still being collected globally.In this contribution,we demonstrate the potential of volunteered geographic information(VGl)from mobile phones to fill data gaps in geodetic station networks that collect GNSS data,e.g.in Brazil,but also how the data can provide a denser set of observations than current networks in countries across Europe.We also show that mobile phones capable of dual-frequency reception,which is an emerging technology that can provide a richer source of GNSS data,are contributing in a substantial way.Finally,we present the results from a survey of participants to indicate that participation is diverse in terms of backgrounds and geography,where the dominant motivation for participation is to contribute to scientific research.

星载GNSS-R监测海面目标技术进展

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)因其直射信号经海面反射后,反射信号会携带海面物理信息,由此开辟了一种在遥感应用中有巨大潜力的全球卫星导航反射信号(GNSS-R)技术,国内外在星载GNSS-R监测海面领域取得进展.本文总结了应用星载GNSS-R数据监测海面目标的进展,然后针对星载GNSS-R监测海面目标技术从最初实验、基于延迟多普勒图(DDM)观测值监测、基于反演散射系数监测、应用神经网络监测四个方面进行了总结和归纳.

基于GPS L5导频通道的GNSS-R SAR成像

为降低导航电文对利用全球导航卫星系统反射技术(global navigation satellite system-reflectometry, GNSS-R)进行合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)成像的影响,采用全球定位系统(global positioning system, GPS) L5导频通道即无数据通道的信号,通过后向投影(back projection, BP)算法进行成像。仿真和实验结果表明,与剥离导航电文的数据通道信号的成像相比,导频通道信号的使用无需考虑剥离电文操作,降低了信号处理复杂度;从图像对比上看,目标和背景得到更好的区分,信噪比提升,成像质量得到一定程度改善。

An INS/GNSS integrated navigation in GNSS denied environment using recurrent neural network

In view of the failure of GNSS signals,this paper proposes an INS/GNSS integrated navigation method based on the recurrent neural network(RNN).This proposed method utilizes the calculation principle of INS and the memory function of the RNN to estimate the errors of the INS,thereby obtaining a continuous,reliable and high-precision navigation solution.The performance of the proposed method is firstly demonstrated using an INS/GNSS simulation environment.Subsequently,an experimental test on boat is also conducted to validate the performance of the method.The results show a promising application prospect for RNN in the field of positioning for INS/GNSS integrated navigation in the absence of GNSS signal,as it outperforms extreme learning machine(ELM)and EKF by approximately 30%and 60%,respectively.

星载GNSS-R土壤湿度反演中开放水域的影响

通过星载全球导航卫星系统-反射测量(GNSS-R)技术可以获取高时空分辨率的土壤湿度(SM)信息,但开放水域会影响反演结果的精度。针对此问题,提出一种开放水域剔除的改进方法。校正其模拟功率得出反射率,结合掩膜数据精确剔除开放水域。为验证改进方法的可行性,处理了2个开放水域比较密集的试验区内为期一年的飓风全球导航卫星系统(CYGNSS)1级数据。反演结果与主被动土壤湿度(SMAP)3级土壤湿度产品进行对比分析,其均方根误差为0.0521 cm^(3)/cm^(3),相关性为0.654。与开放水域剔除前的结果相比分别提升6.2%和9%;与CYGNSS官方发布的产品相比分别提升32%和24%。反演结果可以作为SMAP的SM补充,提供高时间分辨率的SM值。

Study on GNSS satellite signal simulator

Satellite signal simulator for global navigation satellite system(GNSS)can evaluate the accuracy of capturing,tracing and positioning of GNSS receiver.It has significant use-value in the military and civil fields.The system adopts the overall design scheme of digital signal processor(DSP)and field-programmable gate array(FPGA).It consists of four modules:industrial control computer simulation software,mid-frequency signal generator,digital-to-analog(D/A)module and radio frequency(RF)module.In this paper,we test the dynamic performance of simulator using the dynamic scenes testing method,and the signal generated by the designed simulator is primarily validated.