Synthesis and Hydrophilic Performance of Poly(Lactic Acid)-Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Block Copolymers

Lactide was synthesized using lactic acid and stannous octoate as raw material and catalyst, respectively. Poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) was prepared by lactide and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) via ring-opening polymerization. The most appropriate technological conditions of synthesis of lactide were researched in the paper. The copolymers were measured by Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The results proved that the lactide and PLA-PEG were synthesized successfully. Hydrophilic performance of the copolymer was measured by a water contact angle tester after prepared into a flat membrane. The water contact angle changed from 81.5? to 71.6?, which proved that the hydrophily of PLA-PEG was better than PLA.

High-gravity technology intensified Knoevenagel condensation-Michael addition polymerization of poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (n-butyl cyanoacrylate) for blood-brain barrier delivery

Poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate)(PEG-PBCA)is a remarkable drug delivery carrier for permeating blood-brain barrier.In this work,a novel high-gravity procedure was reported to intensify Knoevenagel condensation-Michael addition polymerization of PEG-PBCA.A series of PEG-PBCA containing different block ratios were synthesized with narrow molecular weight distribution of polydispersity indexes less than 1.1.Furthermore,the reaction time reduced 60%compared to conventional stirred tank reactor process.Chemical structures of as-prepared polymers were characterized.In vitro drug delivery performance was evaluated.The cytotoxicity of PEG-PBCA to brain microvessel endothelial cells(BMVEC)decreases with the extension of the PEG chain and the shortening of the PBCA chain.The polymer cellular uptake to BMVECs was better after improving hydrophilicity by PEG block.Results of bloodbrain barrier permeability demonstrated that medium length of PBCA chain and short PEG chain are favorable for hydrophobic Nile red permeation,while long PEG chain and short PBCA chain are beneficial to delivery water-soluble doxorubicin hydrochloride(Dox).The average apparent permeability coeffi-cient increased 1.7 and 0.25 times than that of raw Nile red and Dox,respectively.High-gravity intensi-fied condensation polymerization should have great potential in brain drug delivery system.

Photodegradation Behavior of Polycaprolactone-Poly(ethylene glycol)Block Copolymer

The biodegradation behavior in vitro and in vivo of polycaprolactone-poly (ethylene glycol) block copolymer (PCE) was reported in detail. In this paper, photodegradation test of PCE was performed by exposure to UV light. The mechanical properties and the inherent viscosity of PCE samples which are subjected to photodegradation were determined. The experimental results indicated that poly (ethylene glycol) (PEO) segment in PCE copolymer is photosensitive. The photodegra-dation rate of the PCE was increased with increasing poly (ethylene glycol) content.

Preparation and characterization of biodegradable nanoparticles from methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide)block copolymers as novel drug carriers

Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide) block copolymers (PEG-PLA) were prepared through ring-opening polymerization.The oil in water suspension method was used to prepare block copolymer micelles. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) by fluorescence spectroscopy was 0.0056 mg·ml -1 . The physical state of the inner core region of micelles was characterized with 1HNMR. The size of indomethacin (IMC) loaded micelles measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed narrow monodisperse size distribution and the average diameters were less than 50 nm. In addition, the nanoparticles with relatively high drug loading content (DLC) were obtained.

Aggregation of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate in Poly-ethylene Glycol Aqueous Solutions Studied by Two-dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy

Two-dimensional nuclear overhauser enhancement (2D NOESY)measurements show that sodium dodecyl sulfonate SDSN molecules co-aggregate with poly-ethylene glycol PEG in their aqueous solution at a concentration range of SDSN between the so-called co-aggregation concentration (cac) and the. Normal critical micellar concentration (cmc). SDSN micelles are formed when the cmc of SDSN is reached with PEG uniformly distributed in the interior.

