Inference of Global HIV-1 Sequence Patterns and Preliminary FeatureAnalysis

The epidemiology of HIV-1 varies in different areas of the world, and it is possible that this complexity may leave unique footprints in the viral genome. Thus, we attempted to find significant patterns in global HIV-1 genome sequences. By applying the rule inference algorithm RIPPER (Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction) to multiple sequence alignments of Env sequences from four classes of compiled datasets, we generated four sets of signature patterns. We found that these patterns were able to distinguish southeastern Asian from non- southeastern Asian sequences with 97.5% accuracy, Chinese from non-Chinese sequences with 98.3% accuracy, African from non-African sequences with 88.4% accuracy, and southern African from non-southern African sequences with 91.2% accuracy. These patterns showed different associations with subtypes and with amino acid positions. In addition, some signature patterns were characteristic of the geographic area from which the sample was taken. Amino acid features corresponding to the phylogenetic clustering of HIV-1 sequences were consistent with some of the deduced patterns. Using a combination of patterns inferred from subtypes B, C, and all subtypes chimeric with CRF01_AE worldwide, we found that signature patterns of subtype C were extremely common in some sampled countries (for example, Zambia in southern Africa), which may hint at the origin of this HIV-1 subtype and the need to pay special attention to this area of Africa. Signature patterns of subtype B sequences were associated with different countries. Even more, there are distinct patterns at single position 21 with glycine, leucine and isoleucine corresponding to subtype C, B and all possible recombination forms chimeric with CRF01_AE, which also indicate distinct geographic features. Our method widens the scope of inference of signature from geographic, genetic, and genomic viewpoints. These findings may provide a valuable reference for epidemiological research or vaccine design.

The Analysis of Global Warming Patterns from 1970s to 2010s

While global warming is only one part of climate change effects, it poses the highest risk to our habitats and ecologies. It is alarming that global warming has heightened in multiple locations and is intensified since the early 1970s. Since then, there are certain global warming patterns that could guide us with an overview of what mitigation and adaptation strategies should be developed in the future decades. There are certain regions affected more than another, and there are certain patterns with adverse effects on regions, sub-regions, and even continents. This study provides an insightful analysis of recent global warming patterns, those that are affecting us the most with regional climate change of different types, upsurge in frequency and intensity of natural disasters, and drastic impacts on our ecosystems around the world. By analysing the global warming patterns of these last four decades, this research study sheds light on where these patterns are coming from, how they are developing, and what are their impacts. This study is conducted through grey literature and analysis of the recorded global warming data publicly available by the NASA-GISS data centre for global temperature. This brief—but comprehensive—analysis helps us to have a better understanding of what comes next for global warming impacts, and how we should ultimately react. The study contributes to the field by discovering three key points analysed based on available data and literature on recorded global temperature, including: differences between north and south hemispheres, specific patterns due to ocean surface temperature increase, and recent impacts on particular regions. The study concludes with the importance of global scale analysis to have a more realistic understanding of the global warming patterns and their impacts on all living habitats.

Current Global Almond Trade and Its Consumption Patterns Analysis

This article aims to investigate the current situation of the international almond trade and its consumption patterns. Traditionally, almonds are characterized by their good taste and high quality and regarded as an ideal source of several natural health nutrients. At present, the United States is the leading almond producer and exporter in the world, accompanied by Germany, Spain and Japan, the biggest almond importing countries. In order to study almond consumption patterns, two indicators were used in our study, the Food Consumer Location Ratio （FCLR） and the Food Consumer Location Relative Ratio （FCLRR）. Furthermore, to identify the almond consumption groups, we carried out two cluster analyses based on FCLR and FCLRR values, Finally, an analysis of the factors which have an impact on a country＇s almond consumption was conducted. It shows that income level, endowment of resources and tradition as well as dietary habits are key factors that help to shape a country＇s almond consumption pattern.

