Cut-off value of glycated hemoglobin A1c for detecting diabetic retinopathy in the Chinese population

BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)is considered the most suitable for diabetes mellitus diagnosis due to its accuracy and convenience.However,the effect of HbA1c on diabetic retinopathy(DR)in the Han and Korean populations in Jilin,China,remains inconclusive.AIM To determine the best cut-off of HbA1c for diagnosing DR among the Chinese.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1933 participants from the Yanbian area of Jilin Province,China.Trained investigators employed a questionnaire-based survey,physical examination,laboratory tests,and fundus photography for the investigation.The best cut-off value for HbA1c was established via the receiver operating characteristic curve.The factors associated with HbA1c-associated risk factors were determined via linear regression.RESULTS The analysis included 887 eligible Chinese Han and Korean participants,591 of whom were assigned randomly to the training set and 296 to the validation set.The prevalence of DR was 3.27% in the total population.HbA1c of 6.2% was the best cut-off value in the training set,while it was 5.9% in the validation set.In both Chinese Han and Korean populations,an HbA1c level of 6.2% was the best cut-off value.The optimal cut-off values of fasting blood glucose(FBG)≥7 mmol/L and<7 mmol/L were 8.1% and 6.2% respectively in Han populations,while those in Korean populations were 6.9%and 5.3%,respectively.Age,body mass index,and FBG were determined as the risk factors impacting HbA1c levels.CONCLUSION HbA1c may serve as a useful diagnostic indicator for DR.An HbA1c level of 6.2% may be an appropriate cut-off value for DR detection in the Chinese population.

Development of Disposable Single-Use Biosensor for Fructosyl Valine and Glycated Hemoglobin A1c

A novel amperometric biosensor prototype was fabricated using screen printing technique. The disposable single-use strips were made from conductive carbon ink and modified with fructosyl amino acid oxidase. The electrodes and conducting paths were made solely with carbon ink and characterized by conductivity and cyclic voltammetry. The biosensor showed high current output, large linearity, and effectiveness for fructosyl valine as well as human blood samples. Amperometric studies were carried out using both fructosyl valine and human blood samples. With 5 uL sample volume, the biosensor showed strong amperometric response with good linearity for a wide range (0 to 8 mM). Diabetic and healthy blood samples showed sufficient difference in their amperometric responses that correlate well with their different hemoglobin A1c levels. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using this type of inexpensive single-use biosensor strips as the basis for determining hemoglobin A1c levels for diabetic patients.

Carbohydrate Intake Is Correlated with the Glycated Albumin to Glycated Hemoglobin Ratio in Drug-Naive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: The glycated albumin (GA) to HbA1c ratio (GA/HbA1c ratio) has been reported to reflect postprandial hyperglycemia. Carbohydrate is the primary dietary macronutrient that causes postprandial hyperglycemia. Thus, we investigated whether carbohydrate intake was associated with the GA/HbA1c ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Daily energy intake and carbohydrate intake were estimated in twenty-two patients with type 2 diabetes who received no pharmacological therapy (18 men and 4 women, age 53 ± 11 years old). The energy index and the carbohydrate index were defined as the ratio of daily energy intake to body weight and daily carbohydrate intake to body weight, respectively. Results: The energy index was significantly correlated with the GA/HbA1c ratio (r = 0.451, p = 0.035), but not with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c and GA. The carbohydrate index was significantly correlated with GA (r = 0.461, p = 0.031) and the GA/HbA1c ratio (r = 0.554, p = 0.007), but not with FPG and HbA1c. Multivariate analysis revealed that the carbohydrate index was independently associated with the GA/HbA1c ratio (β = 0.397, p = 0.046). Conclusions: The carbohydrate index was significantly correlated with GA and the GA/HbA1c ratio in the patients with type 2 diabetes. These results suggest that carbohydrate intake may be associated with the GA/HbA1c ratio through postprandial hyperglycemia.

