Study on Parameters of Consumer Preferences for Alternative Wheat Products (Gluten-Free Foods) in USA and India

Celiac Disease (CD) is an inherited, autoimmune disorder in which proteins from the grains wheat, rye and barley (collectively called gluten) damage the small intestine. The only treatment for CD is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. With a prevalence rate of about one in 100-133 people worldwide. Celiac disease is wide-spread across the globe. Unlike traditional allergies, which cause immediate reactions, gluten sensitivity is harder to pin down since it manifests gradually and in various forms like headaches, stomach cramps, bloating, anxiety, and depression. Due to complicated diagnosis procedure and lack of awareness, many cases are either misdiagnosed or not at all diagnosed in India and USA. In spite of high growth, gluten-free foods are facing problems to grain ground in Asian market, due to high price, lack of awareness about the products, large number of un-diagnosed cases and inefficient value chain for gluten-free products. One of the major issues in India and USA is very high prices of gluten-free foods as compared to regular food products. Globally, the market potential of gluten free products is estimated to be USD 4639.13 Million and USD 7594.43 Million in 2015 and 2020 respectively. The global gluten free food market is projected to grow with a CAGR between 9 percent and 10.2 percent during 2016-2022. The study on consumer preference of gluten-free foods would enable manufacturers of gluten-free foods to understand the current and evolving expectations of consumers and to design the products according. Study of two countries i.e., India and USA would enable manufacturers to understand the difference in choices and preferences related to gluten-free foods for both the nations. This study would help manufacturers of alternative wheat product to form the concrete marketing and product development strategy based on recent consumer behavior trends.

Big Data Study for Gluten-Free Foods in India and USA Using Online Reviews and Social Media

Celiac disease, gluten-allergy or gluten-sensitivity is caused due to glutamine protein from the grains like wheat, rye and barley (collectively called gluten). This protein damages the small intestine and causes stomach pain, bloating, weakness etc. Celiac disease, gluten-allergy or gluten-sensitivity has never really been taken seriously in developing countries like India. However, in developed nations like UK, USA, Canada and other parts of Europe, gluten-free foods have become quite popular. With a prevalence rate of about one in 100 - 133 people worldwide, celiac disease is widespread across the globe and life-long consumption of gluten-free food is recommended treatment for this allergy. Apart from celiac-disease patients, gluten-free foods are also consumed by health conscious people for weight management and high protein diet and by the patients for diabetes, autism and food allergies. Apart from gluten-free flour, biscuits, cookies and snacks, product innovations like gluten-free beers are becoming very popular. Big data including online blogs, articles, and reviews have played a major role in increased sales of gluten-free foods. Thus, analysis of editorial and social media content becomes essential to understand the leading trends in gluten-free foods. This study provided deep insights about positive, negative and neutral sentiments related to gluten-free foods using the data from Perspectory Media Insights and Google Trends. This study also revealed that most of the consumers talked and expected product innovation in food sections like snacks, fast food (pizza, pasta and noodles) and desserts through comments on social and editorial media. Searches were divided into developed (e.g., U.S.A.) and developing nations (e.g., India) to get more details about the consumer preferences. This study would help manufacturers of gluten-free foods to develop food products according to the choices and preferences of consumers. The study is very unique in itself since it combines big data to niche food market of gluten-free foods to draw the valuable consumer preferences using online platforms.

无麸质食品的研究现状与风险管理

随着全球范围内乳糜泻和麸质过敏发生率逐年上升,无麸质食品受到越来越多消费者的关注。然而,相较于全麸质食品,无麸质食品价格高昂,且感官品质和营养价值较差,难以完全满足患者的膳食和健康需求。文章综述了无麸质食品领域的研究进展,包括无麸质食品种类与来源、加工方式、缺点与潜在风险;在此基础上,深入探讨了无麸质食品研究的瓶颈与相应解决策略,以期为乳糜泻或食物过敏的预防与控制,无麸质食品的改良与创新,以及保障食品安全提供参考和借鉴。

