AN INTEGRATION METHOD WITH FITTING CUBIC SPLINE FUNCTIONS TO A NUMERICAL MODEL OF 2ND-ORDER SPACE-TIME DIFFERENTIAL REMAINDER——FOR AN IDEAL GLOBAL SIMULATION CASE WITH PRIMITIVE ATMOSPHERIC EQUATIONS

In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubic spline numerical model(Spline Model for short),which is with a quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme of fitting cubic spline/bicubic surface to all physical variable fields in the atmospheric equations on spherical discrete latitude-longitude mesh.A new algorithm of"fitting cubic spline—time step integration—fitting cubic spline—……"is developed to determine their first-and2nd-order derivatives and their upstream points for time discrete integral to the governing equations in Spline Model.And the cubic spline function and its mathematical polarities are also discussed to understand the Spline Model’s mathematical foundation of numerical analysis.It is pointed out that the Spline Model has mathematical laws of"convergence"of the cubic spline functions contracting to the original functions as well as its 1st-order and 2nd-order derivatives.The"optimality"of the 2nd-order derivative of the cubic spline functions is optimal approximation to that of the original functions.In addition,a Hermite bicubic patch is equivalent to operate on a grid for a 2nd-order derivative variable field.Besides,the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are identified respectively,with a smoothing coefficient of 1/3,three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline.Then the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are calculated from the smoothing coefficient 1/3 and three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline,respectively.Furthermore,a global simulation case of adiabatic,non-frictional and"incompressible"model atmosphere is shown with the quasi-Lagrangian time integration by using a global Spline Model,whose initial condition comes from the NCEP reanalysis data,along with quasi-uniform latitude-longitude grids and the so-called"shallow atmosphere"Navier-Stokes primitive equations in the spherical coordinates.The Spline Model,which adopted the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme,provides an initial ideal case of global atmospheric circulation.In addition,considering the essentially non-linear atmospheric motions,the Spline Model could judge reasonably well simple points of any smoothed variable field according to its fitting spline curvatures that must conform to its physical interpretation.

A Regional Spectral Nested Multilevel Primitive Equation Model

By means of vertical normal modes a regional nested multilevel primitive equation model can be reduced to several sets of shallow water equations characterized by various equivalent depths. Therefore, time integration of the model in spectral form can be performed in the manner similar to those used in the spectral nested shallow water equation model case.

THE FORMULATION OF FIDELITY SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON A TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL OF BAROCLINIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR NUMERICAL PREDICTION

In this paper,two formulation theorems of time-difference fidelity schemes for general quadratic and cubic physical conservation laws are respectively constructed and proved,with earlier major conserving time-discretized schemes given as special cases.These two theorems can provide new mathematical basis for solving basic formulation problems of more types of conservative time- discrete fidelity schemes,and even for formulating conservative temporal-spatial discrete fidelity schemes by combining existing instantly conserving space-discretized schemes.Besides.the two theorems can also solve two large categories of problems about linear and nonlinear computational instability. The traditional global spectral-vertical finite-difference semi-implicit model for baroclinic primitive equations is currently used in many countries in the world for operational weather forecast and numerical simulations of general circulation.The present work,however,based on Theorem 2 formulated in this paper,develops and realizes a high-order total energy conserving semi-implicit time-difference fidelity scheme for global spectral-vertical finite-difference model of baroclinic primitive equations.Prior to this,such a basic formulation problem remains unsolved for long,whether in terms of theory or practice.The total energy conserving semi-implicit scheme formulated here is applicable to real data long-term numerical integration. The experiment of thirteen FGGE data 30-day numerical integration indicates that the new type of total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme can surely modify the systematic deviation of energy and mass conserving of the traditional scheme.It should be particularly noted that,under the experiment conditions of the present work,the systematic errors induced by the violation of physical laws of conservation in the time-discretized process regarding the traditional scheme designs(called type Z errors for short)can contribute up to one-third of the total systematic root-mean-square(RMS)error at the end of second week of the integration and exceed one half of the total amount four weeks afterwards.In contrast,by realizing a total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme and thereby eliminating corresponding type Z errors, roughly an average of one-fourth of the RMS errors in the traditional forecast cases can be reduced at the end of second week of the integration,and averagely more than one-third reduced at integral time of four weeks afterwards.In addition,experiment results also reveal that,in a sense,the effects of type Z errors are no less great than that of the real topographic forcing of the model.The prospects of the new type of total energy conserving fidelity schemes are very encouraging.