Use of glycated albumin for the identification of diabetes in subjects from northeast China

BACKGROUND Metabolic memory is important for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes in the early stage,and in maintaining blood glucose concentrations within the normal range.The clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is currently made using fasting plasma glucose,2 h-plasma glucose(2h-PG)during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test,and hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)level.However,the fasting plasma glucose test requires fasting,which is a barrier to screening,and reproducibility of the 2h-PG level is poor.HbA1c is affected by a shortened red blood cell lifespan.In patients with anemia and hemoglobinopathies,the measured HbA1c levels may be inaccurate.Compared with HbA1c,glycated albumin(GA)is characterized by more rapid and greater changes,and can be used to diagnose new-onset diabetes especially if urgent early treatment is required,for example in gestational diabetes.In this study,we provided cutoff values for GA and evaluated its utility as a screening and diagnostic tool for diabetes in a large high-risk group study.AIM To evaluate the utility of GA in identifying subjects with diabetes in northeast China,and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the proposed GA cutoff in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1935 subjects,with suspected diabetes or in high-risk groups,from 2014 to 2015 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University(Harbin,China).The use of GA to identify diabetes was investigated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC).The GA cutoffs were derived from different 2h-PG values with hemoglobin A1c cutoffs used as a calibration curve.RESULTS The GA cutoff for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was 15.15%from the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.ROC analysis demonstrated that GA was an efficient marker for detecting diabetes,with an AUC of 90.3%.CONCLUSION Our study supports the use of GA as a biomarker for the diagnosis of diabetes.

Nesfatin-1参与高糖化血红蛋白2型糖尿病患者执行功能损伤

目的探讨摄食抑制因子(Nefatin-1)水平差异对不同高糖化血红蛋白(HbA1e)的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者执行功能的影响。方法以88例T2DM患者为研究对象。采用执行功能行为评定量表成人版(BRIEF-A)评价执行功能,问卷调查获得患者人口统计学信息,常规体格检查及糖脂代谢指标检测,酶联免疫吸附法测定清晨空腹血血浆Nesfatin-1、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和白介素-6(IL6)浓度。分析不同HbA1c及Nesfatin-1浓度与BRIEF-A得分的相关性。结果与HbAlc≤7%组比较,HbAle>7%组吸烟及糖尿病周围神经病变例数显著增加(P<0.05),甘油三酯(TG)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后血糖(PPG)、CRP.JL6及Nesfatin-1浓度显著增高(P<0.05),BRIEF-A评定量表中,执行功能各系统模块得分均显著增加(P<0.05),相关性分析结果表明,HbA1c≤7%组患者血浆HbA1e水平与胆固醇(TC)(r=0.496,P=0.019)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)(r=0.492,P=0.020)浓度呈正相关。而HbA1c>7%组患者血浆HbA1c.水平与FPG(r=0.341,P=0.005)及PPG(r=0.296,P=0.020)浓度呈正相关,且血浆Nefatin-1浓度与CRP(r=0.570,P<0.01)及IL-6(r=0.659,P<0.001)浓度亦呈正相关。以第50位百分位数为界限,高血浆Nesfatin-1浓度T2DM患者在行为管理指数、转换及抑制功能中的得分显著高于低血浆Nesfatin-1浓度患者(P<0.05)。结论血浆Nesfatin-1浓度及其相关的血浆CRP和IL6浓度升高是参与T2DM患者执行功能下降的可能因素。

Update on biomarkers of glycemic control

Attaining and maintaining good glycemic control is a cornerstone of diabetes care. The monitoring of glycemic control is currently based on the self-monitoring of blood glucose(SMBG) and laboratory testing for hemoglobin A1 c(HbA1 c),which is a surrogate biochemical marker of the average glycemia level over the previous 2-3 mo period. Although hyperglycemia is a key biochemical feature of diabetes, both the level of and exposure to high glucose, as well as glycemic variability, contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and follow different patterns in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. HbA1 c provides a valuable,standardized and evidence-based parameter that is relevant for clinical decision making, but several biological and analytical confounders limit its accuracy in reflecting true glycemia. It has become apparent in recent years that other glycated proteins such as fructosamine, glycated albumin, and the nutritional monosaccharide 1,5-anhydroglucitol, as well as integrated measures from direct glucose testing by an SMBG/continuous glucose monitoring system, may provide valuable complementary data, particularly in circumstances when HbA1 c results may be unreliable or are insufficient to assess the risk of adverse outcomes. Long-term associations of these alternative biomarkers of glycemia with the risk of complications need to be investigated in order to provide clinically relevant cut-off values and to validate their utility in diverse populations of diabetes patients.