控制无麸质食品血糖生成指数的策略

近年来,随着乳糜泻和慢性代谢性疾病患者数量的增加,对低血糖生成指数(GI)无麸质食品的需求也不断上升。文章综述了原料如谷物(大米、小米、燕麦)、伪谷物(荞麦、藜麦、苋菜籽)、豆类等、外源改良剂如蛋白质、脂质、膳食纤维、抗性淀粉、多酚等和加工方式对无麸质食品GI的影响;在此基础上,指出了开发低GI无麸质食品所面临的挑战,并展望了该领域的发展前景,旨在为生产营养均衡和口感良好的低GI无麸质食品提供参考,并满足乳糜泻患者多方面消费需求。

IgE型小麦过敏研究新进展

小麦是引起食物过敏的主要原因之一。我国小麦过敏的流行率较低,但相关研究甚少。在食物诱发的严重过敏反应中,小麦作为诱因的占比较高,同时小麦过敏者的生活质量也较低。小麦与大麦和黑麦的交叉反应性高,而与燕麦、小米、大米、荞麦和藜麦的交叉反应性相对较低,这对小麦过敏患者的替代食物选择具有一定指导作用。在治疗方面,小麦过敏口服免疫治疗(oral immunotherapy,OIT)的研究较为丰富,小剂量、长疗程的OIT在改善过敏反应发生率方面具有一定潜力。目前,OIT能否达到长期耐受效果尚不确定,仍待更多研究深入探索。本文全面综述IgE型小麦过敏的流行率、严重过敏反应率、患者生活质量评价、交叉反应性研究、OIT,以及IgE型小麦过敏特殊临床类型相关研究,以促进临床医生对小麦过敏疾病的深入了解,为未来小麦过敏相关研究提供借鉴。

国内外无麸质食品及其标签管理分析

无麸质食品是指不含麸质或麸质含量低于一定限值的食品,主要供麸质不耐受人群食用。我国正处于发展和规范无麸质食品市场的初级阶段,本文分析了国内外关于无麸质食品及其标签管理的法规和标准情况,为我国无麸质食品标准的制定和监督提供参考。

Food additives can act as triggering factors in celiac disease:Current knowledge based on a critical review of the literature

Celiac disease(CeD) is an autoimmune disorder, mainly affecting the small intestine, triggered by the ingestion of gluten with the diet in subjects with a specific genetic status. The passage of gluten peptides through the intestinal barrier, the uptake by antigen presenting cells and their presentation to T cells represent essential steps in the pathogenesis of the disease. CeD prevalence varies in different populations, but a tendency to increase has been observed in various studies in recent years. A higher amount of gluten in modern grains could explain this increased frequency, but also food processing could play a role in this phenomenon. In particular, the common use of preservatives such as nanoparticles could intervene in the pathogenesis of CeD, due to their possible effect on the integrity of the intestinal barrier, immune response or microbiota. In fact, these alterations have been reported after exposure to metal nanoparticles,which are commonly used as preservatives or to improve food texture,consistency and color. This review will focus on the interactions between several food additives and the intestine, taking into account data obtained in vitro and in vivo, and analyzing their effect in respect to the development of CeD in genetically predisposed individuals.

Certain Aspects of Nutritional Security of People with Gluten-Related Disorders

As a consequence of the production of high-yielding cereal varieties per hectare and the considerable increase in gluten consumption, today, consequently, we face a rising epidemic of disorders related to gluten consumption: celiac disease, gluten allergy gluten sensitivity. Nutritional therapy is the only treatment for celiac disease unanimously accepted by the medical community. The aim of the study is to analyze the food and nutritional security of people with disorders related to gluten consumption from the perspective of assessing the nutritional deficiencies of people diagnosed with celiac disease or gluten intolerance, but also assessing the nutritional deficiencies of gluten-free products. The study on the assessment of nutritional deficiencies of people with disorders related to gluten consumption, but also the nutritional deficiencies of gluten-free products/diets were conducted on the PubMed search engine. 154 free full text papers published in the period 2010-2020 were analyzed, according to the keywords (gluten free, diet, deficiencies). Specialists in the field are unanimous in the opinion that increasing nutritional security and ensuring sustainability can be achieved by: diversifying gluten-free products;extension of legislation to strengthen gluten-free products;developing educational strategies focused on the relationship between nutrients, food and human health;informing the population and optimizing services in order to increase the quality of life and health. However, the design of GF products, both technologically and nutritionally, especially bakery/pastry, pasta is still a challenge, and research in this area, is current and required.

