Global and International Security Under Spatial Grasp Paradigm

Global and international security cannot be provided from a single point or a set of separate points whatever powerful these might be(even with quantum supercomputers!).It should rather be deeply embedded and integrated with bodies of real systems wherever in physical,virtual,or combined spaces they may exist.So global security capabilities should not only be distributed,but rather be really spatial,self-organized,and dynamic,also exhibiting overall integrity,awareness,and consciousness features.The paper describes applicability of the patented and revealed in 10 books Spatial Grasp Model and Technology(SGT)and its basic Spatial Grasp Language(SGL)which conceptually and functionally match security problems of large distributed and heterogeneous systems.It investigates very practical security solutions for finding and tracing distribution of forbidden items,world roaming criminals,recovery from natural and human-made disasters,tracing and elimination of moving dangerous objects in terrestrial and celestial spaces,as well as analysis and restoration of damaged transport networks.It advises how different security infrastructures can be organized and managed,and how to cooperate and integrate within global security systems with higher awareness and consciousness levels over them.The provided security-oriented version of SGL can be quickly implemented and integrated with existing distributed management and security systems.

Prioritizing Indicators for Rapid Response in Global Health Security:A Bayesian Network Approach

This study explored a Bayesian belief networks(BBNs)approach,developing two distinct models for prioritizing the seven indicators related to the“rapid response to and mitigation of the spread of an epidemic”category within the context of both the specifc category and the Global Health Security Index(GHS index).Utilizing data from the 2021 GHS index,the methodology involves rigorous preprocessing,the application of the augmented naive Bayes algorithm for structural learning,and k-fold cross-validation.Key fndings show unique perspectives in both BBN models.In the mutual value of information analysis,“linking public health and security authorities”emerged as the key predictor for the“rapid response to and mitigation of the spread of an epidemic”category,while“emergency preparedness and response planning”assumed precedence for the GHS index.Sensitivity analysis highlighted the critical role of“emergency preparedness and response planning”and“linking public health and security authorities”in extreme performance states,with“access to communications infrastructure”and“trade and travel restrictions”exhibiting varied signifcance.The BBN models exhibit high predictive accuracy,achieving 83.3%and 82.3%accuracy for extreme states in“rapid response to and mitigation of the spread of an epidemic”and the GHS index,respectively.This study contributes to the literature on GHS by modeling the dependencies among various indicators of the rapid response dimension of the GHS index and highlighting their relative importance based on the mutual value of information and sensitivity analyses.

China’s Views on Solving the Yemeni Issue Within the Framework of Global Security Initiative

Yemen is a traditional friendly country of China and an important partner of China in the Arabian Peninsula.As a result of the recur-ring conflicts in Yemen,its economic situation has been deterio-rating.China’s bilateral trade volume and direct investment with Yemen have been directly affected by the war in Yemen and have fluctuated significantly.The security and happiness of the Yemeni people and the effective protection of people’s rights cannot be achieved without stable internal social relations and a peaceful external environment.In 2022,President Xi Jinping pro-posed the Global Security Initiative(GSI),calling on countries to adapt to the profoundly changing international landscape in the spirit of solidarity,and to address security challenges with a win-win mindset.In 2023,China releases the Global Security Initiative Concept Paper.China’s idea for solving the Yemen issue is a the-oretical and institutional reflection on war,peace and develop-ment based on a reflexion of the unequal world hegemonic order,centreing on equality and the care for humanity.

GDI and GSI: China’s New Propositions for Global Governance

In the post-pandemic era,the global economic and security landscapes are fraught with complexities and uncertainties.Among them,four risk flashpoints merit attention:Certain countries are raising interest rates to subdue inflation,despite their already high levels of debt;the bulk commodities market is experiencing volatility,leading to global turbulence and change;trade protectionism is at the forefront of major-power rivalry in political and economic spheres;and regional security crises are compounding international tensions.Behind those flashpoints are contradictions that obstruct world peace and progress,including development imbalances,governance gaps,and structural tensions in global security.In the face of uncertainties,it is crucial for China to seize strategic opportunities and transform crises into favorable situations.China has launched the Global Development Initiative(GDI)and the Global Security Initiative(GSI)to contribute to global prosperity and security.The two initiatives demonstrate China’s commitment to addressing global deficits in peace,development,security,and governance.

