Elevated fluid and glycosaminoglycan content in the Achilles tendon contribute to higher intratendinous pressures:Implications for Achilles tendinopathy

Background:Tendinopathy alters the compositional properties of the Achilles tendon by increasing fluid and glycosaminoglycan content.It has been speculated that these changes may affect intratendinous pressure,but the extent of this relationship remains unclear.Therefore,we aimed to investigate the impact of elevated fluid and glycosaminoglycan content on Achilles tendon intratendinous pressure and to determine whether hyaluronidase(HYAL) therapy can intervene in this potential relationship.Methods:Twenty paired fresh-frozen cadaveric Achilles tendons were mounted in a tensile-testing machine and loaded up to 5% strain.Intratendinous resting(at 0% strain) and dynamic pressure(at 5% strain) were assessed using the microcapillary infusion technique.First,intratendinous pressure was measured under native conditions before and after infusion of 2 mL physiological saline.Next,80 mg of glycosaminoglycans were administered bilaterally to the paired tendons.The right tendons were additionally treated with 1500 units of HYAL.Finally,both groups were retested,and the glycosaminoglycan content was analyzed.Results:It was found that both elevated fluid and glycosaminoglycan content resulted in higher intratendinous resting and dynamic pressures(p <0.001).HYAL treatment induced a 2.3-fold reduction in glycosaminoglycan content(p=0.002) and restored intratendinous pressures.Conclusion:The results of this study demonstrated that elevated fluid and glycosaminoglycan content in Achilles tendinopathy contribute to increased intratendinous re sting and dynamic pressures,which can be explained by the associated increased volume and reduced permeability of the tendon matrix,respectively.HYAL degrades glycosaminoglycans sufficiently to lower intratendinous pressures and may,therefore,serve as a promising treatment.

Assessment of Glycosaminoglycan Content of Lumbar Intervertebral Discs in Patients with Radiculopathy

Objective: To assess glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs) in patients with radiculopathy compared with healthy volunteers with glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST). Methods: The lumbar spines of 15 patients with radiculopathy (9 women, 6 men;mean age 45 years;range: 19 - 80 years) and 13 healthy controls (10 women, 3 men;mean age 29 years;range: 19 - 38 years) without lumbar back pain or previous spine surgery were examined at a 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner in this prospective study. The MRI protocol included standard morphological, sagittal, and transverse T2-weighted (T2w) images of the five lumbar IVDs (L1-S1) to assess Pfirrmann score and to detect disc disorders according to the Combined Task Force classification. To analyze biochemically the lumbar IVDs, a gagCEST sequence was applied to measure the GAG content of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF). Results: Patients with radiculopathy indicated significantly lower gagCEST values in NP than healthy volunteers (2.82% &plusmn;3.12% vs. 4.09% &plusmn;2.25%, P = 0.017). The GAG content of AF showed no significant difference between volunteers and patients (2.66% &plusmn;2.01% vs. 1.92% &plusmn;2.56%;P = 0.175). Conclusions. Patients with radiculopathy presented with lower GAG values than healthy volunteers in NP, indicating an association between pain and IVD degeneration. gagCEST of lumbar IVDs is a powerful, non-invasive tool to investigate early disc degeneration, which we could demonstrate in the NP in our study collective.

Glycosaminoglycan remodeling during diabetes and the role of dietary factors in their modulation

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs) play a significant role in various aspects of cell physiology.These are complex polymeric molecules characterized by disaccharides comprising of uronic acid and amino sugar.Compounded to the heterogeneity,these are variously sulfated and epimerized depending on the class of GAG.Among the various classes of GAG,namely,chondroitin/dermatan sulfate,heparin/heparan sulfate,keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid(HA),only HA is non-sulfated.GAGs are known to undergo remodeling in various tissues during various pathophysiological conditions,diabetes mellitus being one among them.These changes will likely affect their structure thereby impinging on their functionality.Till date,diabetes has been shown to affect GAGs in organs such as kidney,liver,aorta,skin,erythrocytes,etc.to name a few,with deleterious consequences.One of the mainstays in the treatment of diabetes is though dietary means.Various dietary factors are known to play a significant role in regulating glucose homeostasis.Furthermore,in recent years,there has been a keen interest to decipher the role of dietary factors on GAG metabolism.This review focuses on the remodeling of GAGs in various organs during diabetes and their modulation by dietary factors.While effect of diabetes on GAG metabolism has been worked out quite a bit,studies on the role of dietary factors in their modulation has been few and far between.We have tried our best to give the latest reports available on this subject.