Safety Food in Celiac Disease Patients: A Systematic Review

The prevalence of Celiac Disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy, characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, atrophy of intestinal villi and several clinical manifestations has increased in recent years. Epidemiological studies have shown that CD is very common and affects about one in 250 people. The mechanism of the intestinal immune-mediated response is not completely clear, but involves an HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 restricted T-cell immune reaction in the lamina propria as well as an immune reaction in the intestinal epithelium. Subjects affected by CD cannot tolerate gluten protein, a mixture of storage proteins contained in several cereals (wheat, rye, barley and derivatives). Gluten free-diet remains the cornerstone treatment for celiac patients. Therefore the absence of gluten in natural and processed foods represents a key aspect of food safety of the gluten-free diet. In this review, we evaluate the main studies about the safety food in CD patients.

Cross-Reaction between Gliadin and Different Food and Tissue Antigens

A subgroup of coeliac disease patients continues to experience symptoms even on a gluten-free diet (GFD). We attempted to determine whether these symptoms could be due to either cross-contamination with gluten-containing foods or cross-reactivity between α-gliadin and non-gluten foods consumed on a GFD. We measured the reactivity of affinity-purified polyclonal and monoclonal α-gliadin 33-mer peptide antibodies against gliadin and additional food antigens commonly consumed by patients on a GFD using ELISA and dot-blot. We also examined the immune reactivity of these antibodies with various tissue antigens. We observed significant immune reactivity when these antibodies were applied to cow’s milk, milk chocolate, milk butyrophilin, whey protein, casein, yeast, oats, corn, millet, instant coffee and rice. To investigate whether there was cross-reactivity between α-gliadin antibody and different tissue antigens, we measured the degree to which this antibody bound to these antigens. The most significant binding occurred with asialoganglioside, hepatocyte, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, adrenal 21-hydroxylase, and various neural antigens. The specificity of anti-α-gliadin binding to different food and tissue antigens was demonstrated by absorption and inhibition studies. We also observed significant cross-reactivity between α-gliadin 33-mer and various food antigens, but some of these reactions were associated with the contamination of non-gluten foods with traces of gluten. The consumption of cross-reactive foods as well as gluten-contaminated foods may be responsible for the continuing symptoms presented by a subgroup of patients with coeliac disease. The lack of response of some CD patients may also be due to antibody cross-reactivity with non-gliadin foods. These should then be treated as gluten-like peptides and should also be excluded from the diet when the GFD seems to fail.

无麸质食品现状、品质特性与发展分析

无麸质食品是由一种或多种不含麸质的原料生产或制作的食品。其主要是麸质不耐受人群及腹腔疾病患者的最佳饮食方式。然而,由于目前无麸质食品在中国的关注度较低和大多数无麸质食品的品质较差,多数麸质不耐受人群的饮食需求得不到满足。因此,文章系统介绍了无麸质食品的特点、品质改良和市场发展等,为无麸质食品未来的研究方向和进一步开发利用提供一定的参考。

酸面团发酵技术在无麸质食物中的应用

无麸质食物是为乳糜泻人群应对麸质蛋白过敏而生产的一类食物,但无麸质食物因麸质蛋白的缺失,多存在口感差、体积小和硬度大等缺点。酸面团是一种传统发酵技术,通过酸面团中微生物的代谢作用,可产生蛋白酶降解麸质蛋白,同时还能提高无麸质食物的整体品质,如改善制品风味、提高营养价值、延长货架期等。本文主要对酸面团发酵技术及其在无麸质食物中的应用优势进行探讨,以期为无麸质食物研究提供理论参考。

小麦谷元粉中三聚氰胺的高效液相色谱法测定

小麦谷元粉中三聚氰胺经乙腈-水萃取、提纯后，采用Kromasil 100-5C。柱，以50％（体积分数）乙腈水溶液-庚烷磺酸钠（0．01mol／L，pH3、3）（体积比15：85）作流动相，该方法高、中、低3个浓度水平样品回收率为91％-96％；3个浓度梯度的相对标准偏差（n=8）为0．05％-10．2％；方法检出限（S／N=3）为65μg／L。