Transplantation of Nogo-66 receptor gene-silenced cells in a poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Inhibition of neurite growth, which is in large part mediated by the Nogo-66 receptor, affects neural regeneration following bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. The tissue engineering scaffold poly（D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid） has good histocompatibility and can promote the growth of regenerating nerve fibers. The present study used small interfering RNA to silence Nogo-66 receptor gene expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Schwann cells, which were subsequently transplanted with poly（D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid） into the spinal cord lesion regions in rats. Simultaneously, rats treated with scaffold only were taken as the control group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry revealed that at 4 weeks after transplantation, rats had good motor function of the hind limb after treatment with Nogo-66 receptor gene-silenced ceils prus the poly（O,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid） scaffold compared with rats treated with scaffold only, and the number of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and neuron-like cells was also increased. At 8 weeks after transplantation, horseradish peroxidase tracing and transmission electron microscopy showed a large number of unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers, as well as intact regenerating axonal myelin sheath following spinal cord hemisection injury. These experimental findings indicate that transplantation of Nogo-66 receptor gene-silenced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Schwann cells plus a poly（D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid） scaffold can significantly enhance axonal regeneration of spinal cord neurons and improve motor function of the extremities in rats following spinal cord injury.

青蒿琥酯纳米胶束制备及其体内药动学、抗肿瘤活性研究

目的制备青蒿琥酯纳米胶束,并考察体内药动学和抗肿瘤活性。方法以聚乙二醇单甲醚-聚乳酸-聚组氨酸(mPEG-PLA-PHis)为载体制备纳米胶束,单因素试验结合Box-Behnken响应面法优化处方,测定包封率、载药量、沉降率、粒径、Zeta电位、体外释药。12只H_(22)荷瘤小鼠随机分为2组,分别尾静脉注射给予青蒿琥酯注射液和青蒿琥酯纳米胶束(1 mg/kg),于不同时间点采血,HPLC法测定青蒿琥酯血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。36只H_(22)肝癌荷瘤小鼠随机分为6组,即模型组(生理盐水)、阳性组(20 mg/kg环磷酰胺)、青蒿琥酯注射液组(30 mg/kg)及青蒿琥酯纳米胶束低、中、高剂量组(10、20、30 mg/kg),末次给药3 d后记录体质量和瘤重,计算抑瘤率。结果最佳处方为mPEG-PLA-PHis与青蒿琥酯比例10.18∶1,青蒿琥酯质量浓度0.48 mg/mL,水化时间0.96 h,包封率、载药量、沉降率、粒径、Zeta电位分别为(94.27±1.26)%、(8.26±0.18)%、(4.19±0.20)%、(65.14±4.96)nm、-(17.64±1.06)mV。纳米胶束在弱酸性介质中的累积释放度高于在弱碱性介质中,具有pH敏感性。与注射液比较,纳米胶束t_(1/2)、MRT延长(P<0.01),CL降低(P<0.01),AUC_(0~t)升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,青蒿琥酯纳米胶束不同剂量组小鼠体质量无明显变化(P>0.05),瘤重下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),以中剂量组更明显,抑瘤率达55.40%。结论青蒿琥酯纳米胶束包封率较高,体内抗肿瘤活性较强。

聚乙二醇化环维黄杨星D的合成及结构表征

将亲水性的聚乙二醇接枝到环维黄杨星D的氨基侧链上,得到一系列未见报道的聚乙二醇化环维黄杨星D,用IR,1H-NM R对产物进行了表征分析,同时进行了水溶性、水接触角及溶血性实验。结果表明,活化的聚乙二醇被成功地接枝到环维黄杨星D上,使其后者亲水性得到了很大的提高,且对红细胞无破坏作用,有优良的血液相容性,为开发环维黄杨星D新型静脉注射剂提供了实验依据。

聚乙二醇单甲醚一聚(D,L-乳酸)嵌段共聚物的研究

采用熔融缩聚反应合成一系列聚(D,L-乳酸)(PDLLA)/聚乙二醇单甲醚(mPEG)两亲性二嵌段共聚物(PEDLLA),采用IR、1H-NMR、DSC、WAXD和TEM等手段分析和研究PEDLLA的结构与性能。实验结果表明,PEDLLA的结构和组成与设计相一致,结晶度和熔点均低于均聚物,且随着PEDLLA中PDLLA含量的增加,mPEG嵌段熔点降低,随着PDLLA嵌段相对分子质量的增大,PEDLLA降解速率增大。载药纳米粒呈核壳结构,载药量达30%。