Glycemic control indicators in patients with neonatal diabetes mellitus

Neonatal diabetes mellitus(NDM) is a type of diabetes mellitus caused by genetic abnormality which devel ops in insulin dependent state within 6 mo after birth HbA1c is widely used in clinical practice for diabetes mellitus as the gold standard glycemic control indica tor; however, fetal hemoglobin(HbF) is the main he moglobin in neonates and so HbA1c cannot be used as a glycemic control indicator in NDM. Glycated albumin(GA), another glycemic control indicator, is not affected by HbF. We reported that GA can be used as a glycemic control indicator in NDM. However, it was later found that because of increased metabolism of albumin, GA shows an apparently lower level in relation to plasma glucose in NDM; measures to solve this problem were needed. In this review, we outlined the most recen findings concerning glycemic control indicators in neo nates or NDM.

Potential effect of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection on glucose metabolism of Mongolian gerbils

AIM: To assess the effect of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection on metabolic parameters in Mongolian gerbils.METHODS: A total of 40 male, 5- to 8-wk-old, specific-pathogen-free Mongolian gerbils(30-50 g) were randomly allocated into two groups: a control group(n = 20) and an H. pylori group(n = 20). After a two-week acclimation period, the control group was administered Brucella broth and the H. pylori group was challenged intra-gastrically five times every other day with approximately 109/CFU H. pylori ATCC43504(Cag A+, Vac A+). Each group was then divided into two subgroups, which were sacrificed at either 6 or 12 mo. The control and H. pylori subgroups each contained 10 Mongolian gerbils. Body weight, abdominal circumference, and body length were measured, and body mass index(BMI) and Lee's index were calculated. Biochemical assays were used to detect serum indexes, including glucose, glycated hemoglobin(GHb), glycated hemoglobin A1c(Hb A1c), triacylglycerol, and total cholesterol, using an automatic biochemistry analyzer. Inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4,IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interferon(IFN)-g, were assayed using ELISA. The expression of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) was detected by immunohistochemistry, and islet apoptosis was measured using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) assay.RESULTS: At each time point, body weight, abdominal circumference, BMI, and Lee's index were increased after H. pylori infection. However, these differences were not significant. H. pylori infection significantly increased the GHb(5.45 ± 0.53 vs 4.98 ± 0.22, P < 0.05) and Hb A1c(4.91 ± 0.61 vs 4.61 ± 0.15, P < 0.05) levels at 12 mo. We observed no significant differences in serum biochemical indexes, including fasting blood glucose, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol, at 6 or 12 mo after infection. H. pylori infection significantly increased the expression of IGF-1(P < 0.05). Insulin levels from the pancreas and the apoptotic rate of islet β-cells remained unchanged. Also, we observed no significant differences among cytokines levels, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-g. IL-4 was the only exception, which increased at 6(44.36 ± 25.17 vs 17.38 ± 3.47, P < 0.05) and 12 mo(33.41 ± 10.00 vs 18.91 ± 5.31, P < 0.05) after H. pylori infection.CONCLUSION: Long-term H. pylori infection is significantly associated with high levels of Hb A1 c in Mongolian gerbils, indicating a potential role of H. pylori infection in glucose dysregulation.