致乳糜泻小麦麸质检测方法研究进展

乳糜泻是因遗传易感者对麸质不耐受而引发的肠道疾病,该病是终生的且极少量麸质的摄入就会导致患病。因此,对食物中麸质的检测和定量显得尤为重要。目前,用于检测麸质的方法主要有ELISA法、免疫印迹法、质谱法和PCR法。本文将详细叙述这四种方法在检测麸质上的应用及其优缺点。其中,ELISA法在麸质的快速检测上使用较多;免疫印迹法检测结果稳定直观,但定量精确度不高;质谱法准确度非常高,但费时费力,且依赖贵重设备;PCR法在检测食物基质复杂、麸质含量低的食品上具有优势。

小麦谷朊蛋白的特性与应用研究综述

小麦谷朊蛋白(面筋蛋白)是从小麦淀粉中提取出来的天然蛋白,是植物代谢产生的天然植物蛋白,一种生物可降解、可再生的天然高分子。因其独特的黏弹性、延伸性、吸水性、吸脂乳化性、薄膜成型性和热凝固性等,越来越受到人们的重视。不仅作为添加剂在食品工业中广泛应用,还可作为价格适宜、性能优良的高分子材料应用于其他领域。较全面地对有关谷朊蛋白的组成,以及近年来国内外谷朊蛋白在食品工业、化工、材料等领域内的研究现状进行了综述。

无麸质大米面包研究进展

开发大米面包不但可以丰富中国大米类产品的花色品种,还能解决麸质过敏人群对饮食多样化的需求。由于无麸质大米面包中不含面筋蛋白,在制作过程中存在面团难以形成有效的网络结构、不易成型、品质差(持水性、持气性、弹性和内聚性)、老化速率快等缺点。近年来,研究人员通过改进工艺条件、添加品质改良剂等方法,对无麸质大米面包品质进行改善,文章简述了无麸质食品的相关标准和大米面包使用的原料,并介绍了其工艺和品质改良研究进展,以期为无麸质大米面包的产业化开发提供参考。

一种主要食品致敏原成分——麸质的标识管理

主要介绍了国际食品法典委员会和欧盟、美国、日本等中国主要贸易国家和地区对食品中麸质致敏原成分标识管理的法规和标定,并对中国食品中麸质致敏原成分标识管理的必要性和可行性简要地进行了分析和展望。

面筋食品中微生物群落分析及优势菌分离鉴定

为探明面筋食品腐败变质的主要污染途径和微生物群落,从生产线、大型超市和零售小卖部多地取样,用平板计数法检测菌落总数、霉菌酵母数、耐热菌和大肠菌群数,用划线法和点接法将优势菌分离,通过形态观察和理化试验,结合16S rDNA序列和18S rDNA的ITS区域序列进行优势菌鉴定。结果显示:小卖部样品的细菌总数达8×10~4 CFU/g,酵母霉菌数达1.20×10~3 CFU/g,都大大超过地方标准上限的数倍,其他样品的微生物数量均在地方标准之内,说明挤压熟化工艺有较好的杀菌效果,后期生产销售是造成污染的主要途径;分离优势菌得2类细菌12株,3类霉菌8株;2类细菌的代表菌为粪嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter faecalis)、黄褐假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fulva),3类霉菌的代表菌为溜曲霉(Asperqillus tamarii)、灰黄青霉(penicilium griseofulvum)和黑曲霉(Asperqillus niger)。

无面筋食品研究进展

乳糜泄是一种对面筋蛋白具有过敏性的肠道疾病,解决的唯一办法就是摄入无面筋食品。面筋蛋白其独特结构特性、粘弹性对于小麦面包制品的质构起着至关重要的作用,无面筋食品因缺少面筋蛋白,所制得的产品感官品质、质构特性等较不理想。近些年研究人员通过不同方法制作类似小麦制品一样品质的无面筋食品,包括寻找原料替代品、酶处理、高压处理、发芽等,这些技术均可以为无面筋食品在发展过程中遇到的困难提供一定的解决措施,本文即对这些方法进行综述。

无麸质食品品质改良研究进展

无麸质食品主要是针对乳糜泻疾病患者等对面筋蛋白过敏人群而生产的食品。由于无麸质食品的原料中不含面筋蛋白,在食品制作过程中面团难以形成有效的网络结构,不易成型,持水性、持气性、弹性和内聚性差,老化速率高。主要介绍无麸质食品采用的原料及其营养成分,综述通过添加功能成分和控制工艺技术来改善无麸质食品品质的研究进展,以期为无麸质食品品质改良研究与生产提供参考。