聚乙二醇甲醚聚(D,L-乳酸)嵌段共聚物纳米胶束的制备

采用熔融缩聚反应合成了一系列聚 (D ,L 乳酸 ) (PDLLA) /聚乙二醇单甲醚 (mPEG)两亲性二嵌段共聚物 (PEDLLA) ,采用纳米沉淀技术制备PEDLLA纳米胶束 ,运用动态光散射法、氢核磁光谱法、芘荧光探针技术、紫外光谱法研究了PEDLLA纳米胶束。结果表明 ,胶束呈核壳结构 ,粒径为纳米级 ,受PDLLA链段相对分子质量和有机相中共聚物浓度的影响 ,PEDLLA的临界胶束浓度 (CMC)小于 2 4 3× 10 -6mol/L ,且随着PDLLA链段相对分子质量的增大而减小。

聚乙二醇-b-聚(D，L-丙交酯-CO-碳酸丙二酯)的胶束化及其药物控释研究

通过开环共聚合成了由D，L-丙交酯、碳酸丙二酯和聚乙二醇构成的两亲性嵌段共聚物（PETLA），研究了PETLA胶束化及药物控释行为，嵌段共聚物和胶束通过核磁共振（^1H-NMR）、荧光分光光度计、凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、动态光散射（DLS）、透射电镜（TEM）和紫外光谱（UV）表征。实验结果发现临界胶束浓度随共聚物疏水链段长度增加而减小，胶束直径随疏水链段长度增加而增大。透射电镜照片表明载药胶束MTI直径为30～40nm，呈规则球形。体外释药表明9-NC以可控方式释放，突释后药物释放速率接近零级恒速。

四臂星形嵌段共聚物s-PDLLA-b-PEG的合成

季戊四醇与D,L-丙交酯开环聚合制得末端为羟基的四臂星形聚乳酸(s-PDLLA);s-PDLLA与羧基封端的聚乙二醇单甲醚(CT-mPEG)完成酯化反应,合成了以季戊四醇为核,以聚乳酸为内部嵌段、聚乙二醇为外部嵌段的四臂星形聚(D,L-乳酸)-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物(s-PDLLA-b-PEG),其结构经1H NMR,IR和GPC表征。

制备聚(L-乳酸-co-乙醇酸)/聚D-乳酸共混物立构复合物的新方法

首次以高分子量的聚(L-乳酸-co-乙醇酸)(PLLGA)和D-聚乳酸(PDLA)[m(PLLGA)∶m(PDLA)=3∶1,c 50 m L·g-1]为原料,氯仿为溶剂,等体积的甲醇为沉淀剂,于50℃蒸发4 h形成了PLLGA和PDLA的立构复合物(sc-PLA),其结构和性能经XRD,DSC和TGA表征。结果表明:sc-PLA的结晶度达96.2%,热失重5%温度为342℃(PLLGA为304℃)。

一种生物可降解材料PDLLA-(MAh-PEG)_n-PDLLA的合成与表征

丙交酯(LA)开环聚合时同时引入功能性单体合成含活性基团的可降解聚合物,是目前对聚乳酸(PLA)类材料进行改性的一个重要研究方向。文中首先以聚乙二醇(PEG)和马来酸酐(MAh)为原料,采用溶液缩聚法制得聚乙二醇与马来酸酐的交替预聚物(MAh-PEG)n;然后以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,(MAh-PEG)n为引发剂,引发D,L-丙交酯(D,L-LA)开环聚合,制得聚(D,L-乳酸)(PDLLA)与(MAh-PEG)n的共聚物PDLLA-(MAh-PEG)n-PDLLA。采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、核磁共振(NMR)等方法对共聚物的结构和性质进行研究。结果发现,随着(MAh-PEG)n用量的增加,共聚物的分子量有所下降。这种聚合物的主链含有不饱和双键和亲水性的链段,预计将成为一种新的生物可降解材料。

Co-delivery of resveratrol and docetaxel via polymeric micelles to improve the treatment of drug-resistant tumors

