Analysis of deep-layer and bottom circulations in the South China Sea based on eight quasi-global ocean model outputs

This study is a preliminary analysis of the South China Sea(SCS)deep circulations using eight quasi-global high-resolution ocean model outputs.The goal is to assess models’ability to simulate these deep circulations.The analysis reveals that models’deep temperatures are colder than the observations in the World Ocean Atlas,while most models’deep salinity values are higher than the observations,indicating models’deep water is generally colder and saltier than the reality.Moreover,there are long-term trends in both temperature and salinity simulations.The Luzon Strait transport below 1500 m is 0.36 Sv when averaged for all models,smaller compared with the observation,which is about 2.5 Sv.Four assimilated models and one unassimilated(OCCAM)display that the Luzon deep-layer overflow reaches its minimum in spring and its maximum in winter.The vertically integrated streamfunctions below 2400 m from these models show a deep cyclonic circulation in the SCS on a large scale,but the pattern is different from the diagnostic streamfunction from the U.S Navy Generalized Digital Environment Model(GDEM-Version 3.0,GDEMv3).The meridional overturning structure above 1000 m is similar in all models,but the spatial distribution and intensity below 1500 m are quite different from model to model.Moreover,the meridional overturning below 2400 m in these models is weaker than that of the GDEMv3,which indicates a deep vertical mixing process in these models is biased weak.Based on the above evaluation,this paper discusses the impacts of T/S initial value,topography,and mixing scheme on the SCS deep circulations,which may provide a reference for future model improvement.

An extended variable-grid global ocean circulation model and its preliminary results of the equatorial Pacific circulation

To investigate the interaction between the tropical Pacific and China seas a variable-grid global ocean circulation model with fine grid covering the area from 20°S to 50°N and from 99° to 150°E is developed. Numerical computation of the annually cyclic circulation fields is performed. The results of the annual mean zonal currents and deep to abyssal western boundary currents in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are reported. The North Equatorial Current,the North Equatorial Countercurrent, the South Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Undercurrent are fairly well simulated. The model well reproduces the northward flowing abyssal western boundary current.From the model results a lower deep western boundary current east of the Bismarck-Solomon-New Hebrides Island chain at depths around 2 000 m has been found. The model results also show that the currents in the equatorial Pacific Ocean have multi-layer structures both in zonal currents and western boundary currents, indicating that the global ocean overturning thermohaline circulation appears of multi-layer pattern.

SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF THE INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW FROM A VARIABLE-GRID GLOBAL OCEAN MODEL

The objective of this study is to model the mean and seasonal mass transportof the Pacific to Indian O-cean throughflow using variable-grid global Ocean General CirculationModel (OGCM) with fine grid (1°/6) covering the area from 20°S to 60°N and from 98°E to 156°E.The computations show that Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) mass transport, computed as a sum ofthrough-strait transport, has maximum transport in Sept. (17. 5Sv) and minimum transport in Jan. (9.5Sv). The annual mean ITF transport amounts to 14. 5Sv. Twenty-two percent of this transport passesthrough Lombok Strait. Sixty-five percent of this transport passes through Timor Passage.Semi-annual variability is apparent in Lombok and Ombai Straits while annual variability is apparentin Timor Passage.

The performance of a z-level ocean model in modeling the global tide

The performance of a z-level ocean model, the Modular Ocean Model Version 4（MOM4）, is evaluated in terms of simulating the global tide with different horizontal resolutions commonly used by climate models. The performance using various sets of model topography is evaluated. The results show that the optimum filter radius can improve the simulated co-tidal phase and that better topography quality can lead to smaller rootmean square（RMS） error in simulated tides. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to test the impact of spatial resolutions. It is shown that the model results are sensitive to horizontal resolutions. The calculated absolute mean errors of the co-tidal phase show that simulations with horizontal resolutions of 0.5° and 0.25° have about 35.5% higher performance compared that with 1° model resolution. An internal tide drag parameterization is adopted to reduce large system errors in the tidal amplitude. The RMS error of the best tuned 0.25° model compared with the satellite-altimetry-constrained model TPXO7.2 is 8.5 cm for M_2. The tidal energy fluxes of M_2 and K_1 are calculated and their patterns are in good agreement with those from the TPXO7.2. The correlation coefficients of the tidal energy fluxes can be used as an important index to evaluate a model skill.

