In-vitro digestibility,protein digestibility corrected amino acid,and sensory properties of banana-cassava gluten-free pasta with soy protein isolate and egg white protein addition

Soy protein isolate and egg white protein were added to cassava-banana gluten-free pasta and the effects on the nutritional quality,digestibility properties,protein digestibility corrected amino acid(PDCAA),and sensory acceptance of the pasta was observed.Banana-cassava composite flour(75:25)was blended with soy protein isolate or egg white protein at the following rates:0,5,10,and 15 g/100 g flour.Cooked pasta samples were analysed for total phenolic content(TPC),antioxidant activity,amino acid profiles,protein content,starch digestibility,protein digestibility and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score(PDCAAS).Addition of both proteins decreased starch digestibility,increased protein digestibility,improved the balance of the amino acid profile,and PDCAAS whereas only soy protein isolate enhanced the TPC and antioxidant capacity of the banana-cassava pasta.An egg white protein-fortified banana-cassava pasta had better customer acceptance and purchase intent than soy protein isolate inclusion.

Cardiovascular disease risk factor profiles in children with celiac disease on gluten-free diets

AIM:To describe the cardiovascular disease(CVD)risk factors in a population of children with celiac disease(CD)on a gluten-free diet(GFD).METHODS:This cross-sectional multicenter study was performed at Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel(Petach Tiqva,Israel),and San Paolo Hospital(Milan,Italy).We enrolled 114 CD children in serologic remission,who were on a GFD for at least one year.At enrollment,anthropometric measurements,blood lipids and glucose were assessed,and compared to values at diagnosis.The homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance was calculated as a measure of insulin resistance.RESULTS:Three or more concomitant CVD risk factors[body mass index,waist circumference,low density lipoprotein(LDL)cholesterol,triglycerides,blood pressure and insulin resistance]were identified in 14%of CD subjects on a GFD.The most common CVD risk factors were high fasting triglycerides(34.8%),elevated blood pressure(29.4%),and high concentrations of calculated LDL cholesterol(24.1%).On a GFD,four children(3.5%)had insulin resistance.Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the Italian cohort compared to the Israeli cohort(P<0.001).Children on a GFD had an increased prevalence of borderline LDL cholesterol(24%)when compared to values(10%)at diagnosis(P=0.090).Trends towards increases in overweight(from 8.8%to 11.5%)and obesity(from 5.3%to 8.8%)were seen on a GFD.CONCLUSION:This report of insulin resistance and CVD risk factors in celiac children highlights the importance of CVD screening,and the need for dietary counseling targeting CVD prevention.

Utilization of Different Hydrocolloid Combinations in Gluten-Free Bread Making

Coeliac disease (CD) is a common lifelong disorder with small bowel malabsorption and gluten intolerance. The only effective treatment for CD is a strict lifelong renunciation of gluten-containing foods. Currently, the cereal products designed to meet the requirements of CD patients, especially gluten-free bread, are scarce, of low quality and poor flavor. Therefore, preparation of high quality and affordable bread for coeliac patients was the main objective of this study. Three kinds of gluten-free bread were prepared, in which wheat flour was substituted with rice and corn flour at a ratio of 5:1, respectively. Gluten was substituted using different hydrocolloids: 1% xanthan and 1% carrageenan (Mix A), GFB A;1% xanthan and 1% pectin (Mix B), GFB B;and 1% carrageenan and 1% pectin (Mix C), GFB C. These three types of bread were compared to control bread produced from wheat flour (WB). Sponge and dough method with some modifications was used to produce the bread samples with a developed formula (0.8% yeast, 4.0% sugar, 2% salt, 7.0% shortening, 2.0% non-fat dry milk, and 1% sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL)). Determination of the chemical composition, rheological properties and physical characteristics, as well as sensory evaluation of the bread samples, was undertaken. Results showed that the moisture content of WB bread (control) was significantly lower than that of all types of gluten-free bread, and there was no significant difference in ash, protein, and lipid contents among the gluten-free bread samples. GFB A, GFB B and GFB C displayed no significant differences in their specific volumes. The sensory evaluation showed that GFB C received the lowest sensory evaluation score. Therefore, GFB A and GFB B were the best gluten-free samples.

Zein as a structural protein in gluten-free systems:an overview

Zein,a class of alcohol-soluble prolamines in maize endosperm,is mainly composed of α-zein,β-zein,andγ-zein.It has been recognized as a structural protein for various gluten-free systems since it can form glutenlike viscoelastic network.The formation of viscoelastic zein network can make up for the structural defect of gluten-free doughs caused by the lack of gluten.To make the most of structural functionality of zein in glutenfree foods,it is important to clearly elucidate the fundamental properties of zein network.In this article,these properties have been discussed,analyzed and summarized from the relationship between protein network and structural functionality of zein,the feature and formation mechanism of zein network,factors affecting zein network and the applications of zein network in improving the quality of gluten-free food.In addition,this article also looks forward to potential research areas on zein network.