Quasi-hydrostatic Primitive Equations for Ocean Global Circulation Models

Global existence of weak and strong solutions to the quasi-hydrostatic primitive equations is studied in this paper. This model, that derives from the full non-hydrostatic model for geophysical fluid dynamics in the zero-limit of the aspect ratio, is more realistic than the classical hydrostatic model, since the traditional approximation that consists in neglecting a part of the Coriolis force is relaxed. After justifying the derivation of the model, the authors provide a rigorous proof of global existence of weak solutions, and well-posedness for strong solutions in dimension three.

34层线性球面原始方程谱模式与模式大气对地形强迫的响应

本文建立了一个34层包括牛顿冷却、Rayleigh摩擦和非绝热加热线性原始方程谱模式。用此模式对地形强迫为下边界条件进行时间积分。结果表明,此模式计算稳定,有较好的精度及计算时间节省的特点模式的积分结果还表明,此模式对球面大气准定常行星波的形成和传播有较好的描写能力。

基于三次插值函数算法的时间积分方案与二阶时空余差数值模式——以原始大气运动方程与理想全球模拟个例为例

从大气运动原始方程和欧拉算符出发,用泰勒级数展开,给出二阶时空微商余项预报方程。进而讨论用三次插值函数——双三次曲面拟合求上游点的准拉格朗日时间积分方案与相应的二阶时空余差数值模式——"双三次模式"。则双三次模式是通过实现各个大气物理量场的二阶可导,从而可对预报方程做空间非线性("三次")时间离散积分,成为"双三次曲面拟合——时间步积分——双三次曲面拟合——……"一种新算法数值模式。讨论双三次数值模式的数学基础:三次插值函数及其数值分析极性定律用于数值模式。指出:双三次模式和谱模式都具有数学"收敛性";而Coons双三次曲面具有对变量场拟合二阶可导"最优性";和Hermite双三次曲面片具有对网格变量场二阶可导运算"等价性"。又指出:有限差分模式的中央差近似斜率和曲率,分别是三次样条斜率和曲率作"三点平滑"。双三次模式适合采用原始大气运动方程,适合采用准拉格朗日时间积分方案,并给出一个理想全球模拟个例。因大气运动本质上是非线性的,理论上可按变量场双三次曲面曲率判断,以采用符合物理诠释的局域或单点平滑,以保持模式时间积分稳定性。且未来容易实现全球多重/时变套网格双三次数值模式。

物理守恒律保真格式构造与数值预报斜压原始方程传统谱模式改进研究

文中构造并证明了一般二次和三次物理守恒律时间差分保真格式两个构造定理，以往一些主要时间离散守恒格式构造方案可作为两个定理特例给出。它们不仅可为解决更加广泛类别的时间离散保真格式构造基本问题提供适用数学基础，而且也为结合已有瞬时空间离散守恒格式，解决更加广泛类别的时－空离散意义下保真格式构造基本问题提供适用的数学基础。此外，文中两个定理还可解决两大类问题的线性和非线性计算不稳定性问题。斜压原始方程传统半隐式全球谱－垂直有限差分模式目前是世界上许多国家的业务预报和大气环流模式。本工作利用文中新构定理，构造并且实现了斜压原始方程全球谱－垂直有限差分模式半隐式高阶全能量守恒方案。以往该项基本问题无论在理论还是实践上长期以来一直都未能得到解决。该项全能量守恒半隐式全球谱模式方案适用于实测资料的长时间数值预报积分。使用ＦＧＧＥ夏季资料进行的１３个个例３０ｄ数值积分实验表明：新型全能量半隐式保真方案可以有效地改进传统预报方案中关于能量质量守恒性质的系统性偏差。值得注意的是，实验统计分析还显示：在本文实验条件下，传统方案中由于时间离散过程中原物理守恒律性质破坏导致的系统误差（简称Ｚ类误差），对于实验总体均方根系统误差的贡献?