LOW FREQUENCY VARIABILITY OF INTERANNUAL CHANGE PATTERNS FOR GLOBAL MEAN TEMPERATURE DURING THE RECENT 100 YEARS

The TEEOF method that expands temporally is used to conduct a diagnostic study of the variation patterns of 1, 3, 6 and 10 years with regard to mean air temperature over the globe and Southern and Northern Hemispheres over the course of 100 years. The results show that the first mode of TEEOF takes up more than 50% in the total variance, with each of the first mode in the interannual oscillations generally standing for annually varying patterns which are related with climate and reflecting long-term tendency of change in air temperature. It is particularly true for the first mode on the 10-year scale, which shows an obvious ascending trend concerning the temperature in winter and consistently the primary component of time goes in a way that is very close to the sequence of actual temperature. Apart from the first mode of all time sections of TEEOF for the globe and the two hemispheres and the second mode of the 1-year TEEOF, interannual variation described by other characteristic vectors are showing various patterns, with corresponding primary components having relation with long-term variability of specific interannual quasi-periodic oscillation structures. A 2T test applied to the annual variation pattern shows that the abrupt changes for the Southern Hemisphere and the globe come closer to the result of a uni-element t test for mean temperature than those for the Northern Hemisphere do. It indicates that the 2Ttest, when carried out with patterns of multiple variables, seems more reasonable than the t test with single elements.

Share-Shift Analysis of Geo-Economic Pattern on Global Cereal Crops in Recent 50 Years

In recent 50 years, with the rapid development of international food trade, the geoeconomic pattern of cereal crops has changed tremendously which produced a significant impact on global food security. This paper attempted to analysis the production pattern and trade pattern of global cereals, especially three main crops of wheat, maize and rice by using the method of share-shift. Given the fact of almost every economic phenomenon is driven by their economic return behind them, this paper attempted to a further step into their economic pattern by examining their net trade flow. The results showed that from the view of production and trade, the geographic pattern of global cereals has changed greatly which can be described as developing countries has replaced developed countries and become the world's biggest cereals production and trading area. But when moving to the net trade flow, it turns out to be another story that can depicted as the regional fixation features of economic returns which can be convinced from the labor division of global cereals trade, among which developed countries acts as net trade profit area while developing countries as net trade output area, and their gap between net export and net import has been widening from the view of evolution trend. So what we learn from the evolution of geoeconomic pattern on this topic is that our place in global cereals trade system, and therefore alert us to concern not only on the pattern transition but also the economic meaning behind it, only by doing so can we learn to plan our food future more wisely and effectively.

多源知识图谱事件知识融合方法研究

以事件为中心的动态知识对事件预测等应用至关重要,但现有知识图谱主要关注以实体为中心的静态知识,难以满足需求。本文提出一种融合多源知识的高质量事件知识图谱构造方法,首先定义全局事件模式,利用标签类别从源知识图谱中提取事件知识并构造临时事件知识图,提出关系扩充规则对临时事件知识图进行扩充,改进实体对齐Attce模型,基于TransD模型对多个临时事件知识图进行联合嵌入学习,以提高实体对齐和冲突发现的效率;利用事件描述完整度计算源知识图谱可信度,发生冲突时作为判别标准进行处理。经过在真实数据集上的实验,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。

锁定脆弱国家:撒哈拉以南非洲的安全供给与能力建设困境

由于国家安全机制的缺位或无效,撒哈拉以南非洲地区的安全供给出现地方化、社会化、商业化和外部化趋势。该地区国家内部的非国家行为体和来自外部的跨国行为体在不同的条件下组合,形成了碎片化、多种安全主体互补又竞争的“多元混杂”的安全供给格局,这与单一中心、自上而下的安全供给格局明显不同。在这种供给格局中,很难明确区分“国家和非国家”“正式和非正式”“现代和传统”,它们重叠交织在一起。安全供给的地方化、社会化、商业化和外部化使这一地区国家的安全能力被限制,整个国家的安全建设陷入困境,从而导致其“脆弱国家”的地位被“锁定”。由于国家化的动力不足,该地区安全供给的“多元混杂”格局短期内很难改变。作为全球“安全洼地”,中国与这一地区的安全合作空间巨大,因此可以从理念创新和实际操作两方面推动全球安全倡议的实践。