Celiac disease:Overview and considerations for development of gluten-free foods

Celiac disease is a genetically-determined chronic inflammatory intestinal disease induced by gluten in wheat,barley,rye etc.Celiac disease affects approximately one percent of people in the world and strict gluten-free diet(GFD)for a lifetime is the only available treatment.As gluten-free products available in the market are known to have low nutritional quality as well as are more expensive than gluten-containing food products,there is a strong need to develop gluten-free products that are nutritionally complete as well as economical.This review focuses on the special considerations during developing gluten-free products viz.,finding an alternate non-gluten source,ensuring nutrition and sensory quality characteristics,compliance with the regulatory guidelines,economics and product.

Rheological, Organoleptical and Quality Characteristics of Gluten-Free Rice Cakes Formulated with Sorghum and Germinated Chickpea Flours

Gluten-free bakery products are produced for people suffering from celiac disease due to sensitivity to gluten. So, the aim of this work was to study the effect of partial substitution of rice flour at 20%, 30% and 40% with sorghum and germinated chickpea flours on rheological, physical, sensory properties and staling rate of prepared gluten-free cake. Obtained results showed that germinated chickpea flour had the highest contents of crude protein (23.62%), lipids (4.89%) and crude fibers (5.76%) as compared to other grain flours. Gradual increase in gelatinization temperature and decrease in maximum viscosity and setback were fond of cake batters with increasing the substituting levels of rice flour from 20% to 40% with sorghum or germinated chickpea flours in comparison to rice flour batter. No significant difference was observed in specific volume between rice cake and cake containing 20% of germinated chickpea and sorghum flours which given 2.71, 2.62 and 2.56 cm3/g, respectively. Data also revealed that gluten-free cake lightness (L*) and total intensity significantly increased with 40% of sorghum flour followed by 30 and 20% of sorghum flour. Substitution of 40% rice flour with germinated chickpea flour resulted in significant high in redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and chroma of gluten-free cake being 11.95, 33.72 and 35.77, respectively followed by substituted levels 30% and 20% which attributed to their natural yellow pigments compared with other investigated samples. Overall acceptability of gluten-free cakes was improved after adding 20, 30% of sorghum flour and 20% of germinated chickpea flour which being 90.7, 88.6 and 87.5, respectively compared to rice flour cake (88.4). Rice flour cake was more freshness than wheat flour cake and other treatments during storage duration. After 6 days, rice cake had significant high freshness (306.2%) followed by gluten-free cake samples with 20% of sorghum or germinated chickpea flours which given 294.5% and 289.4%, respectively. Generally, it could be concluded that the quality and nutritional properties of gluten-free rice cakes could be improved when using 20%, 30% of sorghum flour and 20% of germinated chickpea flour as substitution levels of rice flour.

Gluten-Free Bread Enriched with Vegetable Flours

The effects of different vegetable flours (broccoli, cauliflower, artichoke, fennel, zucchini and mushroom) added to gluten-free bread on sensory quality, antioxidant properties and glycemic response were assessed. Among the vegetable flours, the addition of fennel flour significantly improved sensory bread quality. Artichoke flour has the highest phenolic (26.51 ± 1.92 mg/g dw) and flavonoid content (26.43 ± 1.93 mg/g dw). Even though the content of total phenol and flavonoids in vegetable flours was higher when compared to supplemented bread, the addition of artichoke and zucchini flours increased the total phenolic and flavonoid content and improved antioxidant activity. The incorporation of high level of vegetable flours (15%) also decreased the glycemic index of bread, in particular with artichoke and zucchini flours (59 ± 1.21 and 62 ± 0.49, respectively). To sum up, the results are very interesting because the addition of vegetable flours into gluten-free bread can improve nutritional and sensory properties of bread.