A Coupled General Circulation Model for the Tropical Pacific Ocean and Global Atmosphere

On the basis of Zeng's theorehcal design, a coupled general circulation model(CGCM) is develO￣ with itscharacteristics different from other CGCMs such as the unified vertical coordinates and subtraction of the standard stratification for both atmosphere and ocean, available energy consideration,and so on.The oceanic comPOnent is a free surface tropical Pacific Ocean GCM betWeen 30W and 30'S with horizontal grid spacing of ic in latitude and 2°in longitude,and with 14 vertical layers.The atmospheric component is a global GCM with low-resolution of 4°in lahtude and 5°in longitude,and tWo layers of equal mass in the verhcal between the surfaCe and 200 hFa.The atmospheric GCM includes comprehensive physical processes.The coupled model is subjected to seasonally-varying cycle.Several coupling experiments,ranging from straight forward coupling without flux correction to one with flux correchon,and to so-called predictor-corrector monthly coupling(PCMC),are conducted tO show the esistence and final controlling of the climate drift in the coupled system.After removing the climate drift with the PCMC SCheme,the coupled model is integrated for more than twenty years.The results show reasonable simulations of the anneal mean and its seasollal cycle of the atmospheric and￣ante circulahon.The model also ProduCeS the coherent intermnual variations of the climate system, manifesting the observed EI Nifio/Southern OSCillation(ENSO).

Influence of the modified global ocean tide model with local tides of East and South China Seas on load gravity in China and its neighbor area

By using 11 global ocean tide models and tidal gauge data obtained in the East China Sea and South China Sea, the influence of the ocean loading on gravity field in China and its neighbor area is calculated in this paper. Furthermore, the differences between the results from original global models and modified models with local tides are discussed based on above calculation. The comparison shows that the differences at the position near the sea are so large that the local tides must be taken into account in the calculation. When the global ocean tide models of CSR4.0, FES02, GOT00, NAO99 and ORI96 are chosen, the local effect for M2 is less than 0.10 × 10-8 m·s-2 over the area far away from sea. And the local effect for O1 is less than 0.05 × 10-8 m·s-2 over that area when choosing AG95 or CSR3.0 models. This numerical result demonstrates that the choice of model is a complex problem because of the inconsistent accuracy of the models over the areas of East and South China Seas.

Evaluation of global ocean tide models based on tidal gravity observations in China

Previous studies show that the calculated loading effects from global ocean tide models do not match actual measurements of gravity attraction and loading effects in Southeast Asia.In this paper,taking advantage of a unique network of gravity tidal stations all over the Chinese mainland,we compare the observed and modeled tidal loading effects on the basis of the most recent global ocean tide models.The results show that the average efficiencies of the ocean tidal loading correction for O_(1),K_(1),M_(2) are 77%,7 s3%and 59%,respectively.The loading correction efficiencies using recent ocean tidal models are better than the 40 years old Schwiderskis model at coastal stations,but relative worse at stations far from ocean.

Interbasin exchanges and their roles in global ocean circulation:A study based on 1 400 years' spin up of MOM4p1

A global prognostic model based on MOM4p1,which is a primitive equation nonBoussinesq numerical model,has been integrated with 1 400 years from the state of rest based on the realistic topography to study the long-term pattern of combined wind-driven and thermodynamically-driven general circulation.The model is driven by monthly climatological mean forces and includes 192×189 horizontal grids and 31 pressure-based vertical levels.The main objective is to investigate the mass and heat transports at interbasin passages and their compensations and roles in the global ocean circulation under equilibrium state of long-term spin up.The kinetic energy analysis divides the spin up process into three stages：the quasi-stable state of wind driven current,the growing phase of thermodynamical circulation and the equilibrium state of thermohaline circulation.It is essential to spin up over a thousand years in order to reach the thermohaline equilibrium state from a state of rest.The Arctic Throughflow from the Bering Strait to the Greenland Sea and the Indonesian Throughflow（ITF） are captured and examined with their compensations and existing data.Analysis reveals that the slope structures of sea surface height are the dynamical driving mechanism of the Pacific-Arctic-Atlantic throughflow and ITF.The analysis denotes,in spite of O（1.4×106m3/s） of the southward volume transport in the northern Atlantic,that there is still O（1 PW） of heat transported northward since the northward currents in the upper layer carry much higher temperature water than the southward flowing northern Atlantic deep water（NADW）.Meridional volume and heat transports are focused on the contributions to NADW renewals and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation（AMOC）.Quantitative descriptions of the interbasin exchanges are explained by meridional compensations and supported by previous observations and numerical modeling results.Analysis indicates that the volume and heat exchanges on the interbasin passages proposed in this article manifest their hub roles in the Great Ocean Conveyor System.