联合检测血清HbAlc和Cys-C对1型糖尿病肾病早期诊断的研究

目的检测1型糖尿病肾病不同病期患者的血清中糖化血红蛋白和胱抑素-C水平,评价其组合对1型糖尿病肾病早期诊断的价值。方法选择本院确诊为1型糖尿病肾病患者和同期健康体检者,各100例,采用BECKMAN CX 4全自动生化分析仪同时检测样本血清中糖化血红蛋白和胱抑素-C的含量。结果 1型糖尿病肾病患者检测血清中糖化血红蛋白和胱抑素-C浓度水平高于对照组,P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。1型糖尿病肾病患者不同病期的血清中糖化血红蛋白和胱抑素-C浓度水平呈递增性升高,趋势呈正相关,各期与1期比较,P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论血清中糖化血红蛋白和胱抑素-C测定有助于1型糖尿病肾病早期诊断,能为临床医生提供可靠准确有价值的诊断指导依据。

Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Population of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia

This research protocol design is aimed at exploring the qualitative health research in self-management of Type 2 diabetes and patient’s perceptions and experiences of undertaking physical activity and eating behaviour as part of their diabetes self-management. In addition, the study would analyze how the health issue related to diabetes is viewed and addressed in the community (Pakistan and Saudi Arabia) and would use the concepts of socio-ecological approach to self-management of Type 2 diabetes and explore the factors affecting the self-management practices in these countries. The other objective of this protocol is to examine the role of physical inactivity and obesity in the development of Type 2 diabetes and its self-management in middle-aged population living in rural area of Pakistan and to evaluate a lifestyle intervention (Physical Activity and Diet) in the management of Type 2 diabetes. The brief review conducted in this protocol design will identify the potential areas of health care which need attention including the overall functioning of community healthcare clinics to diabetes care in terms of recognizing the symptoms of diabetes to early detection and diagnosis, easy access to community doctors. This review will impress upon the need to recognize that in developing strategies and interventions to address diabetes, self-care, family support, community education and community ownership are important and it will be demonstrated by the comparison of two culturally diversified populations of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in relation to the self-management of Type 2 diabetes.

Acetylsalicylic Acid Administered in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Effect on the Antioxidant Enzyme System

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications are associated with oxidative stress and the depletion of antioxidant defenses. The influence of acetylsalicylic acid on reversing the decrease in antioxidants, insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory cascade can help prevent diabetes complications. Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the antioxidant enzymatic system in patients with diabetes. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 21 patients of both sexes with Type 2 diabetes for less than five years at the time of diagnosis, without pharmacological treatment, and randomly selected. Acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg) was administered orally for three months to the study group (n = 11) compared to the placebo control group (n = 10). Before and after the intervention, anthropometric and metabolic measurements were taken, fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, lipid profile panel, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and antioxidant capacity/activity were determined;values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Intra- and intergroup differences were tested by Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively;p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The acetylsalicylic acid group showed a decrease in weight (85.6 ± 19.3 vs. 84.1 ± 19.0 kg p = 0.01), cholesterol (205.9 ± 16.6 vs. 186.0 ± 23.2 mg/dL p = 0.02), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (7.8% ± 0.9% vs. 7.0% ± 0.7% p = 0.02). The placebo group exhibited reduction in weight (76.1 ± 14.9 vs. 74.9 ± 15.0 kg p = 0.04), glycated hemoglobin A1c (6.9% ± 0.6% vs. 6.2% ± 0.4% p = 0.004), and total antioxidant capacity (4.1 ± 0.5 vs. 4.8 ± 0.3 mmol/L p = 0.002). Conclusion: The administration of acetylsalicylic acid did not modify the antioxidant enzyme system.

Inverse relationship between glomerular hyperfiltration and C-peptide level in Type 1 diabetes

Background: Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) commonly develops in early diabetes and is closely correlated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Objective: The aim was to study the relationship between GFR, C-peptide level and other parameters at diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes. Methods: We determined GFR, Cpeptide level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI) SDS and loss of weight at diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes in 495 children (231 females). Linear and multiple regression analysis was used to test for the associations between GFR and other parameters. Results: In the 495 patients, GFR median (interquartile range) was increased vs normal values (p = 0.0001). GFR was significantly negatively correlated with age (p < 0.001) and C-peptide level (p = 0.001), and positively correlated with weight loss (p = 0.02). The multiple regression analysis showed that age (p = 0.001) and C-peptide level (p = 0.05) were independently and negatively related to GFR. Conclusions: This study shows that, at onset of Type 1 diabetes, higher the GFR, younger the age and lower the C-peptide level are. The role of this hyperfiltration in the development of later nephropathy and the putative preventive effect of C-peptide administration need to be evaluated.