Pores Created by Laser Surface Modification of Poly(vinylalcohol)-Collagen with Glycosaminoglycan Scaffold for Cell Culture in Tissue Engineering

A PVA-GAG-COL composite scaffold is fabricated by polyvinyl alcohol （PVA）, glyeosaminoglycan （GAG） and collagen （COL）. Laser surface modification technology is used to make holes on the surface of the scaffolds. Inside and outside interconnection micro-porous structure is obtained. Bioeompatibility test of the scaffolds shows that PVA-GAG-COL scaffold can promote the adhesion and proliferation of the fibroblast. Also, fibroblast can grow normally on the scaffolds with pore diameter from 115 um to 255 um and pore distance from 500 um to 2000 um. PVA-GAG-COL scaffolds possess excellent cell biocompatibility. The porous structure is suitable for cell culture in tissue engineering.

Enhancement of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 accompanied with neurogenesis following collagen glycosaminoglycan matrix implantation after surgical brain injury

Surgical brain injury may result in irreversible neurological deficits. Our previous report showed that partial regeneration of a traumatic brain lesion is achieved by implantation of collagen glycosaminoglycan（CGM）. Matrix metalloproteinases（MMPs） may play an important role in neurogenesis but there is currently a lack of studies displaying the relationship between the stimulation of MMPs and neurogenesis after collagen glycosaminoglycan implantation following surgical brain trauma. The present study was carried out to further examine the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 after implantation of collagen glycosaminoglycan（CGM） following surgical brain trauma. Using the animal model of surgically induced brain lesion, we implanted CGM into the surgical trauma. Rats were thus divided into three groups：（1） sham operation group： craniotomy only;（2） lesion（L） group： craniotomy ＋ surgical trauma lesion;（3） lesion ＋ CGM（L ＋ CGM） group： CGM implanted following craniotomy and surgical trauma lesion. Cells positive for SOX2（marker of proliferating neural progenitor cells） and matrix metalloproteinases（MMP2 and MMP9） in the lesion boundary zone were assayed and analyzed by immunofluorescence and ELISA commercial kits, respectively. Our results demonstrated that following implantation of CGM after surgical brain trauma, significant increases in MMP2^＋/SOX2^＋ cells and MMP9^＋/SOX2^＋ cells were seen within the lesion boundary zone in the L ＋ CGM group. Tissue protein concentrations of MMP2 and MMP9 also increased after CGM scaffold implantation. These findings suggest that implantation of a CGM scaffold alone after surgical brain trauma can enhance the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 accompanied by neurogenesis.

兔关节软骨细胞体外培养的生物学特性及中药黄芪对其的影响

目的:研究兔关节软骨细胞与海藻酸钠复合体外培养的生物学特性及中药黄芪对其的影响。方法:取5个月龄兔膝关节软骨分离成软骨细胞悬液分组培养,A组只用培养液培养,B组用含2%黄芪注射液的培养液培养。分别于第2、4、6、8周进行细胞组织形态学、糖胺多糖(GAG)含量的测定及Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达的观察。结果:①两组于第4～6周体外培养的软骨细胞合成糖胺多糖的能力及Ⅱ型胶原蛋白的表达均达高峰,6周后逐渐下降;②B组软骨细胞合成糖胺多糖及Ⅱ型胶原蛋白的能力均比同期A组增强,具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:软骨细胞与海藻酸钠复合培养,可保持软骨细胞的表型,用其构建组织工程化软骨是可行的。黄芪有促进软骨细胞合成Ⅱ型胶原和GAG的作用。

Evaluation of Glycosaminoglycan in the Lumbar Disc Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MR at 3.0 Tesla:Reproducibility and Correlation with Disc Degeneration

