Role of gut-liver axis and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome.It is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide and shows increasing prevalence rates in most countries.MAFLD is a progressive disease with the most severe cases presenting as advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.Gut microbiota play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of MAFLD by disrupting the gut-liver axis.The mechanisms involved in maintaining gut-liver axis homeostasis are complex.One critical aspect involves preserving an appropriate intestinal barrier permeability and levels of intestinal lumen metabolites to ensure gutliver axis functionality.An increase in intestinal barrier permeability induces metabolic endotoxemia that leads to steatohepatitis.Moreover,alterations in the absorption of various metabolites can affect liver metabolism and induce liver steatosis and fibrosis.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1 RAs)are a class of drugs developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.They are also commonly used to combat obesity and have been proven to be effective in reversing hepatic steatosis.The mechanisms reported to be involved in this effect include an improved regulation of glycemia,reduced lipid synthesis,β-oxidation of free fatty acids,and induction of autophagy in hepatic cells.Recently,multiple peptide receptor agonists have been introduced and are expected to increase the effectiveness of the treatment.A modulation of gut microbiota has also been observed with the use of these drugs that may contribute to the amelioration of MAFLD.This review presents the current understanding of the role of the gutliver axis in the development of MAFLD and use of members of the GLP-1 RA family as pleiotropic agents in the treatment of MAFLD.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists:Role of the gut in hypoglycemia unawareness,and the rationale in type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is increasing and the majority of patients have poor glycemic control.Although advanced technology and nanoparticle use have greatly enhanced insulin delivery and glucose monitoring,weight gain and hypoglycemia remain major challenges and a constant source of concern for patients with type 1 diabetes.Type 1 diabetes shares some pathophysiology with type 2 diabetes,and an overlap has been reported.The above observation created great interest in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1)as adjuvants for type 1 diabetes.Previous trials confirmed the positive influence of GLP-1 agonists onβcell function.However,hypoglycemia unawareness and dysregulated glucagon response have been previously reported in patients with recurrent hypoglycemia using GLP-1 agonists.Jin et al found that the source of glucagon dysregulation due to GLP-1 agonists resides in the gut.Plausible explanations could be gut nervous system dysregulation or gut microbiota disruption.This review evaluates the potential of GLP-1 agonists in managing type 1 diabetes,particularly focusing on their impact on glycemic control,weight management,and glucagon dysregulation.We provide a broader insight into the problem of type 1 diabetes mellitus management in the light of recent findings and provide future research directions.

A Retrospective Analysis of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: The objective of this study was to compare and analyze the variations in clinical indices before and after treatment of type 2 mellitus (T2DM) combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that were treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs). Methods: The electronic medical record system was utilized to search for a total of 16 patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by NAFLD who were hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University from October 2022 to April 2023 and treated with GLP-1RA for the first time. The clinical indices were compared before and after 12 weeks of treatment with GLP-1RA. Results: The liver-spleen CT ratio (L/S), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in all patients treated with GLP-1RA after 12 weeks were significantly different (P 0.05). The patients were categorized into two groups based on the types of GLP-1RAs. The changes in L/S, TC, TG, and LDL-C in the long-acting group after treatment were statistically significant (P Conclusions: GLP-1RAs can improve liver function, regulate lipid metabolism, and reduce the severity of fatty liver in patients with T2DM complicated by NAFLD, which demonstrates the importance of clinical applications.

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor toward Predicting Possible Association