Co-delivery of anti-cancer drugs is promising to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment.This study was aiming to investigate the potential of concurrent delivery of resveratrol(RES)and docetaxel(DTX)via polymeric nanocarriers to treat breast cancer.To this end,methoxyl poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide)copolymer(mPEG-PDLA)was prepared and characterized using FTIR and 1H NMR,and their molecular weights were determined by GPC.Isobologram analysis and combination index calculation were performed to find the optimal ratio between RES and DTX to against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line(MCF-7 cells).Subsequently,RES and DTX were loaded in the mPEG-PDLA micelles simultaneously,and the morphology,particle size distribution,in vitro release,pharmacokinetic profiles,as well as cytotoxicity to the MCF-7 cells were characterized.IC50 of RES and DTX in MCF-7 cells were determined to be 23.0μg/ml and 10.4μg/ml,respectively,while a lower IC50 of 4.8μg/ml of the combination of RES and DTX was obtained.The combination of RES and DTX at a ratio of 1:1(w/w)generated stronger synergistic effect than other ratios in the MCF-7 cells.RES and DTX loaded mPEG-PDLA micelles exhibited prolonged release profiles,and enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro against MCF-7 cells.The AUC(0→t)of DTX and RES in mPEG-PDLA micelles after i.v.administration to rats were 3.0-fold and 1.6-fold higher than that of i.v.injections of the individual drugs.These findings indicated that the co-delivery of RES and DTX using mPEG-PDLA micelles could have better treatment of tumors.

Mild hypothermia combined with a scaffold of Ng Rsilenced neural stem cells/Schwann cells to treat spinal cord injury

Because the inhibition of Nogo proteins can promote neurite growth and nerve cell differentiation, a cell-scaffold complex seeded with Nogo receptor （NgR）-silenced neural stem cells and Schwann cells may be able to improve the microenvironment for spinal cord injury repair. Previous studies have found that mild hypothermia helps to attenuate secondary damage in the spinal cord and exerts a neuroprotective effect. Here, we constructed a cell-scaffold complex consisting of a poly（D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid） （PLGA） scaffold seeded with NgR-silenced neural stem cells and Schwann cells, and determined the effects of mild hypothermia combined with the cell-scaffold complexes on the spinal cord hemi-transection injury in the T9 segment in rats. Compared with the PLGA group and the NgR-silencing cells ＋ PLGA group, hindlimb motor function and nerve electrophysiological function were dearly improved, pathological changes in the injured spinal cord were attenuated, and the number of surviving cells and nerve fibers were increased in the group treated with the NgR-silenced cell scaffold ＋ mild hypothermia at 34℃ for 6 hours. Furthermore, fewer pathological changes to the injured spinal cord and more surviving cells and nerve fibers were found after mild hypothermia therapy than in injuries not treated with mild hypothermia. These experimental results indicate that mild hypothermia combined with NgR gene-silenced cells in a PLGA scaffold may be an effective therapy for treating spinal cord injury.

A thorough analysis of the effect of surfactant/s on the solubility and pharmacokinetics of (S)-zaltoprofen

Until now, there are no publications about the preformulation studies on(S)-zaltoprofen((S)-ZPF). Hence, we first investigated the solubility of(S)-ZPF, screened solubilizers and performed the pharmacokinetic study of(S)-ZPF in the presence of the solubilizers. The measurement of the solubility of(S)-ZPF in 26 different solvents was carried out, including d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate(TPGS), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HPCD), and mixtures of individual solvent. The plasma concentration of(S)-ZPF and the amount of(S)-ZPF retained in stomach were determined after oral(35.0 mg/kg) and intravenous(5.0 mg/kg) administration. The solubility of(S)-ZPF showed an increase of 484-fold in TPGS compared to its aqueous solubility. There was a significant increase of AUC 0-24 h for pure(S)-ZPF in the TPGS group(813.59 ± 64.17 μg h/ml) in comparison with AUC 0-24 h in the HPCD group(595.57 ± 71.76 μg h/ml) and water group(465.57 ± 90.89 μg h/ml). In addition, the T max of(S)-ZPF in the TPGS group was 2 h, much faster than that in the HPCD or water groups(5.50 or 5.67 h, respectively). This suggested that TPGS played a significant role in the increase of solubility and bioavailability of(S)-ZPF.