The breakfast imperative： The changing context of global food security

The debate on global food security has regained vigor since the food crisis of 2008, when a sudden spike in the prices of staple food commodities dramatically demonstrated that securing the supply and accessibility of food for a world of nine billion people in 2050 cannot be taken for grant- ed （Godfray etal. 2010; Swinnen and Squicciarini 2012;

Globalization and National Scientific and Technological Security

Now, the world has entered an era of accelerated globalization, which has brought the question of national scientific

The Governance of the Chaotic International Security

After the Cold War ended, former traditional security threats withered while non-traditional ones sprouted. More recently as both traditional and non-traditional security threats bloom, concern spreads over whether international security governance can be effective. Worse still, major Western countries' zeal for global governance has cooled,while they turn from being advocates of global governance to obstacles,making the future dimmer.

Towards sustainable agriculture:Harnessing AI for global food security

The issue of food security continues to be a prominent global concern,affecting a significant number of individ-uals who experience the adverse effects of hunger and malnutrition.The finding of a solution of this intricate issue necessitates the implementation of novel and paradigm-shifting methodologies in agriculture and food sec-tor.In recent times,the domain of artificial intelligence(AI)has emerged as a potent tool capable of instigating a profound influence on the agriculture and food sectors.AI technologies provide significant advantages by opti-mizing crop cultivation practices,enabling the use of predictive modelling and precision agriculture techniques,and aiding efficient crop monitoring and disease identification.Additionally,AI has the potential to optimize sup-ply chain operations,storage management,transportation systems,and quality assurance processes.It also tackles the problem of food loss and waste through post-harvest loss reduction,predictive analytics,and smart inventory management.This study highlights that how by utilizing the power of AI,we could transform the way we produce,distribute,and manage food,ultimately creating a more secure and sustainable future for all.

论全球安全治理秩序的政治哲学基础:公正合理

Today,the world faces daunting challenges in security governance.What security order the world needs and how to deliver global security governance are humanity’s major issues.This article takes stock of relevant concepts and practical guidelines embedded in the efforts of the Communist Party of China to promote a fairer and more equitable international order and the existing theses and theories of Eastern and Western civilizations on the meaning of fairness and equity.It proposes five principles-equality,fairness,consent,efficiency,and compensation-as the requirements and foundations of fairness and equity.Furthermore,it verifies the applicability of these principles to major practical issues,including the Ukraine crisis,climate change,and China’s stance on global security governance,expounding the policy implications of fairness and equity as a norm or value orientation.Championing a fair and equitable global security order will help build consensus on Chinese solutions and facilitate historical peace,development,and win-win cooperation trends.

乌克兰危机的影响及启示

The escalation of the Ukraine crisis over the past year has exerted a significant and far-reaching impact on international politics,the economy,and the military.The international order is collapsing gradually in the post-Cold War era.International politics is becoming increasingly camp-oriented,the international economy is tending more and more toward antiglobalization,the global arms race is growing progressively fiercer,and the application of new military technologies is steering humankind to a new era of war.The United States has used Ukraine to fight a proxy war with Russia and has become the principal beneficiary of this crisis by utilizing this opportunity to strengthen its alliance system,stabilize itself,control Europe,and restrain Russia.Ukraine's capacity and willingness to fight have intensified with Western support,and neither side is willing to reconcile.A standoff between Russia and Ukraine would prolong the conflict,escalating the risk of nuclear war.However,the possibility of negotiations to contain the crisis cannot be ruled out.The emergency has reminded Europe of the value of strategic autonomy and has warned Asian countries to prohibit the United States from launching new proxy wars in the region.China's Global Security Initiative and Position Paper on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis offer innovative ideas that can help the concerned parties to withdraw from the crisis and can aid the international community in building lasting peace.

统筹全球发展倡议和全球安全倡议的几点思考

China’s Global Development Initiative(GDI)and Global Security Initiative(GSI)symbolize the important innovations,in theory and in practice,resulting from President Xi Jinping’s thought on diplomacy in recent years.Both initiatives were proposed by President Xi,who has been standing with the people and supporting laws for the development of human society.These initiatives disseminate Chinese wisdom and inputs in responding to the questions posed by the world,by our times,and by history,thus having a significant impact on China’s peaceful development,as well as on global prosperity and progress.Presently,the once-in-a-century changes that shape the world today are evolving rapidly,and the international security situation is undergoing complex transformations.To address urgent issues and make new contributions to global peace and development,it is crucial to systematically study and deeply reflect on the GDI and the GSI and seek synergy between the two.