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) of the Glucagon-like peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R) gene in protein function and structure using different computational software. Introduction: The GLP1R gene provides the necessary instruction for the synthesis of the insulin hormones which is needed for glucose catabolism. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with diabetes. The protein is an important drug target for the treatment of type-2 diabetes and stroke. Material and Methods: Different nsSNPs and protein-related sequences were obtained from NCBI and ExPASY database. Gene associations and interactions were predicted using GeneMANIA software. Deleterious and damaging effects of nsSNPs were analyzed using SIFT, Provean, and Polyphen-2. The association of the nsSNPs with the disease was predicted using SNPs & GO software. Protein stability was investigated using I-Mutant and MUpro software. The structural and functional impact of point mutations was predicted using Project Hope software. Project Hope analyzes the mutations according to their size, charge, hydrophobicity, and conservancy. Results: The GLP1R gene was found to have an association with 20 other different genes. Among the most important ones is the GCG (glucagon) gene which is also a trans membrane protein. Overall 7229 variants were seen, and the missense variants or nsSNPs (146) were selected for further analysis. The total number of nsSNPs obtained in this study was 146. After being subjected to SIFT software (27 Deleterious and 119 Tolerated) were predicted. Analysis with Provean showed that (20 deleterious and 7 neutral). Analysis using Polyphen-2 revealed 17 probably damaging, 2 possibly damaging and 1 benign nsSNPs. Using two additional software SNPs & GO and PHD-SNPs showed that 14 and 17 nsSNPs had a disease effect, respectively. Project Hope software predicts the effect of the 14 nsSNPs on the protein function due to differences in charge, size, hydrophobicity, and conservancy between the wild and mutant types. Conclusion: In this study, the 14 nsSNPs which were highly affected the protein function. This protein is providing the necessary instruction for the synthesis of the insulin hormones which is needed for glucose catabolism. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with diabetes and also affect the treatment of diabetic patients due to the fact that the protein acts as an important drug target.

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on glucose excursion and inflammation in overweight or obese type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND Currently,the lack of comparative studies between weekly and daily formulations of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)for glucose excursion is worth investigation.AIM To investigate the effects of weekly and daily formulations of GLP-1RA on glucose excursion and inflammation in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODS Seventy patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated at our hospital between January 2019 and January 2022 were enrolled in this retrospective analysis.All patients were treated with metformin.We evaluated changes in blood glucose levels and a series of important indicators in patients before and after treatment with either a weekly or daily preparation of GLP-1RA(group A;n=33 and group B;n=37).RESULTS The degree of decrease in the levels of fasting blood glucose,mean blood glucose,mean amplitude of glycemic excursions,total cholesterol,triglycerides,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after treatment in group A was higher than that in group B(P<0.05),whereas the 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels decreased more so in group B than in group A(P<0.001).However,there were no statistically significant differences in the levels of glycated hemoglobin,standard deviation of blood glucose,coefficient of variation,absolute mean of daily differences,percentage of time with 3.9 mmol/L<glucose<10 mmol/L,and high-and low-density lipoproteins between the two groups(P>0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in group A than in group B(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The effect of the weekly preparation of GLP-1RA in controlling blood glucose levels in the patients,suppressing inflammation,and reducing adverse reactions was significantly higher than that of the daily preparations,which is worthy of clinical promotion.

司美格鲁肽对2型糖尿病合并超重及肥胖患者的胰腺和肝脏脂肪含量以及胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的探讨司美格鲁肽对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并超重及肥胖患者的血糖控制、胰腺和肝脏脂肪含量以及胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法采用单中心、前瞻性、临床病例对照试验的方法,选取2021年10月至2022年10月在金华市中心医院诊断为T2DM合并超重(BMI 25~<28 kg/m^(2))及肥胖(BMI≥28 kg/m^(2))的86例患者为研究对象,均接受稳定剂量的二甲双胍单药或联合口服用药至少3个月,糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)为6.5%~8.0%。采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,各43例。对照组继续原方案口服降糖,观察组在原方案的基础上联合司美格鲁肽(起始剂量0.25 mg,4周后增加至0.5 mg并稳定,1次/周,皮下注射)。两组均干预24周。比较两组患者血糖(FPG、餐后2 h血糖和HbA1C)、血脂(TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C)、BMI、腰围、胰岛细胞功能[空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)]。通过非对称回波的最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分离序列测量胰头、胰体和胰尾的胰腺脂肪分数(PFF),计算平均PFF并进行组间比较;测量肝脏右上、右下和左叶的肝脏脂肪分数(HFF),计算平均HFF并进行组间比较。结果对照组39例和观察组40例随访至研究结束。治疗后观察组患者FPG、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1C、BMI、FINS、HOMA-IR、平均PFF和平均HFF均低于对照组,而HOMA-β高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论司美格鲁肽应用方便,对T2DM合并超重及肥胖患者能够在常规降糖药的基础上进一步改善胰岛素和胰岛β细胞功能,降低血糖水平、胰腺和肝脏脂肪含量,同时可产生额外的减重获益。