Propagation modeling of ocean-scattered low-elevation GPS signals for maritime tropospheric duct inversion

The maritime tropospheric duct is a low-altitude anomalous refractivity structure over the ocean surface,and it can significantly affect the performance of many shore-based/shipboard radar and communication systems.We propose the idea that maritime tropospheric ducts can be retrieved from ocean forward-scattered low-elevation global positioning system（GPS） signals.Retrieval is accomplished by matching the measured power patterns of the signals to those predicted by the forward propagation model as a function of the modified refractivity profile.On the basis of a parabolic equation method and bistatic radar equation,we develop such a forward model for computing the trapped propagation characteristics of an ocean forward-scattered GPS signal within a tropospheric duct.A new GPS scattering initial field is defined for this model to start the propagation modeling.A preliminary test on the performance of this model is conducted using measured data obtained from a 2009-experiment in the South China Sea.Results demonstrate that this model can predict GPS propagation characteristics within maritime tropospheric ducts and serve as a forward model for duct inversion.

The Performance of Atmospheric Component Model R42L9 of GOALS/LASG

This paper examines the performance of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP). It is a spectral model truncated at R42(2.8125°long×1.66°lat) resolution and with nine vertical levels, and referred to as R42L9/LASG hereafter. It is also the new version of atmospheric component model R15L9 of the global ocean-atmosphere-land system (GOALS/LASG). A 40-year simulation in which the model is forced with the climatological monthly mean sea surface temperature is compared with the 40-year (1958-97) U.S. National Center for Environmental Prediction (NGEP) global reanalysis and the 22-year (1979-2000) Xie-Arkin monthly precipitation climatology. The mean DJF and JJA geographical distributions of precipitation, sea level pressure, 500-hPa geopotential height, 850-hPa and 200-hPa zonal wind, and other fields averaged for the last 30-year integration of the R42L9 model are analyzed. Results show that the model reproduces well the observed basic patterns, particularly precipitation over the East Asian region. Comparing the new model with R15L9/LASG, the old version with coarse resolution (nearly 7.5°long×4.5°lat), shows an obvious improvement in the simulation of regional climate, especially precipitation. The weaknesses in simulation and future improvements of the model are also discussed.

Projections of ocean climate for northwestern Pacific Ocean

The long-term adjustment processes of atmosphere and ocean in response to gradually increased atmospheric CO2 concentration have been analyzed in 70 and 140 a integrations with NCAR fully-coupled climate system model (CSM). In these experiments the CO2 concentration has been increased to double and quadruples the initial concentration, respectively. After 70 a, at the time of CO2 doubling, the model predicts surface air temperature rises by 1.2 and 1.5 K for the globe and the northwestern Pacific Ocean, respectively. The behavior of the quadrupling run is similar: each global and regional mean surface air temperatures increase by 2.8 and 3.0 K at the time of CO2 quadrupling. From the experiments, surface air temperature changes in the northwestern Pacific Ocean will be more distinctive compared with the global average, mainly due to exceptionally large wanning and sea level change near the entrance of the Kuroshio extension.

基于GTAP模型的中缅印度洋新通道贸易效应研究

中国-缅甸-印度洋海公铁联运新通道,是从中国西南地区打通印度洋出海通道的必经之路,其发展与“一带一路”孟中印缅经济走廊建设和中国西部沿边开放紧密关联。从贸易网络、贸易依赖度、竞争性和互补性等方面探究通道开通后沿线国家和地区间贸易规模、贸易结构和贸易壁垒的变动,揭示了沿线国家和地区贸易关系的特征和动态变化。根据运输成本对贸易的传导机制,采用GTAP模型,模拟预测中缅印度洋新通道在部分联通、全线贯通和路网形成三种不同情景下产生的贸易效应。研究发现:中缅印度洋新通道的开通将直接刺激沿线地区贸易规模增长,贸易条件显著改善,中国、缅甸和印度等国实际GDP和社会福利水平显著提升;随着物流成本下降和贸易网络深化,新通道促进贸易从高成本的域外地区向低成本的域内地区转移,重构区内贸易格局;新通道的开通将有利于推动中国与周边国家和地区形成产业链互补,促进区域经济一体化发展。