人类文明关系转型中的全球文明倡议

迄今为止的人类文明秩序是在资本主义生产方式兴起过程中由西方世界主导建构而成的,蕴含着深刻的矛盾性,长期影响、制约着人类历史的发展和人类文明的进步。世界百年未有之大变局为当今世界从根本上反思和审视人类文明秩序的弊端,以新的文明观推动人类文明秩序的调整和改良提供了历史性契机。全球文明倡议以人类文明的多样性为理论前提,以全人类共同价值为价值取向,以“三个超越”为核心理念,以“三个辩证统一”为思维方法,树立起平等、互鉴、对话、包容的新文明观。作为全球文明倡议的提出者,中国现阶段有必要把凝聚国际共识作为着力点和突破口,锚定构建人类命运共同体的目标统筹推进,厚植历史和文化根基,加大全球文明倡议的对外有效传播,促进中外文明交流对话,并敢于和善于同阻挠践行全球文明倡议的各种行为作斗争。

多层网络视角下全球石墨贸易竞争网络结构及其演化特征

相较于单一天然石墨产品贸易,立足于石墨产业链的综合视角深入分析不同石墨产品的跨产品贸易竞争格局,对于保障一国石墨全产业链的安全稳定发展具有重要意义。为了从产业链整体视角深入挖掘全球石墨跨国家跨产品贸易的复杂竞争格局,本文在已有研究的基础上,补充计算了不同石墨产品跨产品竞争强度,并利用多层网络模型构建了全球石墨贸易竞争网络,进一步分析了全球石墨贸易竞争网络的结构及其演化特征。研究结果表明,2000—2021年间全球石墨贸易竞争网络的规模持续增长,并且国家间的贸易竞争关系日益紧密。此外,尽管2000—2021年间不同石墨产品的贸易竞争网络存在稳定且显著的结构相似性,但是不同石墨产品贸易竞争网络的加权度相关性呈现下降趋势,这意味着不同石墨产品的贸易竞争格局可能会逐渐差异化。进一步的结果表明,石墨原材料贸易和石墨初级产品贸易的层间竞争呈现显著上升的趋势,这意味着各国不仅围绕同类石墨产品的进口存在竞争关系,而且这种竞争关系还存在沿产业链跨产品转移的可能性。本文为制定石墨贸易竞争策略、提高石墨产业国际竞争力提供了一定的参考信息。

基于构建新发展格局的首都发展战略

新中国成立以来,首都发展战略演变在根本上取决于中国社会主要矛盾、中心任务和发展战略的转化。在揭示形成新发展格局本质为构建强大的全球资源优化配置能力的基础上,提出新发展阶段首都发展战略本质就是建设强大的全球资源优化配置中心城市,走全球高精尖集聚发展之路,全主体、全要素、全过程提升首都在全球范围内决定“为谁生产、生产什么、怎样生产、在哪里生产、谁以及按什么规则和程序决策”的能力。为此,要吸引和培育跨国公司总部、全球性组织、有全球话语权的媒体机构,加快建设全球金融中心、全球科技创新中心、全球人才发展中心、国际消费中心城市和新兴要素交易市场,大力发展国际规则创制能力、全球定价能力、高端生产性服务业、全球城市服务能力和世界顶级交通体系。

基于产业科技视角的全球稀土产业链格局研判与对策分析

在梳理稀土产业链基本模式的基础上,从稀土产业科技视角深入剖析产业链各环节现状并对稀土未来发展趋势进行研判。研究发现,从稀土全产业链各环节看,中国在稀土资源、稀土矿、稀土冶炼分离环节比较优势突出,而在功能材料、终端应用环节发展相对落后;从稀土全产业链看,中国具有突出的规模优势,但科技创新能力不强;低碳技术的发展将推动全球稀土竞争聚焦于稀土永磁技术的发展和稀土资源的供应,这两个环节将成为大国竞争的核心。由此提出在全球稀土产业链格局演变下,急需加大重点领域研发投入,攻克产业链“卡脖子”技术瓶颈,塑造技术引领力;协同科技攻关加快海外资源布局稳产保供;稳定稀土原料价格,维持国际领先优势,从而协调稀土全产业链各环节的发展等相关对策建议。

危机变局中全球青少年毒品预防教育治理格局与实践路径

在全球毒品危机对青少年影响日益严峻的形势下,以联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室为首的国际组织以可持续发展为目标、政策为支点、教育为关键的治理手段建立新发展范式,撬动全球教育变革。文章以多源流理论为分析框架,解析国际组织以理念和政策为内生动力,以“预防为主、科学干预、教育为首、可持续发展”为原则建立的青少年毒品危机治理新格局,全景式展现国际组织构建毒品预防框架与实践路径。基于国际比较视角,建设具有中国特色、与联合国接轨的高质量毒品预防教育体系。