Vitamin D and Its Association with Glycemic Status in Bangladeshi Adults with Newly Detected Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Very limited data are available regarding the association of vitamin D with glycemic status among adults with newly detected type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh. Objectives: To determine vitamin D status and its association with glycemic status in Bangladeshi adults with newly detected T2DM. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 102 newly detected T2DM diagnosed on the basis of the American Diabetes Association 2017 criteria (age: 42.95 ± 10.68 yrs.;m/f: 44/58) and equal number of age and sex matched controls (age: 40.43 ± 11.04 years) recruited consecutively from the Department of Endocrinology, BSMMU to measure serum vitamin D by high performance liquid chromatography method. Results: Both vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml) (87.3% vs. 74.5%, p < 0.03) and severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/ml) (56.2% vs. 26.3%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in people with T2DM than control population. The mean level of 25(OH)D was significantly lower in adults with T2DM than control population (12.41 ± 6.85 ng/ml vs. 15.74 ± 6.25 ng/ml, p < 0.001). A significant inverse correlation was observed between vitamin D & HbA1c (r = -0.249, p = 0.011) in patients with T2DM. HbA1c was linearly associated with vitamin D (β = -0.26, p = 0.009) and severe vitamin D deficiency by binary (OR = 1.37, p = 0.003) and multinomial logistic regression (HbA1c ≥ 10%: OR = 4.25, p = 0.04) in people with T2DM after adjustment for age and BMI. Conclusions: Severe vitamin D deficiency was positively associated with T2DM and inversely associated with HbA1c in patients with newly detected T2DM.

佩戴扫描式葡萄糖监测系统对儿童和青少年新发1型糖尿病患者血糖控制、残存胰岛功能和患者报告结局的影响

目的比较扫描式葡萄糖监测(FGM)和自我血糖监测(SMBG)对近1年内临床诊断为1型糖尿病(T1DM)的儿童、青少年患者的血糖控制、残存胰岛功能和患者报告结局的影响。方法将2016年1月至2020年1月在中南大学湘雅二医院T1DM门诊就诊的133例新发T1DM的儿童、青少年患者分为2组:FGM组(n=82),SMBG组(n=51)。观察指标包括随访1年期间糖化血红蛋白(HbA_(1c)),空腹和餐后2 h血糖(FBG和2 h BG)、C肽(FCP和2 h CP),ΔCP(2 h CP-FCP),患者报告的低血糖和糖尿病自我管理及生活质量问卷等结果的变化。结果两组患者6个月时HbA1c均显著下降(均P<0.05),6~12个月期间FGM组HbA1c趋于平稳(P>0.05),12个月时SMBG组HbA1c较6个月时显著升高(P=0.001),且12个月时SMBG组HbA1c高于FGM组(P=0.001)。12个月时,FGM组的FBG与基线水平相当(P>0.05),而SMBG组的FBG较基线水平明显升高(P=0.006)。2 h BG仅在FGM组中第6个月和12个月时下降(均P<0.05)。SMBG组的FCP在12个月时显著降低(P<0.05),两组2 h CP、ΔCP均逐渐下降(均P<0.05)。FGM组在6、12个月时出现更多的低血糖事件(均P<0.05)。6个月时,FGM组T1DM自我管理量表(SMOD-A)评分有显著改善(P=0.001)。随访期间FGM组的生活质量评分稳定(P>0.05),而SMBG组的生活质量评分有下降趋势(P=0.052)。结论在新发儿童和青少年T1DM患者中,尽早应用FGM进行血糖管理有助于提升HbA1c和降低餐后血糖。此外,FGM佩戴6个月后患儿的自我管理能力有所提高。