达格列净联合胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂对2型糖尿病的疗效研究

目的探讨达格列净联合胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(GLP-1 RAs)对2型糖尿病患者血液流变学及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法将2020年11月—2022年10月泉州市中医院收治的102例2型糖尿病患者随机分为2组,每组51例。对照组给予达格列净治疗,研究组采用达格列净联合GLP-1 RAs(利拉鲁肽)的治疗方案。比较2组临床疗效、血糖指标[空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)]、空腹胰岛素(FINS)及胰岛素抵抗[胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)]、血脂指标[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]、血液流变学指标[红细胞聚集指数(EAI)、红细胞压积(HCT)、红细胞变形指数(EDI)、血浆黏度(PV)]和不良反应。结果研究组总有效率为94.12%,高于对照组的80.39%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组和对照组治疗后FBG、2 hPG、HbAlc、BMI均低于治疗前,且研究组治疗后FBG、2 hPG、HbAlc水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组FINS、HOMA-β水平高于对照组,HOMA-IR水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组和对照组治疗后HDL-C均高于治疗前,TC、TG、LDL-C水平均低于治疗前;研究组治疗后HDL-C水平高于对照组,TC、TG、LDL-C水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组和对照组EAI、HCT、EDI、PV水平均低于治疗前,且研究组EAI、HCT、EDI、PV水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组不良反应总发生率为11.76%,与对照组的9.80%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论达格列净联合GLP-1 RAs(利拉鲁肽)治疗2型糖尿病的疗效确切,可有效调节患者血糖及血脂水平,缓解胰岛素抵抗,改善血液流变学指标。

GLP-1RA与DPP-4i治疗2型糖尿病的疗效及对患者并发症的影响

目的探讨胰高糖素样肽1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)与二肽基肽酶4抑制剂(DPP-4i)治疗2型糖尿病(T2MD)的疗效及对患者并发症的影响。方法选取2020年6月至2022年6月邯郸市第一医院收治的110例T2MD随机分为GLP-1RA组和DPP-4i组,每组55例,GLP-1RA组采用利拉鲁肽或艾塞那肽治疗,DPP-4i组采用西格列汀或利格列汀治疗。对比2组临床疗效,治疗前后糖脂代谢指标[空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇、三酰甘油]、炎症指标[白介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(NLR)]、肾功能[尿素氮、肌酐、胱抑素C];观察并统计2组并发症及不良反应。结果2组总有效率、并发症总发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗18周后,2组FPG、HbA1c、三酰甘油、总胆固醇水平低于治疗前,且GLP-1RA组低于DPP-4i组(P<0.05)。治疗18周后,2组IL-6、CRP、NLR水平低于治疗前(P<0.05),但2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组治疗前和治疗18周后尿素氮、肌酐、胱抑素C水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GLP-1RA组不良反应总发生率高于DPP-4i组(P<0.05)。结论GLP-1RA与DPP-4i均能改善T2MD患者糖脂水平,减轻炎性反应,保护肾功能,预防并发症发生,但GLP-1RA在控制血糖、调脂方面优于DPP-4i,而DPP-4i耐受性更好。

益生菌及其代谢产物调控胰高血糖素样肽-1缓解2型糖尿病的研究进展

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是一种由碳水化合物摄入与代谢不平衡导致的慢性代谢性疾病,是当前全球最难治疗的代谢性疾病之一。患者主要表现出高血糖、胰岛素分泌不足、胰岛素抵抗、多食多饮多尿等症状。T2DM常伴随着很多并发症如动脉粥样硬化、肾功能损伤、非酒精性脂肪性肝病等。胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是一种由31个氨基酸组成的多肽,主要用于维持体内葡萄糖稳态和缓解T2DM,但是其半衰期较短,在体内很容易被降解。本文先介绍了益生菌及其对宿主体内GLP-1有调控作用的代谢产物,并介绍了GLP-1对T2DM的缓解作用,包括GLP-1与T2DM的联系、二甲双胍与GLP-1激动剂的临床应用、GLP-1对T2DM缓解作用的不足以及相关益生元对GLP-1含量的调控;最后介绍了益生菌及其代谢产物对GLP-1的调控机制,其中包括短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸、色氨酸及其衍生物和胞外多糖,以期为益生菌及其代谢产物调控宿主GLP-1的产生与释放,并对T2DM的缓解作用方面的研究提供一定的参考。

Fixed-ratio combinations of basal insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a promising strategy for treating diabetes