浅析全球安全倡议的实施路径

In the current era of changes unseen in a century,humanity is caught up in a deteriorating security environment on a global scale.By proposing the Global Security Initiative(GSI),China has offered its wisdom and a solution toward building a community of shared security for humanity.After a brief review of the historical evolution of the global security mechanism,the present study analyzes the main ideas and contemporary values making up the GSI.Meanwhile,based on the approaches proposed in and the spirit of the GSI Concept Paper,the authors uncover the dialectical relationship between the GSI,the Global Development Initiative,and the Global Civilization Initiative,which are all included in the Law on Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China adopted on June 28,2023.Furthermore,the authors recommend three practical paths toward implementing the GSI:a path toward shortterm goals,a path toward medium-term goals,and a path toward longterm goals.The success of the GSI needs the concerted efforts of all countries.China is not only an active advocate of the GSI but has also been striving to enhance its capability in safeguarding global security,implement the GSI vigorously,and spearhead a new type of global governance.

中国三大全球倡议的战略逻辑

With the answers China has found in resolving its challenges,the Global Development Initiative,Global Security Initiative,and Global Civilization Initiative have actively responded to the questions posed by the world and the times,establishing the direction for countries worldwide to jointly build a human community with a shared future.This article discusses the historical background,strategic connotations,and philosophies of these three initiatives,offering insight into their holistic approach and development perspective in assessing the world’s evolution.Furthermore,these initiatives consider both domestic and international imperatives and ensure security while pursuing development.The strategic thinking that the world should seek sustainable development through cooperation on the basis of civilizations highlights a people-centered orientation;advocates respecting others’interests in the pursuit of one’s own and advancing common interests of all;follows a result-oriented approach;promotes win–win collaborations;and emphasizes China’s contributions.Finally,the author proposes strategic pathways for implementing these global initiatives:namely,devising strategies centered on development;enhancing reciprocal learning between civilizations;avoiding excessive securitization;upholding the principle of extensive consultation,joint contribution,and shared costs and benefits;and demonstrating China’s sense of duty as a major country through pragmatic actions.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: how countries shouldbuild more resilient health systems for preparedness and response

Objective: A resilient health system plays a crucial role in pandemic preparedness and response. Althoughthe World Health Organization (WHO) has required all states parties to strengthen core capacities to respondto public health emergencies under the International Health Regulations (2005), the actions of most countriesto combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has showed that they are not well-prepared. This crosssectionalstudy aimed to examine the health system resilience of selected countries and analyze their strategiesand measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This study selected five countries including the Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea (South Korea), the U.K.,and the U.S., based on the severity of the national epidemic, the geographical location, and the developmentlevel. Cumulative number of death cases derived from WHO COVID-19 dashboard was used to measure theseverity of the impact of the pandemic in each country;WHO State Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting (SPAR)Scores and Global Health Security (GHS) Index were applied to measure the national health system resilience;and research articles and press materials were summarized to identify the strategies and measures adopted bycountries during response to COVID-19. This study applied the resilient health systems framework to analyzehealth system resilience in the selected countries from five dimensions, including awareness, diversity, selfregulation,integration and adaptation.Results: The SPAR Scores and GHS Index of the four developed countries, Japan, South Korea, the U.K. and theU.S. were above the global and regional averages;the SPAR Scores of Iran were above the global average whilethe GHI Index lain below the global average. In terms of response strategies, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S. investedmore health resources in the treatment of severe patients, while South Korea and Iran had adopted a strategyof extensive testing and identification of suspected patients. In terms of specific measures, all the five countriesadopted measures such as restrictions on entry and international travel, closure of schools and industries,lockdown and quarantine. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of implementing these measures varied acrosscountries, based on the response strategies.Conclusion: Although SPAR Scores and GHS Index have evaluated the national core capacities for preparednessand response, the actions to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the fact that most countries stilldo not build resilient health systems in response to public health emergencies. Health system strengtheningand health security efforts should be pursued in tandem, as part of the same mutually reinforcing approach todeveloping resilient health systems.