2型糖尿病患者血清甲状腺激素检测的临床意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清甲状腺激素的变化情况及其与糖化血红蛋白、C肽的相关性。方法将84例2型糖尿病患者按空腹血糖值(FBG)分为3组:A组轻度增高组(6.10 mmol/L≤FBG<8.0 mmol/L)、B组中度增高组(8.0 mmol/L≤FBG<12.0 mmol/L)、C组重度增高组(FBG≥12.0 mmol/L),测定3组2型糖尿病患者和36名健康对照组血清甲状腺激素(FT3、T3、FT4、T4、TSH)、C肽、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平,观察2型糖尿病患者各分组中甲状腺激素水平变化特点,并分析其与HbA1c、C肽相关性。结果 2型糖尿病患者血清游离甲状腺原氨酸和甲状腺原氨酸(FT3、T3)水平明显低于对照组(F值分别为51.101、31.193,P<0.01),而其他甲状腺激素(FT4、T4、TSH)水平与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组2型糖尿病患者分组比较,C组FT3、T3水平较A组显著降低(P<0.01),其他甲状腺激素与另两组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。FT3与HbA1c呈负相关(r=-0.422,P<0.01),与C肽呈正相关(r=0.378,P<0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病患者随空腹血糖升高,血清FT3、T3水平呈下降趋势,测定甲状腺激素可反映患者糖代谢紊乱的程度。

即时糖化血红蛋白检验的临床应用

目的评价糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)即时检验(POCT)法和高效液相色谱(HPLC)法的一致性,探讨POCT法测定HbA1c临床应用的可能性。方法随机选取42例门诊糖尿病患者进行HbA1c的HPLC法和POCT法测定,评价2种方法的一致性和HbA1c POCT法临床应用的可行性。结果对2种测定方法进行配对t检验:不分组、HbA1c≤8.0%组、HbA1c>8.0%组,P值分别为0.226、0.899、0.080,两者之间差异无统计学意义;相关分析显示2种方法相关性良好(P<0.05);Bland-Altman一致性分析显示不分组、HbA1c≤8.0%组、HbA1c>8.0%组分别有97.62%、95.45%、95.00%的点位于界限以内。结论 HPLC法与POCT法检测HbA1c结果一致性好;POCT法能满足临床应用的需求,可以作为门诊快速检测HbA1c的较好方法。

23例1型糖尿病初发患儿免疫学改变与胰岛β细胞功能的关系

目的:观察1型糖尿病(T1DM)初发患儿细胞免疫与胰岛β细胞功能之间的关系。方法:T1DM组23例初发患儿均测定淋巴细胞亚群(T细胞、B细胞及NK细胞)、HbA1c、INS、C-P,正常对照组20例,测定淋巴细胞亚群。结果:T1DM组CD4、CD4/CD8较正常对照组升高(P<0.05);CD8、CD3-CD56+较对照组降低(P<0.05);CD4/CD8比值与HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.9451,P<0.01),而与INS呈负相关(r=-0.1020,P<0.01),与C-P呈负相关(r=-0.6174,P<0.01);CD3-CD56+与HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.1320,P<0.01),而与INS呈正相关(r=-0.0846,P<0.01),与C-P呈负相关(r=-0.3224,P<0.01)。结论:T1DM初发患者CD4、CD4/CD8明显增高,CD8、CD3-CD56+明显降低,提示细胞免疫功能改变与胰岛β细胞功能损伤密切相关。

2型糖尿病患者不同血糖控制水平葡萄糖转运蛋白1/4的表达及其对巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子的影响