全球重要农业文化遗产桑基鱼塘时空格局演变和驱动因素

浙江省湖州市南浔区是目前桑基鱼塘保留最完整、规模最大的区域之一,该地的桑基鱼塘系统被列入全球重要农业文化遗产。随着社会经济发展、消费需求改变、农业现代化生产,桑基鱼塘系统的生产方式、经济及服务价值等发生了重大变化。本文利用遥感影像、社会经济等数据对1975—2019年南浔区桑基鱼塘的时空格局演变和驱动因素进行了研究,主要结果如下:1)从规模变化上看,鱼塘快速扩张,桑园明显减少,水田剧烈萎缩,桑基鱼塘规模明显减小,基塘比例严重降低;从形态变化上看,鱼塘呈集聚化、规模化趋势,桑园和水田呈破碎化趋势,且鱼塘逐渐脱离传统桑基鱼塘系统布局特色而独立存在。2)2012—2019年,鱼塘养殖的经济效益远高于蚕桑养殖和水稻种植,是导致桑园、水田明显萎缩及鱼塘大规模扩张的主要驱动力。因此,通过全球重要农业文化遗产的建立来进一步加强桑基鱼塘系统的保护与传承是非常必要的,也是支撑湖州市南浔区农业可持续发展的重要举措。

新发展格局背景下国内国际价值链嵌入测度

为完善新发展格局背景下国内国际价值链的统计测度和评价体系,使用矩阵转换法、混频动态因子模型测算全球与国内投入产出表,并运用增加值分解法构建指标体系,以依存度、嵌入度、嵌入位置测度新发展格局进程。研究表明:(1)中国在加入WTO后,对国外的依存度提升;(2)扩大内需战略成效显著,国内大循环主体地位逐步形成;(3)新发展格局促使中国向中高端加工环节转移,区域间专业化分工格局逐渐形成。国家须充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,运用区域资源优势,提升生产专业化水平,畅通国内国际双循环。

Comparison Between Reconstructions of Global Anthropogenic Land Cover Change over Past Two Millennia

Three global datasets, the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE), Kaplan and Krumhardt (KK) and Pongratz of reconstructed anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) were introduced and compared in this paper. The HYDE dataset was reconstructed by Goldewijk and his colleagues at the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment in Netherland, covering the past 12 000 years. The KK dataset was reconstructed by Kaplan and his colleagues, the Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Research Group at the Institute of Environmental Engineering in Switzerland, covering the past 8000 years. The Pongratz dataset was reconstructed by Pon-gratz and her colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Germany, covering AD 800-1992. The results show that the reconstructed datasets are quite different from each other due to the different methods used. The three datasets all allocated the historical ALCC according to human population density. The main reason causing the differences among the three datasets lies on the different relationships between population density and land use used in each reconstructed dataset. The KK dataset is better than the other two datasets for two important reasons. First, it used the nonlinear relationship between population density and land use, while the other two used the linear relationship. Second, Kaplan and his colleagues adopted the technological development and intensification parameters and considered the wood harvesting and the long-term fallow area resulted from shifting cultivation, which were neglected in the reconstructions of the other two datasets. Therefore, the KK dataset is more suitable as one of the anthropogenic forcing fields for climate simulation over the past two millennia that is recently concerned by two projects, the National Basic Research Program and the Strategic and Special Frontier Project of Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Evaluating the Formation Mechanisms of the Equatorial Pacific SST Warming Pattern in CMIP5 Models

Based on the historical and RCP8.5 runs of the multi-model ensemble of 32 models participating in CMIP5, the present study evaluates the formation mechanisms for the patterns of changes in equatorial Pacific SST under global warming. Two features with complex formation processes, the zonal E1 Nifio-like pattern and the meridional equatorial peak warm- ing （EPW）, are investigated. The climatological evaporation is the main contributor to the E1 Nifio-like pattern, while the ocean dynamical thermostat effect plays a comparable negative role. The cloud-shortwave-radiation-SST feedback and the weakened Walker circulation play a small positive role in the E1 Nifio-like pattern. The processes associated with ocean dynamics are confined to the equator. The climatological evaporation is also the dominant contributor to the EPW pattern, as suggested in previous studies. However, the effects of some processes are inconsistent with previous studies. For example, changes in the zonal heat advection due to the weakened Walker circulation have a remarkable positive contribution to the EPW pattern, and changes in the shortwave radiation play a negative role in the EPW pattern.