Study on Parameters of Consumer Preferences for Alternative Wheat Products (Gluten-Free Foods) in USA and India

Celiac Disease (CD) is an inherited, autoimmune disorder in which proteins from the grains wheat, rye and barley (collectively called gluten) damage the small intestine. The only treatment for CD is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. With a prevalence rate of about one in 100-133 people worldwide. Celiac disease is wide-spread across the globe. Unlike traditional allergies, which cause immediate reactions, gluten sensitivity is harder to pin down since it manifests gradually and in various forms like headaches, stomach cramps, bloating, anxiety, and depression. Due to complicated diagnosis procedure and lack of awareness, many cases are either misdiagnosed or not at all diagnosed in India and USA. In spite of high growth, gluten-free foods are facing problems to grain ground in Asian market, due to high price, lack of awareness about the products, large number of un-diagnosed cases and inefficient value chain for gluten-free products. One of the major issues in India and USA is very high prices of gluten-free foods as compared to regular food products. Globally, the market potential of gluten free products is estimated to be USD 4639.13 Million and USD 7594.43 Million in 2015 and 2020 respectively. The global gluten free food market is projected to grow with a CAGR between 9 percent and 10.2 percent during 2016-2022. The study on consumer preference of gluten-free foods would enable manufacturers of gluten-free foods to understand the current and evolving expectations of consumers and to design the products according. Study of two countries i.e., India and USA would enable manufacturers to understand the difference in choices and preferences related to gluten-free foods for both the nations. This study would help manufacturers of alternative wheat product to form the concrete marketing and product development strategy based on recent consumer behavior trends.

Ancient Whole Grain Gluten-Free Flatbreads

This is the only report demonstrating innovative ancient whole grain gluten-free (no yeast or chemicals) products. Ancient whole grain gluten-free flatbreads were prepared with quinoa, teff, amaranth and buckwheat flours. Dough formulations contained flour, salt and water. Ingredients were mixed for 5 min using table top Kitchen Aid mixer at stir setting 1. Dough was equilibrated for 30 min. 65 g of dough was placed between two sheets of nonstick parchment paper and pressed to 17 cm round flatbreads in a Tortilla Chapatti Press. Each flatbread was cooked for two minutes (one minute each side) in using Flatbread Maker. Taste panels of 64 inhouse volunteers determined that Taste/Flavor of quinoa, teff and amaranth flatbreads were similar and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) better than those for buckwheat flatbread. The taste panel determined ancient whole grain gluten-free flatbreads had acceptance of quinoa 84%, teff 72%, amaranth 66% and buckwheat 38%. Each ancient whole grain gluten-free flatbread contained 25 - 30 g whole grain and 4 - 5 g protein. Quinoa, teff and amaranth one flatbread contained 2 - 3 g dietary fiber, whereas buckwheat flatbread contained 8 g dietary fiber. Consuming two whole grain gluten-free flatbreads with two meals (total = 4) would give 4 - 32 g of dietary fiber. The USDA food guide recom mends that at least 1/2 of all the grains eaten should be whole grains. The FDA allows food Health Claim labels for food containing 51% whole gains and 11 g of dietary fiber. The gluten sensitive individuals would enjoy tasty, health promoting, ancient whole grain easy to make flatbreads. These recipes offer consumers additional nutritious gluten-free choices and would lead to in crease in whole grain consumption.

Whole Grain Gluten-Free High Protein Vegetable Snacks of Buckwheat Peanut Meal and Kale

Whole grain gluten-free high protein vegetable snacks were evaluated. The snacks were Buckwheat-Peanut Meal-Kale (BPK), BPK-Garlic, BPK-Onion and BPK-Ginger. Peanut meal was utilized to increase the protein content of these snacks as well as to add value to this agricultural byproduct. Snack dough was prepared using water nearly 1:1 as other as is ingredients. About 20 g of snack dough was placed on preheated KrumKake Express 839 Baker and cooked for 2 minutes. Sixty-nine in-house volunteers judged Color/Appearance and Texture/Mouth feel to be similar for the snacks tested. Taste/Flavor for BPK, BPK-Garlic and BPK-Onion snacks was similar and significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than for BPK-Ginger snacks. Odor/Aroma for BPK-Garlic snacks was significantly higher than for BPK-Ginger snacks. Acceptance for BPK and BPK-Garlic snacks was significantly higher than for BPK-Ginger snacks. Ex-pansion 3.6 - 4.2, porosity 0.72 - 0.75 and water activity 0.35 - 0.38 suggests that the snacks tested were light, crispy and have good anti-microbial stability. Acceptance was BPK and BPK-Garlic 94%, BPK-Onion 86% and BPK-Ginger 78%. These snacks contained only 3 - 4 ingredients and could be made in any house hold kitchen and/or in commercial production. Acceptance of 78% - 94% is very desirable. These whole grain gluten-free high protein vegetable healthy nutritious tasty snacks offer choice for all consumers, including individual’s sensitive to gluten.