Objective This study aims to explore the clinical applicability and relevance of giycosaminoglycan Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer （gagCEST） for intervertebral disc. Methods 25 subjects ranging in age from 24 yrs to 74 yrs were enrolled, gagCEST was acquired using a single-slice TSE sequence on a 3T. Saturation used a continuous rectangular RF pulse with B1=0.8 I^T and a fixed duration time =1100 ms. Sagittal image was obtained firstly without saturation pulse, and then saturated images were acquired at 52 offsets ranging from ＋0.i25 to ＋_7 parts per million （ppm）. MR T2 relaxivity map was acquired at the identical location. Six subjects were scanned twice to assess scan-rescan reproducibility. Results GagCEST intraclass correlation coefficient （ICC） of six subjects was 0.759 for nucleus pulposus （NP） and 0.508 for annulus fibrosus （AF）. Bland-Altman plots showed NP had a mean difference of 0.10% （95% limits of agreement： -3.02% to 3.22%）; while that of AF was 0.34% （95% limits of agreement： -2.28% to 2.95%）. For the 25 subjects, gag CEST in NP decreased as disc degeneration increased, with a similar trend to T2 relaxivity. Gag CEST of AF showed a better correlation with disc degeneration than T2 relaxivity. Conclusion GagCEST in NP and AF decreased as disc degeneration increased, while gagCEST in AF showed a better correlation than T2 relaxivity.

Polyvinyl Alcohol-Collagen Composite with Glycosaminoglycan as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

The aim of this study is to prepare a PVA-GAG-COL composite material by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL),and to investigate the feasibility of serving as a scaffold for tissue engineering. PVA was blended with various amounts of GAG and COL. Different proportional scaffolds could be obtained with different molecular weight and alcoholysis degree of PVA and different amounts of GAG,which exhibited high water content (60%-95%) and showed different inner configuration with swelling ratio (120%-620%). SEM proved that different composite materials had different porous structures.

Quantitative detection and comparison of sulfate glycosaminoglycans content in extracellular matrix of in vitro cultured epiphyseal, articular and rib chondrocytes

Objective To establish a method for quantitative detection of the sulfate glycosaminoglycans ( GAG) content in extracellular matrix of in vitro cultured chondrocytes so as to evaluate the biological characteristics of epiphyseal, articular and rib chondrocytes. Methods Sulfate GAG content in extracellular matrix of three chondrocytes was measured by the modified dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) method. The changes of the toluidine blue (TB) stain of chondrocytes were observed by light microscope. Results Primary chondrocytes had the highest content of sulfate GAG in the extracellular matrix, ie, epiphyseal chondrocytes reached ( 70. 12 ± 7. 72 )μg/cm2, articular chondrocytes (92.00 ± 10.15) μg/cm2 and rib chondrocytes (80.61 ± 11. 40) μg/cm2, respectively. On the third pasage chondrocytes, epiphyceal chondrocytes decreased to (53.27 ± 9. 50 ) μg/cm2, articular chondrocytes to (63.88 ± 11.92) μg/cm2 and rib chondrocytes to (58.94 ±8.21) μg/cm2, respectively. The change of TB in every passage

Anti-Inflammatory Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides from Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H Capsule:Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

Capsular polysaccharides(CPS)of Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H consist of linear tetrasaccharides repeating units in a glycosaminoglycan-like fashion.Their biological function is likely involved in the cold adaptation of microbial organisms.The low availability of these glycosaminoglycan structures greatly limits the study of their functions and biological activities.Here,an efficient semisynthetic strategy for CPS tetrasaccharide derivatives is achieved by using disaccharide units degraded from hyaluronic acids.This new synthetic process is suitable for largescale preparation,and several rare tetrasaccharide derivatives containing GalA-GalNAc were readily obtained in high yields.Biological evaluation of their anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated that these CPS tetrasaccharides effectively attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and acute lung injury by decreasing macrophage infiltration and secretion of microphage-related cytokines in mice.All these results suggest that this new type of CPS tetrasaccharide can be developed as an anti-inflammation agent.

Research progress on the skincare efficacy of sulfated glycosaminoglycans

With the improvement of consumers’scientific skin care consciousness,skin problems-oriented efficacy skin care and precise skin care methods have become the future development trend.Glycosaminoglycans are long,linear polysaccharides comprised of repeated disaccharide units,which are highly expressed endogenously in the skin.They are commonly present in skin cells,cell surface and extracellular matrix,with pleiotropic biological function.In addition to hyaluronic acid,the sulfated glycosaminoglycans heparin,heparan sulfate,dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate play an important role in anti-wrinkle,firming,soothing,and improving microvascular circulation,but are still in the research and development stage in cosmetics.This paper summarizes the skincare mechanism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans,and demonstrates the potential of sulfated glycosaminoglycans as functional raw materials in cosmetics.