全球格局变化下北京“四个中心”建设研究

作为全球城市网络中的枢纽性城市,北京“四个中心”建设迎来新机遇和新挑战:大国首都政务服务保障要求有所提高,首都安全的重要性进一步凸显;新技术的广泛运用为文化传承和创新带来新手段,但北京缺乏具有全球竞争力的知名文化品牌;大国首都外交外事活动日益活跃,重量级国际组织及其总部数量少仍是国际交往中心建设的短板;科技革命与首都高质量发展同频共振,但科技创新活动的国际性和开放性仍然不足。为此,在全球化语境下,北京“四个中心”建设当以首善标准提供大国首都政务保障,围绕品牌建设促进文化发展提质升级,发挥“双奥之城”优势服务大国外交,瞄准国际前沿强化战略科技力量。

全球食用油料贸易格局演变及其对中国的启示

为保障我国粮油安全以及促进我国食用油料进出口贸易发展,基于2000—2020年的全球食用油料贸易数据,采用社会网络分析方法对全球食用油料贸易网络结构特征及其演变进行分析,并对我国食用油料贸易网络特征进行进一步探究,并提出相关的政策建议。结果表明:近20年来,全球参与食用油料贸易各国家间的关系趋于紧密,贸易主体多元化发展,贸易效率有所提升;全球食用油料贸易网络中的核心国家主要包括美国、中国、德国、荷兰等,进出口贸易国家间的结构不对称,主要参与国存在一定变化,但核心国家仍对贸易网络具备一定控制能力;中国是食用油料贸易的枢纽国家,进出口贸易伙伴国众多,参与贸易的食用油料品种较为丰富,但进口来源国较为集中,作为进口大国易受到新冠疫情、国际政治局势变动等外部因素的影响,因此中国在食用油料贸易方面正面临着众多挑战。我国应提高国内食用油料的生产水平,积极拓展国内、国际两个市场,规避食用油料国际贸易中存在的风险的同时,促进我国食用油料进口来源市场多元化与进口品种多样化,从而保障我国粮油安全。

Salt Desert and Saline-Ackaline Mixed Dust Storms:An Ignored Issure for Global Climate Change

Salt desert,saline-alkaline dust storm and saline-alkaline mixed dust storm are significant but ignored problems for a long time.After many years of observations and researches,the author believes that salt desert,saline-alkaline dust

Comparative Assessment of Tundra Vegetation Changes Between North and Southwest Slopes of Changbai Mountains, China, in Response to Global Warming

Vegetation in high altitude areas normally exhibits the strongest response to global warming. We investigated the tundra vegetation on the Changbai Mountains and revealed the similarities and differences between the north and the southwest slopes of the Changbai Mountains in response to global warming. Our results were as follows: 1) The average temperatures in the growing season have increased from 1981 to 2015, the climate tendency rate was 0.38℃/10 yr, and there was no obvious change in precipitation observed. 2) The tundra vegetation of the Changbai Mountains has changed significantly over the last 30 years. Specifically, herbaceous plants have invaded into the tundra zone, and the proportion of herbaceous plants was larger than that of shrubs. Shrub tundra was transforming into shrub-grass tundra. 3) The tundra vegetation in the north and southwest slopes of the Changbai Mountains responded differently to global warming. The southwest slope showed a significantly higher degree of invasion from herbaceous plants and exhibited greater vegetation change than the north slope. 4) The species diversity of plant communities on the tundra zone of the north slope changed unimodally with altitude, while that on the tundra zone of the southwest slope decreased monotonously with altitude. Differences in the degree of invasion from herbaceous plants resulted in differences in species diversity patterns between the north and southwest slopes. Differences in local microclimate, plant community successional stage and soil fertility resulted in differential responses of tundra vegetation to global warming.