High-containment facilities and the role they play in global health security

Biological threats,whether naturally occurring or accidentally or deliberately released,have the potential to endanger lives and disrupt economies worldwide.Thus,high-containment protective measures should be implemented when handling bio-agents that can cause serious,highly contagious diseases,otherwise devastating pandemics can occur.In the fields of scientific investigation,healthcare,and product development,high-containment facilities play a critical role in preventing,detecting,and responding promptly and effectively to threats to global health security.In this paper,we present a summary of the main types of high-containment facilities,as well as their applications,challenges,and suggestions for the future.

Development of the Principle of International Solidarity and the Contribution of China

International solidarity is a fundamental value upheld by the united nations as well as a principle of international law recognized by independent experts on human rights The values and principle of international solidarity have played an important role in promoting human rights, improving the international economic order, driving sustainable development, and tackling global challenges, and they have gained wide support from most developing countries As unilateralism and protectionism continue to spread, global governance and multilateral cooperation are under threat Against this background, the united nations calls for the spirit and principle of international solidarity and the promotion of solidarity rights, including the right to development, and encourages the countries to safeguard global public health through joint actions and to avoid discrimination The concept of a community with a shared future for human beings proposed by China embodies international cooperation, mutual learning and exchanges, and collective efforts to promote and safeguard human rights It has made a positive contribution to enriching and boosting the principle of international solidarity and demonstrated the wisdom and responsibility of China as a major country.

A One Health approach to fight antimicrobial resistance in Uganda: Implementation experience, results, and lessons learned

Uganda has been implementing the Global Health Security Agenda(GHSA)since 2015 to build its capacity according to World Health Organization(WHO)Benchmarks on International Health Regulations Capacities.The country remains prone to outbreaks,with more than 20 disease outbreaks reported in the past five years,including Ebola virus disease,Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever,Marburg haemorrhagic fever,measles,yellow fever,coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and cholera.Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is an ongoing challenge.Uganda scored capacity level 3 on infection prevention and control(IPC)and antimicrobial stewardship(AMS)in the 2017 Joint External Evaluation(JEE)assessment.Identified gaps were being addressed after a self-assessment in 2021.This paper describes the technical assistance approaches provided to Uganda by the Medicines,Technologies,and Pharmaceutical Services Program,funded by the United States(U.S.)Agency for International Development,and implemented by Management Sciences for Health.The program,through a One Health approach,supported systematic capacity strengthening based on the JEE's capacity advancement framework for global health security,specifically relating to AMR.The program's interventions impacted 32 WHO benchmark actions(7 for AMR multisectoral coordination,16 for IPC,and 9 for AMS),contributing to Uganda's strengthened GHSA capacity.Leveraging success built on the AMR platform,the program trained 745 health workers in IPC for the Ebola virus and provided support for simulation exercises by eight district IPC teams.The program also worked with the Ministry of Health to coordinate IPC for the COVID-19 response in five health regions,covering 45 districts and reaching 5,452 health workers at 858 health facilities.

China's State Security in a Time of Peaceful Development: A New Issue on Research Agenda

This paper holds that China＇s national security during its peaceful rise is a new issue on the research agenda, which requires new counter-measures and collective wisdom. The paper discusses five of China＇s objectives in addressing national security; namely, from highest to lowest priority, friction among big powers, the Taiwan Question, disputes over sovereignty, protection of interests overseas, and undertaking international responsibilities. Systematically achieving these objectives is of major importance for building up national defence and China＇s international image. China ＇s state security in the current period of peaceful development is a new issue on the research agendum, for politicians, the military, scholars and researchers alike. Extensive and in-depth discussion is needed. Global security commitments made by a big power might conflict with its own security interests and objectives. Judging by any standard, China＇s tasks are heavy and the road ahead is long.

Grain production trends in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan： New opportunities in an increasingly unstable world？

Grain production in the countries of the former USSR sharply declined during the past two decades and has only recently started to recover. In the context of the current economic and food-price crisis, Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan might be presented with a window of opportunity to reemerge on the global agricultural market, if they succeed in increasing their productivity. The future of their agriculture, however, is highly sensitive to a combination of internal and external factors, such as institutional changes, land-use changes, climate variability and change, and global economic trends. The future of this region＇s grain production is likely to have a significant impact on the global and regional food security over the next decades.