目的探讨T2DM患者不同血糖控制水平葡萄糖转运蛋白1/4(GLUT1/4)的表达及其对迁移抑制因子(MIF)的影响。方法选取T2DM患者84例(研究组)及正常健康成志愿者70名(NC组)。根据HbA1c水平将研究组再分为低水平亚组(LH)29例(HbA1c<7.0%);中水平亚组(MH)28例(7.0%≤HbA1c<10.0%);高水平亚组(HH)27例(HbA1c≥10.0%)。ELISA检测各组血浆GLUT1/4、MIF及FPG等相关指标;高效液相色谱法测定HbA1c水平;RT-PCR测定GLUT1/4、MIF表达情况。多元回归分析GLUT4与MIF、HbA1c的相关性。结果研究组FPG、2hPG、FIns与NC组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),ELISA与RT-PCR结果发现,研究组GLUT1与NC组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HH、MH亚组HbA1c、FIns、HOMA-IR、2hPG、TNF-α、IL-6、细胞间黏附因子-1(ICAM-1)、MIF及GLUT4均高于LH亚组(P<0.05),HH亚组HbA1c、FIns、TNF-α、IL-6、ICAM-1、高敏C-反应蛋白(hsC-RP)、MIF及GLUT4高于MH亚组(P<0.05)。随着HbA1c水平的升高,各亚组GLUT4下降(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现,MIF、HbA1c是GLUT4的独立危险因素。结论HbA1c、MIF在T2DM中呈高表达,其与GLUT1无相关性,而与GLUT4呈负相关。

糖化血红蛋白水平和血糖波动与氧化应激关系的研究

目的探讨HbA_(1)c水平、血糖波动与氧化应激(OS)的关系。方法选取2017年8月至2019年8月于山西白求恩医院内分泌科住院的新诊断T2DM患者115例,分为低HbA_(1)c(5.5%~6.5%)组、中HbA_(1)c(6.5%~7.5%)组、高HbA_(1)c(7.5%~8.5%)组,行持续葡萄糖监测,记录包括平均血糖波动幅度(MAGE)、血糖标准差(SDBG)、最大血糖波动幅度(LAGE)及日间血糖平均绝对差(MODD);ELISA法测定OS血清指标8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG),分析HbA_(1)c水平和血糖波动与8-OHdG的关系。结果与低HbA_(1)c组比较,中HbA_(1)c组SDBG、MAGE升高(P<0.05);高HbA_(1)c组LAGE、SDBG、MAGE及MODD均高于低HbA_(1)c、中HbA_(1)c组(P<0.05)。随着HbA_(1)c水平升高,各组8-OHdG水平依次升高(P<0.01)。Pearson相关性分析显示,HbA_(1)c水平与LAGE、SDBG、MAGE及MODD呈正相关(P<0.01),高HbA_(1)c组8-OHdG与MAGE呈正相关(r=0.202,P=0.036)。结论 SDBG、MAGE是反映血糖波动更敏感的指标,HbA_(1)c<7.5%时显示血糖异常波动。T2DM患者血糖波动随HbA_(1)c水平升高而增加,OS随血糖波动增加而加重。

A preliminary evaluation of VEGF-A, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective： Decompensated chronic hyperglycemia often leads to late microvascular complications such as retinopathy, diabetic foot syndrome, and diabetic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGF-A） and its receptors in patients with well-controlled diabetes. Methods： The study was conducted on 31 patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes without microor macroangiopathy. Thirty healthy volunteers were enrolled in a control group. Serum concentrations of VEGF-A, VEGF receptors 1 and 2 （VEGFR1 and VEGFR2）, fasting glucose, and lipid profiles were measured, and the plasma concentration of glycated hemoglobin （HbAlc） was determined. Results： No significant differences were observed between the concentration of VEGF-A, VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 in the subject group and that in the control group. Positive correlations were noted between the levels of VEGF-A, VEGFR2, and triglyceride, and there was a negative correlation between the levels of VEGFR2 and high-density lipoprotein （HDL）-cholesterel in the study group. Conclusions： The concentrations of VEGF-A and its receptors 1 and 2 in patients with well-controlled diabetes are comparable to those of healthy individuals, which may indicate that appropriate control of glucose levels delays the occurrence of vascular complications. A negative correlation between VEGFR2 and HDL-cholesterol levels, and positive correlations between VEGF-A, VEGFR2, and triglyceride levels, suggest that lipid abnormalities occurring in diabetes may be involved in the modulation of angiogenesis.