基于POM的全球M_(2)正压潮数值模拟

普林斯顿海洋模型(POM)是应用较为广泛的区域海洋数值模型,但在全球潮汐数值模拟中的适用性尚待检验。本研究将三极网格和潮汐势引入POM中,对包含北极点的海洋潮波问题进行模拟,并建立水平分辨率1°×1°的全球大洋潮波数值模型,对全球M_(2)正压潮波进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示,太平洋存在5个M_(2)分潮无潮点,大西洋存在4个M_(2)分潮无潮点,印度洋存在3个M_(2)分潮无潮点,北冰洋存在2个M_(2)分潮无潮点;总体来看,大洋M_(2)分潮振幅小于近岸振幅,赤道太平洋海域出现2个M_(2)分潮的高振幅区,北冰洋与其他三大洋相比振幅最小。POM模拟结果与TPXO7.2全球潮汐同化模型结果基本一致,两者振幅均方根误差为5.6 cm,迟角均方根误差为10.0°,振幅的平均相对误差为12.5%;POM模拟结果与全球潮汐常数(GTCs)数据集对比,两者振幅均方根误差为21.4 cm,迟角的均方根误差为29.1°,振幅的平均相对误差为25.1%。表明所构建的POM全球大洋潮波模型能够较为准确地模拟全球潮波,得到全球潮汐的分布特征,为POM应用于其他全球海洋动力过程研究提供借鉴和参考。

Adaptability of the ocean and earth tidal models based on global observations of the superconducting gravimeters

The adaptability of recent ocean tidal models and Earth tidal models is investigated comprehensively by means of 22 high precision tidal gravity observation series at 20 stations of the Global Geodynamics Project. Careful preprocessing of the original observations was carried out using international standard algorithms and the tidal gravity parameters were computed. The gravity load vectors of 8 main constituents are obtained based on loading computation theory and various global ocean models. The loading corrections of 14 secondary constituents are obtained based on a two-dimensional interpolation technique. Considering different characteristics of the wave amplitude, a method of “non-identical weighted mean” is developed for computing the av-eraged observed residual and remaining residual vectors at each station. The efficiency of the loading correction and the discrepancy between corrected amplitude factors and theoretical ones are analyzed. Meanwhile the calibration problem of the instruments is also discussed. After loading correction, the averaged tidal gravity parameters for all stations are obtained. The results show that the discrepancies between the global mean amplitude factors and theoretical values are less than 0.3%, the largest calibration error of the instruments is less than 0.5%. On the other hand, there are indications that the slight phase advance of K1 with respect to O1 in Mathews’ theory could be verified by ground based tidal gravity observations.

CMIP6模式对北太平洋中纬度海洋锋强度与冬季风暴轴关系的模拟及预估

本文利用参与第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)的高分辨率气候模式CNRM-CM6-1-HR资料,对北太平洋中纬度海洋锋强度与冬季风暴轴的关系开展模拟和预估。研究发现,该模式能够较好地再现海洋锋强度与风暴轴的正相关关系,即当海洋锋加强(减弱)时,风暴轴在其主体及下游区域显著增强(削弱),但模拟的正相关关系在风暴轴北部强于观测,这是由于模拟的海洋锋强度与低层大气斜压性的正相关关系在其北部偏强。对比模式在历史试验和未来4种共享社会经济路径(SSPs)下的模拟结果发现,全球变暖背景下,海洋锋强度与风暴轴依然存在显著的正相关关系,但在风暴轴气候态大值区及其北部区域呈现减弱趋势,正相关关系减弱程度在高辐射强迫情景(SSP5-8.5)下最大,在中等至高辐射强迫情景(SSP3-7.0)下最小。进一步研究发现,未来海洋锋强度与低层大气斜压性的正相关关系呈现出类似的减弱趋势,说明未来海洋锋与风暴轴关系的变化主要取决于海洋锋与低层大气斜压性关系的变化。

Quasi-hydrostatic Primitive Equations for Ocean Global Circulation Models

Global existence of weak and strong solutions to the quasi-hydrostatic primitive equations is studied in this paper. This model, that derives from the full non-hydrostatic model for geophysical fluid dynamics in the zero-limit of the aspect ratio, is more realistic than the classical hydrostatic model, since the traditional approximation that consists in neglecting a part of the Coriolis force is relaxed. After justifying the derivation of the model, the authors provide a rigorous proof of global existence of weak solutions, and well-posedness for strong solutions in dimension three.