Teff, Buckwheat, Quinoa and Amaranth: Ancient Whole Grain Gluten-Free Egg-Free Pasta

This report demonstrates innovative ancient whole grains, gluten-free, egg-free pasta (no chemicals added) made using a kitchen counter-top appliance. Whole grain, fusilli pasta was prepared with teff, buckwheat, quinoa and amaranth flours. These ancient grains are called “Super Foods” due to their ideal essential amino acids and mineral profiles. Dough formulations contained 95% whole grain flour and 5% guar gum. Taste panels of 62 in-house volunteers judged amaranth pasta significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in color/appearance than other pastas tested. Odor/aroma of buckwheat pasta and texture/mouth-feel of teff pasta were significantly better than quinoa and amaranth pasta. Acceptance and taste/flavor of teff and buckwheat pasta were similar and significantly higher than quinoa and amaranth pasta (teff = buckwheat > quinoa > amaranth). The USDA food guide recommends that at least 1/2 of all the grains eaten should be whole grains. The FDA allows food Health Claim labels for food containing 51% whole gains and 11 g of dietary fiber per serving. Novel health promoting whole grain, good source of protein, gluten-free, egg-free (no chemicals added) pasta had acceptance of teff 87%, buckwheat 82%, quinoa 61% and amaranth 15%. Amaranth pasta needs improvement in several sensory attributes by fortification, processing and/or use of other cultivars for the desired results. Ancient whole grain, gluten-free, egg-free pasta would increase whole grain consumption and offer a healthy option to vegetarians as well as to gluten sensitive individuals.

Big Data Study for Gluten-Free Foods in India and USA Using Online Reviews and Social Media

Celiac disease, gluten-allergy or gluten-sensitivity is caused due to glutamine protein from the grains like wheat, rye and barley (collectively called gluten). This protein damages the small intestine and causes stomach pain, bloating, weakness etc. Celiac disease, gluten-allergy or gluten-sensitivity has never really been taken seriously in developing countries like India. However, in developed nations like UK, USA, Canada and other parts of Europe, gluten-free foods have become quite popular. With a prevalence rate of about one in 100 - 133 people worldwide, celiac disease is widespread across the globe and life-long consumption of gluten-free food is recommended treatment for this allergy. Apart from celiac-disease patients, gluten-free foods are also consumed by health conscious people for weight management and high protein diet and by the patients for diabetes, autism and food allergies. Apart from gluten-free flour, biscuits, cookies and snacks, product innovations like gluten-free beers are becoming very popular. Big data including online blogs, articles, and reviews have played a major role in increased sales of gluten-free foods. Thus, analysis of editorial and social media content becomes essential to understand the leading trends in gluten-free foods. This study provided deep insights about positive, negative and neutral sentiments related to gluten-free foods using the data from Perspectory Media Insights and Google Trends. This study also revealed that most of the consumers talked and expected product innovation in food sections like snacks, fast food (pizza, pasta and noodles) and desserts through comments on social and editorial media. Searches were divided into developed (e.g., U.S.A.) and developing nations (e.g., India) to get more details about the consumer preferences. This study would help manufacturers of gluten-free foods to develop food products according to the choices and preferences of consumers. The study is very unique in itself since it combines big data to niche food market of gluten-free foods to draw the valuable consumer preferences using online platforms.

Market Capturing and Business Expansion Strategy for Gluten-Free Foods in India and USA Using PESTEL Model

The ultimate goal for any business is to grow vertically and horizontally. Successful business is combination of careful analysis of external and internal factor of business environment and adoption of appropriate business strategy. In this study external factors of gluten-free market are studied in detail through PESTEL model (for external factors). The study would facilitate manufacturers to bring gluten-free foods from niche market to main stream market and to make it more affordable for all the sections of the society. The study focuses on markets of India and USA, since both of these nations have high potential for gluten-free foods and the demand further continues to increase every year.

Utilization of Chickpea Split (Cicer arietinum L.) in Preparing Some Gluten-Free Casein-Free Food Products for Autism Children

This study aimed to prepare and evaluate some gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) food products for autism children from rice and chickpea split. Like-milk beverages and snacks (bakery) were prepared by replacing rice with chickpea at a ratio of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, and in a ratio of 25% and 50% with fried snacks. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity, the energy content of ingredients and final products, as well as the viscosity, texture profile analysis, and sensory evaluation of final products, were determined. The results showed that chickpea contains higher values of protein, fat, fiber, and ash compared with rice. Also, the antioxidant activity (total phenolic (TP), DPPH scavenging activity, and FRAP value) of chickpea was higher than rice. The addition of chickpea to rice caused a significant increase in protein (%), fat (%), minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Zn, and Mg) (%), and antioxidant activity of all products, and these values were increased with the increased of chickpea amount added, while the viscosity of rice-chickpea milk samples and the hardness of snacks (fried and bakery) were significantly decreased with the increase of chickpea amount added. According to the recommended daily allowances (RDA), it was found that 100 mL of chickpea milk (100%) could provide autism children with 99.5%, 32%, and 36% of the daily required iron, Ca, and Zn, respectively. Also, the daily intake of 100 g of snacks (sample BS5) could provide autism children with 75%, 7%, 42%, 125%, 1.7%, and 52% of the daily required of protein, fiber, Ca, iron, Mg, and Zn, respectively. On the other hand, 100 g fried snacks (sample FS3) could provide autism children with 59.9%, 42%, and 64% of the daily required protein, calcium, and iron, respectively. The best sensory evaluation scores were obtained with rice milk (100%), bakery snacks sample BS4 (25% rice: 75% chickpea), and fried snacks sample FS2 (75% rice: 25% chickpea).