The maintenance of appropriate glycemic control is important for the prevention of diabetic complications in people with type 2 diabetes(T2D). Numerous oral antidiabetic drugs are now clinically available, but in particular, the introduction of injection regimens using insulin and/or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist(GLP-1RA)s represents promising step-up options for oral antidiabetic drug treatment. The recently licensed fixed-ratio combination(FRC) products,which comprise basal insulin and a GLP-1RA, have potent anti-hyperglycemic effects and reduce the undesirable side-effects of each component, such as body weight gain, hypoglycemia, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Two FRCs-insulin degludec/Liraglutide and insulin glargine/Lixisenatide-are now clinically available and, to date, several phase Ⅱ/Ⅲ trials have been conducted in particular groups of subjects with T2D. However, their utility in real-world clinical settings is of interest for most clinicians. Recently reported real-world clinical trials of these two FRCs in various situations have demonstrated their efficacy regarding glycemic control and the quality of life of people with T2D. Their long-term safety and efficacy require confirmation, but a treatment strategy that includes an FRC may be compatible with the concept of “well-balanced” therapy in certain groups of patients with T2D who have inadequate glycemic control.

基于Markov模型的胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病药物经济学评价

目的 对胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)进行经济学评价。方法 从我国卫生体系角度出发,基于7项GLP-1RA联合二甲双胍治疗T2DM的随机对照试验(RCT),构建二甲双胍单药或联合GLP-1RA治疗T2DM的Markov模型,模拟治疗期间T2DM无并发症、T2DM伴并发症以及死亡3种状态的动态变化。模型以质量调整生命年(QALYs)为健康产出指标、以3倍我国2023年人均国内生产总值(GDP)为意愿支付(WTP)阈值。模型循环周期设定为1年,共计模拟20年,采用Markov模型进行队列模拟,以增量成本-效用比(ICUR)为评价指标,从而获得每种治疗策略的长期成本、效用及其经济性。通过对成本、效用及贴现的敏感性分析,检验研究结果的稳定性。结果 与二甲双胍单药治疗相比,5种GLP-1RA类药物(利拉鲁肽、度拉糖肽、艾塞那肽、聚乙二醇洛塞那肽、司美格鲁肽)联合二甲双胍治疗方案的ICUR均小于3倍我国2023年人均GDP,增加的成本可接受。敏感性分析中各参数在设定的范围内变化,或将模拟时间延长至30年或50年,对研究结论无显著影响;概率敏感性分析结果表明,WTP阈值为3倍我国2023年人均GDP值(268 074元)时,二甲双胍联合司美格鲁肽0.5 mg方案具有成本-效用优势的概率最高,约为99.7%。结论 对于T2DM患者,相比于二甲双胍单药治疗,利拉鲁肽、度拉糖肽、艾塞那肽、聚乙二醇洛塞那肽、司美格鲁肽以说明书推荐剂量联合二甲双胍治疗方案均属于优势方案,具有经济性。

胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂治疗合并超重或肥胖的2型糖尿病的疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的系统评价胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)治疗合并超重或肥胖2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的有效性与安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Ovid、ClinicalTrial.gov、SinoMed、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,搜集有关GLP-1RA治疗T2DM合并超重或肥胖患者的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限均从2005年1月1日至2023年11月1日。由2位研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用R软件进行Meta分析,并采用GRADE系统进行证据质量评价。结果共纳入71个RCT,包括29476例患者。Meta分析结果显示,相比于其他降糖药,GLP-1RA在改善糖化血红蛋白[WMD=-0.55,95%CI(-0.65,-0.45),P<0.001]、减重[WMD=-2.61,95%CI(-3.25,-1.97),P<0.001]方面均具有优势;GLP-1RA对空腹血糖的改善效果呈时间依赖性[16周以内:WMD=0.25,95%CI(-0.17,0.66),P=0.250;16~52周:WMD=-0.06,95%CI(-0.32,0.20),P=0.650;>52~104周:WMD=-1.67,95%CI(-1.91,-1.43),P<0.001];安全性方面,GLP-1RA的总体不良反应发生率较高[RR=1.11,95%CI(1.07,1.15),P<0.001];但低血糖发生率低于胰岛素[RR=0.58,95%CI(0.48,0.71),P<0.001],而与口服降糖药的差异无统计学意义[RR=0.83,95%CI(0.58,1.19),P=0.310]。GRADE系统评价显示,仅低血糖发生率的证据等级为中等,其余结局指标的证据水平均为低级。结论当前证据显示,对于T2DM合并肥胖或超重患者,GLP-1RA尤其是司美格鲁肽相比于安慰剂、胰岛素或口服降糖药,能更有效兼顾降糖和减重,虽总体不良反应较多,但可减少低血糖发生。