基于动态精密单点定位技术估计海潮负荷位移

本研究应用动态精密单点定位(PPP)技术,基于香港地区全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)5个测站的垂直坐标时间序列,估计海潮负载位移,并与海潮模型预测进行比较分析。研究中采用奇异谱分析(SSA)对时间序列进行降噪处理,分析噪声对海潮负载位移估计的影响。结果表明,SSA降噪显著提升了坐标时间序列的精度,其中白噪声和有色噪声分别下降了60.4%和21.68%。SSA降噪后,海潮负载位移反演值与模型预测值间的差异减少,显示噪声改正对提升反演精度有积极作用。利用GNSS PPP估计的M_(2)、K_(1)、K_(2)、O_(1)这四种主要潮汐分量引起的地表负载位移,与海潮模型的预测值之间存在一定的偏差,但SSA降噪后的均方根误差不符值有所下降。本研究证实了利用GNSS PPP技术估计海潮负载位移的可行性,并强调了降低噪声在提高估计精度方面的重要性。

全球冰-海洋耦合模式的海冰模拟

海冰是全球气候系统的重要分量 ,与大气和海洋的相互作用 ,直接影响大气环流和海洋环流 ,对气候及其变化具有重要影响。文中依据冰、海洋间的热力、动力耦合相互作用 ,改进冰海洋热力耦合方案 ,利用由中国科学院大气物理研究所的 30层海洋模式和基于Flato空化流体流变学的海冰动力模式和Hibler表面热收支平衡的零层海冰热力模式 ,建立全球冰海洋耦合模式。利用大气月平均气候资料 ,利用冰海洋耦合模式对全球海冰的分布及其季节性变化、海冰漂移进行了耦合模拟和分析。模拟的南半球海冰分布及季节变化与实际分析资料非常接近 ,比 2 0层冰海洋耦合模式的结果有显著改进。北半球海冰范围偏小 ,但季节变化的量值与实际相当一致。模拟的海冰速度场反映了南、北半球海冰漂移的主要特征 ,如北极的穿极漂流和南大洋的绕极环流等。对海冰密集度的分析表明 ,模拟结果得以改进原因在于改进的冰海洋热力耦合方案增强了融冰期冰海洋耦合系统海洋热通量增加—密集度减小—能量收支增加的正反馈机制。

GPS精密定位中的海潮位移改正

根据海洋负荷潮理论 ,利用NAO99b全球海潮模型 ,计算了中国部分IGS站的海潮位移改正 ,并将海潮位移改正应用到GPS数据处理当中。在GAMIT软件的解算过程中 ,分别按加入和不加入海潮位移改正 ,对GPS基线分量和测站坐标分别进行了计算和比较分析。结果表明 ,海潮位移改正无论是对GPS基线分量还是对测站坐标 。

全球大洋潮汐模式在南海的准确度评估

采用南海海域60个验潮站和22个TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计轨道交叉点的调和常数资料,对比了TPXO7.2、GOT00.2、NAO.99b和DTU10四种全球大洋潮汐模式M2、S2、K1、O1四个主要分潮调和常数在南海的准确度。为了准确评估这四种大洋潮汐模式在南海不同区域的准确度,本研究将南海分成了8个区分别进行了对比。结果表明,南海北部和东部区域,4个分潮都是DTU10准确度最高;南部区域,M2和O1分潮GOT00.2的偏差最小,S2和K1分潮DTU10的偏差最小。总体而言,在进行南海潮汐数值模拟选择开边界条件时,建议以DTU10模式为主,并利用GOT00.2模式作适当调整。还简单分析了南海M2、S2、K1、O1四个主要分潮的潮汐分布特征。