Detection of Gluten in Dishes Offered as Gluten-Free in a Gastronomic Area Located in San José, Costa Rica

Celiac disease, gluten sensitivity and gluten intolerance are health conditions that require consumers to avoid their gluten intake. In Costa Rica, Law 8975 regulates the amount of gluten permitted in prepackaged products labeled as “gluten-free”, but the parameters to be followed are not mandated for food service operations. This study investigated whether restaurants with gluten-free (GF) options in a gastronomic area of the city of San José, Costa Rica, achieved the requirements of the legislation that the dishes offered should contain less than 20 ppm gluten. Using data collected from five restaurants offering GF dishes, two provided dishes with quantities of gluten greater than 20 ppm (restaurant A, four samples and restaurant B, three samples);particularly dishes from the category “meat with sauce”. Although those dishes are naturally gluten-free, when they are handled in areas of shared production, they are exposed to the risk of cross contact, furthermore the adding of misscellaneous such as: marinades, sauces and condiments, which could contain traces of gluten or hidden gluten, a risk associated with the use of ingredients without certification GF (supplier’s practices and label declaration). Therefore improvements in food service procedures should be enforced. The findings of the present study emphasize the need to include restaurant foods in the relevant legislation to ensure that the gluten-intolerant sector of the population remains safe when eating out.

Celiac disease:Management of persistent symptoms in patients on a gluten-free diet

AIM:To investigate all patients referred to our center with non-responsive celiac disease (NRCD),to establish a cause for their continued symptoms.METHODS:We assessed all patients referred to our center with non-responsive celiac disease over an 18-mo period.These individuals were investigated to establish the eitiology of their continued symptoms.The patients were first seen in clinic where a thorough history and examination were performed with routine blood work including tissue transglutaminase antibody measurement.They were also referred to a specialist gastroenterology dietician to try to identift any lapses in the diet and sources of hidden gluten ingestion.A repeat small intestinal biopsy was also performed and compared to biopsies from the referring hospital where possible.Colonoscopy,lactulose hydrogen breath testing,pancreolauryl testing and computed tomography scan of the abdomen were undertaken if the symptoms persisted.Their clinical progress was followed over a minimum of 2 years.RESULTS:One hundred and twelve consecutive patients were referred with NRCD.Twelve were found not to have celiac disease (CD).Of the remaining 100 patients,45% were not adequately adhering to a strict gluten-free diet,with 24 (53%) found to be inadvertently ingesting gluten,and 21 (47%) admitting noncompliance.Microscopic colitis was diagnosed in 12% and small bowel bacterial overgrowth in 9%.Refractory CD was diagnosed in 9%.Three of these were diagnosed with intestinal lymphoma.After 2 years,78 patients remained well,eight had continuing symptoms,and four had died.CONCLUSION:In individuals with NRCD,a remediable cause can be found in 90%:with continued gluten ingestion as the leading cause.We propose an algorithm for investigation.

Reversal of IgM deficiency following a gluten-free diet in seronegative celiac disease

Selective Ig M deficiency(s IGMD)is very rare;it may be associated with celiac disease(CD).We present the case of an 18-year-old man with s IGMD masking seronegative CD.Symptoms included abdominal pain,diarrhea and weight loss.Laboratory tests showed reduced Ig M,DQ2-HLA and negative anti-transglutaminase.Villous atrophy and diffuse immature lymphocytes were observed at histology.Tissue transglutaminase m RNA mucosal levels showed a 6-fold increase.The patient was treated with a gluten-free diet(GFD)and six months later the symptoms had disappeared,the villous architecture was restored and mucosal tissue transglutaminase m RNA was comparable to that of healthy subjects.After 1 year of GFD,a complete restoration of normal Ig M values was observed and duodenal biopsy showed a reduction of immature lymphocytes and normal appearance of mature immune cells.