5种GLP-1RAs治疗二甲双胍控制不佳的2型糖尿病的成本-效用分析

目的评估5种胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(GLP-1RAs)治疗二甲双胍控制血糖不佳的2型糖尿病(T2DM)的长期经济性。方法提取既往发表的荟萃分析及其纳入的随机对照研究(RCT)中患者的基线数据,使用英国前瞻性糖尿病研究结果模型2.1预测各组患者的生存情况、长期疗效和成本,采用成本-效用分析法比较5种GLP-1RAs(利拉鲁肽、利司那肽、艾塞那肽、度拉糖肽和司美格鲁肽)的经济性;采用敏感性分析和情境分析验证基础分析结果的稳定性。结果共纳入21项RCT,6796名患者。生存曲线表明,司美格鲁肽在降低因心血管疾病死亡风险上、度拉糖肽在降低全因死亡风险上较其他GLP-1RAs具有优势。成本-效用分析结果显示,5种方案的经济性从优到劣排序依次为利司那肽、司美格鲁肽、艾塞那肽、度拉糖肽和利拉鲁肽。单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析表明基础分析结果稳健。情境分析结果显示,司美格鲁肽的价格至少降低54.64%,降至369.21元,其对比利司那肽才具有经济性。结论对于使用二甲双胍治疗后血糖控制不佳的我国T2DM患者,临床可考虑优先选择利司那肽和司美格鲁肽。

Uncoupling protein 2 regulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in L-cells

AIM:To investigate whether uncoupling protein 2(UCP2) affects oleic acid-induced secretion of glucagonlike peptide-1(GLP-1) in L-cells.METHODS:mRNA and protein expression of UCP2 were analyzed in human NCI-H716 cells,which serve as a model for enteroendocrine L-cells,by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting before and after treatment with oleic acid.Localization of UCP2 and GLP-1 in NCI-H716 cells was assessed by immunofluorescence labeling.NCI-H716 cells were transiently transfected with a small interfering RNA(siRNA) that targets UCP2(siUCP2) or with a nonspecific siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000.The concentrations of bioactive GLP-1 in the medium were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:Both GLP-1 and UCP2 granules were expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of NCI-H716 cells.NCI-H716 cells that secreted GLP-1 also expressed UCP2.Time-course experiments revealed that release of GLP-1 from NCI-H716 cells into the medium reached a maximum at 120 min and remained stable until at least 180 min after treatment with oleic acid(the level of GLP-1 increased about 2.3-fold as compared with the level of GLP-1 in the control cells,P < 0.05).In an experiment to determine dose dependence,stimulation of NCI-H716 cells with ≤ 8 mmol oleic acid led to a concentration-dependent release of GLP-1 into the medium;10 mmol oleic acid diminished the release of GLP-1.Furthermore,GLP-1 secretion induced by oleic acid from NCI-H716 cells that were transfected with siUCP2 decreased to 41.8%,as compared with NCI-H716 cells that were transfected with a non-specific siRNA(P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:UCP2 affected GLP-1 secretion induced by oleic acid.UCP2 plays an important role in L-cell secretion that is induced by free fatty acids.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 protects impaired intestinal mucosal barriers in obstructive jaundice rats