包被siRNA的叶酸改性聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯纳米材料的制备及其表征

目的构建可以稳定负载并有效释放siRNA的叶酸改性聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯(FA-TPGS)纳米材料并观测其对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞毒性和剪切型X-框结合蛋白1(XBP1s)表达水平的影响。方法将FA-TPGS与罗丹明B(RhB)标记的XBP1 siRNA按照5∶1比例混合均匀得到包被XBP1 siRNA的纳米复合物(FT@XBP1)。通过透射电镜、动态光散射、紫外可见光谱和荧光光谱分析对FT@XBP1表征,同时计算XBP1 siRNA从FT@XBP1纳米载体中释放的药量。应用扫描电镜(SEM)、CCK-8以及流式细胞术检测FT@XBP1的细胞毒性,并应用Western blot法检测FT@XBP1对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中XBP1s的抑制作用。结果FA-TPGS与siRNA具有良好的结合作用,其中FT@XBP1的平均粒径为(200±20)nm。相对释放结果提示,酸性环境(pH 5.0)有利于siRNA从FT@XBP1中释放。CCK-8和凋亡实验均显示,FT@XBP1对RAW264.7细胞的增殖和凋亡影响较小,且FT@XBP1处理可显著抑制RAW264.7中XBP1s蛋白的表达(P<0.001)。结论叶酸修饰的TPGS纳米载体可有效包载XBP1 siRNA,抑制巨噬细胞XBP1s表达且细胞相容性良好。

The biological fate of the polymer nanocarrier material monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactic acid)in rat

Monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactic acid)(PEG-PLA)is a typical amphiphilic di-block copolymer widely used as a nanoparticle carrier(nanocarrier)in drug delivery.Understanding the in vivo fate of PEG-PLA is required to evaluate its overall safety and promote the development of PEG-PLA-based nanocarrier drug delivery systems.However,acquiring such understanding is limited by the lack of a suitable analytical method for the bioassay of PEG-PLA.In this study,the pharmacokinetics,biodistribution,metabolism and excretion of PEG-PLA were investigated in rat after intravenous administration.The results show that unchanged PEG-PLA is mainly distributed to spleen,liver,and kidney before being eliminated in urine over 48 h mainly(>80%)in the form of its PEG metabolite.Our study provides a clear and comprehensive picture of the in vivo fate of PEG-PLA which we anticipate will facilitate the scientifc design and safety evaluation of PEG-PLA-based nanocarrier drug delivery systems and thereby enhance their clinical development.

Polar solvent induced in-situ self-assembly and oxygen vacancies on Bi_(2)MoO_(6)for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline

It has been proved to be an effective route to efficiently ameliorate photocatalytic performance of catalysts via designing three-dimensional(3D)hierarchical nanostructures and constructing oxygen vacancies(VOs).However,controlling the self-assembly of organization into 3D hierarchical nanostructures while introducing VOs in photocatalysts remains a challenge.Herein,we reported an ethylene glycol(EG)mediated approach to craft 3D hydrangea-structure Bi_(2)MoO_(6)with VOs for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline.Through manipulating the EG concentration during the fabrication process,the influence of EG concentration on the Bi_(2)MoO_(6)structure was systematically investigated.EG could promote the self-assembly of Bi_(2)MoO_(6)nanosheets to form a 3D hierarchical structure.Compared with 2D nanoplates,3D hierarchical architecture enhanced the surface area and the amount of active sites of Bi_(2)MoO_(6).In addition,the reduction effect of EG on metallic oxide enabled the generation of VOs in Bi_(2)MoO_(6).The VOs adjusted the electronic structure of Bi_(2)MoO_(6),which not only enhanced the light harvesting,but also facilitated the simultaneous utilization of photo-induced electrons and holes to form reactive oxygen species(·O2−and·OH)for the efficient tetracycline decomposition.3D Bi_(2)MoO_(6)hydrangea with VOs achieved a 79.4%removal efficiency of tetracycline after 75 min.This work provides a simple yet robust EG-mediated strategy,which not only promotes the self-assembly of nano-catalysts into 3D hierarchical architectures,but also crafts tunable VOs for highly efficient photocatalysis.