AIM: To observe the protective effect of glucagon-like peptide-2(GLP-2) on the intestinal barrier of rats with obstructive jaundice and determine the possible mechanisms of action involved in the protective effect.METHODS: Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, an obstructive jaundice group, and a GLP-2 group; each group consisted of 12 rats. The GLP-2 group was treated with GLP-2 after the day of surgery, whereas the other two groups were treated with the same concentration of normal saline. Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), total bilirubin, and endotoxin levels were recorded at 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 d. Furthermore, on the 14 th day, body weight, the wet weight of the small intestine, pathological changes of the small intestine and the immunoglobulin A(Ig A) expressed by plasma cells located in the small intestinal lamina propria were recorded for each group.RESULTS: In the rat model, jaundice was obvious, and the rats' activity decreased 4-6 d post bile duct ligation. Compared with the sham operation group, the obstructive jaundice group displayed increased yellow staining of abdominal visceral serosa, decreased small intestine wet weight, thinning of the intestinal muscle layer and villi, villous atrophy, uneven height, fusion, partial villous epithelial cell shedding, substantial inflammatory cell infiltration and significantly reduced Ig A expression. However, no significant gross changes were noted between the GLP-2 and sham groups. With time, the levels of ALT, endotoxin and bilirubin in the GLP-2 group were significantly increased compared with the sham group(P < 0.01). The increasing levels of the aforementioned markers were more significant in the obstructive jaundice group than in the GLP-2 group(P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: GLP-2 reduces intestinal mucosal injuries in obstructive jaundice rats, which might be attributed to increased intestinal Ig A and reduced bilirubin and endotoxin.

加味白头翁灌肠方治疗难治性放射性肠炎的疗效及对患者血清胰高血糖素样肽-2白细胞介素-17水平的影响

目的探究加味白头翁保留灌肠对难治性放射性肠炎的疗效及对患者血清胰高血糖素样肽-2(GLP-2)、白细胞介素(IL)-17水平的影响。方法按照不同治疗方法将2022年1月至2023年12月在浙江省金华市中心医院放疗科收治的80例难治性放射性肠炎患者分为对照组和干预组,每组各40例。对照组予常规治疗,干预组采用加味白头翁保留灌肠的干预方法,治疗时间共7 d。比较2组治疗后症状改善情况及治疗前后肠道欧洲癌症治疗研究组织(EORTC)分级、中医证候量表评分、血清胰高血糖素样肽-2(GLP-2)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)水平。结果干预组症状总缓解率97.5%高于对照组95.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后EORTC分级较治疗前好转(P<0.05),干预组优于对照组(P<0.05);对照组治疗后中医证候评分[8(1.5,10)]分低于治疗前[10(10,14)分],干预组治疗后中医证候评分[6(0,8)分]低于治疗前[12(8,14)分],且干预组低于对照组(P<0.05);2组GLP-2水平较治疗前升高,IL-17水平较治疗前降低,干预组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论加味白头翁灌肠治疗难治性放射性肠炎效果明显,能修复肠黏膜损伤,减轻症状,改善血清GLP-2和IL-17水平。

胰高血糖素样肽2受体基因对肝癌的预后及免疫浸润的影响

目的通过生物信息学方法研究胰高血糖素样肽2受体(glucagon like peptide 2 receptor,GLP2R)在肝癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)组织与正常肝脏组织中的差异表达,探寻其在肝癌预后和免疫细胞浸润的作用。方法使用TIMER 2.0数据库探寻GLP2R在各种肿瘤组织及其对应正常组织中的表达差异性;下载TCGA数据库的肝细胞肝癌数据集,使用R软件探究GLP2R在肝癌组织与正常组织中的表达差异性,绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析GLP2R表达水平与HCC预后的关系;使用R软件对肝癌数据集分析得到差异基因;使用STRING和Cytoscape构建GLP2R与差异基因互作网络,获取关键基因;对GLP2R与关键基因做单因素与多因素Cox回归分析;对GLP2R与关键基因行GO分析富集通路;使用TIMER2.0数据库,探究GLP2R与TIMER、CIBERSORT中免疫细胞浸润的相关性,利用CIBERSORT进一步分析肝癌中浸润免疫细胞的差异性。结果与正常组织相比,肝癌组织GLP2R的mRNA表达水平下调;低表达GLP2R的肝癌患者预后较好,GLP2R可作为肝癌患者不良预后的独立预测因子;GO富集分析显示GLP2R相关基因主要富集在细胞对胰高血糖素刺激的反应等生物过程中;肝癌组织中GLP2R的表达与CD8^(+)T细胞的免疫浸润水平呈负相关。结论GLP2R在肝癌组织中低表达,低表达的GLP2R与肝癌患者较好预后相关,并且影响HCC免疫浸润水平。GLP2R基因可作为HCC潜在的免疫治疗靶点。

2型糖尿病模型大鼠口服司美格鲁肽胶囊的药效学与药动学研究

目的研究2型糖尿病大鼠ig给予司美格鲁肽(Sem)胶囊的药效学与药动学。方法将雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组、2型糖尿病模型组及模型+Sem胶囊0.839,1.678和2.517 mg·kg^(-1)组。采用高糖高脂饮食喂养结合ip给予链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型。给予STZ 7 d后,模型+Sem胶囊组空腹ig给予Sem胶囊,每天1次,连续给药14 d。定期检测各组大鼠体重、空腹血糖(FBG)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平。连续给药结束后不同时间点采集模型+Sem胶囊0.839,1.678和2.517 mg·kg^(-1)组大鼠血浆,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中Sem的含量,绘制浓度-时间曲线,用WinNonlin非房室模型拟合主要药动学参数。结果与模型组相比,模型+Sem胶囊各剂量组大鼠体重在Sem胶囊干预7和14 d后均明显下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);FBG和HbA1c水平在Sem胶囊干预14 d后明显降低(P<0.01)。与正常对照组相比,模型+Sem胶囊1.678和2.517 mg·kg^(-1)组大鼠FBG和HbA1c水平在Sem胶囊干预14 d后无显著差异,提示其FBG和HbA1c水平基本恢复到正常水平。药动学结果表明,大鼠ig给予Sem胶囊0.839,1.678和2.517 mg·kg^(-1)14 d后Sem在血浆中的消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为7.40±1.34,7.48±0.33和(8.23±0.90)h;达峰浓度(Cmax)分别为18±9,81±23和(256±53)μg·L-1;达峰时间(Tmax)分别为0.06±0.13,1.56±0.88和(1.50±1.00)h;曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为158±76,858±310和(3795±1539)μg·h·L-1;蓄积指数(RAC)分别为1.12±0.05,1.12±0.01和1.15±0.04。结论Sem胶囊ig给药可有效降低2型糖尿病模型大鼠体重、FBG和HbA1c水平,具有降糖减重的作用。连续给药14 d后,Sem胶囊在0.839~2.517 mg·kg^(-1)剂量范围内Sem在大鼠体内无蓄积,暴露量随剂量增加而增大。

司美格鲁肽口服制剂治疗2型糖尿病临床研究进展

目的为司美格鲁肽口服制剂治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)的临床应用提供参考。方法采用计算机检索PubMed、Medline、EMBase、TheCochraneLibrary、中国生物医学文献、中国知网、万方、维普等数据库中司美格鲁肽口服制剂治疗T2DM的相关文献,检索时限为自建库起至2023年4月,总结司美格鲁肽口服制剂的药代动力学特点及其治疗T2DM的有效性与安全性。结果与结论司美格鲁肽口服制剂单用或联用其他降血糖药物治疗T2DM,均能良好地控制血糖、减轻体质量,且耐受性良好,安全性与胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂注射剂一致。

The Association between GLP-1 Receptor-Based Agonists and the Incidence of Asthma in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and/or Obesity:A Meta-Analysis

Objective Recent studies have indicated potential anti-inflammatory effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)on asthma,which is often comorbid with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and obesity.Therefore,we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between the administration of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)receptor-based agonists and the incidence of asthma in patients with T2DM and/or obesity.Methods PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,and Clinicaltrial.gov were systematically searched from inception to July 2023.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of GLP-1 receptor-based agonists(GLP-1RA,GLP-1 based dual and triple receptor agonist)with reports of asthma events were included.Outcomes were computed as risk ratios(RR)using a fixedeffects model.Results Overall,39 RCTs with a total of 85,755 participants were included.Compared to non-GLP-1 receptor-based agonist users,a trend of reduced risk of asthma was observed in patients with T2DM or obesity using GLP-1 receptor-based agonist treatments,although the difference was not statistically significant[RR=0.91,95%confidence interval(CI):0.68 to 1.24].Further Subgroup analyses indicated that the use of light-molecular-weight GLP-1RAs might be associated with a reduced the risk of asthma when compared with non-users(RR=0.65,95%CI:0.43 to 0.99,P=0.043).We also performed sensitivity analyses for participant characteristics,study design,drug structure,duration of action,and drug subtypes.However,no significant associations were observed.Conclusion Compared with non-users,a modest reduction in the incidence of asthma was observed in patients with T2DM or obesity using GLP-1 receptor-based agonist treatments.Further investigations are warranted to assess the association between GLP-1 receptor-based agonists and the risk of asthma.