Preparation and Biocompatibility of Porous Poly(vinylalcohol)-Glycosaminoglycan-Collagen Scaffold

This paper aims to prepare a PVA-GAG-COL composite with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL) by the method of freeze drying and to investigate the feasibility as a tissue engineering scaffold for tissue or organ repairing. In this study, SEM was used to observe the morphology. Biocompatibility was tested by cell culture with the extracted fluid of composite materials. Different proportional scaffolds could be obtained with different concentrations and alcoholysis degree of PVA. Different proportional scaffolds also had different porous structures. SEM proved that large amount of porous structure could be formed. Biocompatibility test showed that the extracted fluid of composite materials was nontoxic, which could promote the adhesion and proliferation of the fibroblast. Fibroblast could grow on the scaffold normally.A porous scaffold for tissue engineering with high water content can be fabricated by PVA, GAG and COL, which has excellent cell biocompatibility. The porous structure shows potential in tissue engineering and cell culture.

糖胺聚糖在骨组织工程中的应用进展

骨组织缺损是目前最常见的医疗疾病之一。自体骨移植和同种异体骨移植等存在供体不足、移植物免疫反应及移植部位感染等不足,而骨组织工程(BTE)可通过合适的骨替代支架克服目前骨组织重建方法的局限性。骨支架材料应具有生物相容性、生物可再生性和仿生性。天然来源的糖胺聚糖(GAG)可模拟哺乳动物细胞外基质成分,具有稳定和持续释放生长因子、可调的孔隙率、磷酸钙成核位点、一定的黏弹性和保水性。因此,GAG具有调节生物矿化、稳定生长因子、促进细胞黏附及细胞信号转导等功能,可作为一种独特的生物材料广泛用于BTE。

The effect of reduced glutathione on the chondrogenesis of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells

It has been discussed whether reduced glutathione (GSH) could promote the chondrogenic differentiation ability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). hUC-MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord and their specificity was identified, then induced into cartilage-like cells in chondrogenic induction medium with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), especially with GSH. The morphological change before and after induction was observed through inverted phase contrast microscope, Type II collagen (COL2-A1) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were analyzed qualitatively by Toluidine blue and immunofluorescence technique, respectively, the contents of COL2-A1 and GAG were estimated from the determination of hydroxyproline content and Alcian Blue method separately. The mRNA expressions of GAG and COL2-A1 were assayed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. After continuously cultured for 21 days with GSH, Toluidine blue staining and immunofluorescence reaction were all positive in basic induction medium group (group B), basic induction medium +0.5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) group (group BD) and basic induction medium +0.5% DMSO +500 μM GSH group (group BDG). Moreover, compared with group B and group BD, the contents of COL2-A1 and GAG in group BDG relatively increased and the mRNA expression level of COL2-A1 and GAG also comparatively increased (P < 0.05) and both had a significant statistical significance (P < 0.05). So GSH might promote the induction of hUC-MSCs to differentiate into cartilage-like cells.

硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖在脊髓损伤中的研究进展

硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖(chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans,CSPGs)是中枢神经系统细胞外基质的组成部分,在中枢神经系统发育、正常维持及病理过程中都发挥着关键的作用。脊髓损伤后,损伤部位CSPGs的表达明显上调,这主要源于病变部位活化的星形胶质细胞。CSPGs的上调会限制脊髓损伤部位的轴突再生、传导和再髓鞘化,并且可以促进脊髓损伤中的炎症反应,不利于脊髓损伤后神经功能恢复。因此,抑制CSPGs可能是促进脊髓损伤后轴突再生和功能恢复的有效治疗方法。本文对CSPGs在脊髓损伤中的研究现状进行综述。

Quantitatively relating magnetic resonance T_(1)and T_(2)to glycosaminoglycan and collagen concentrations mediated by penetrated contrast agents and biomacromolecule-bound water

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is a promising non-invasive method to assess cartilage regeneration based on the quantitative relationship between MRI features and concentrations of the major components in the extracellular matrix(ECM).To this end,in vitro experiments are performed to investigate the relationship and reveal the underlying mechanism.A series of collagen(COL)and glycosaminoglycan(GAG)solutions at different concentrations are prepared,and T_(1)and T_(2)relaxation times are measured with or without a contrast agent(Gd-DTPA2−)by MRI.Fourier transform infrared spectrometry is also used to measure the contents of biomacromolecule-bound water and other water,allowing theoretical derivation of the relationship between biomacromolecules and the resulting T_(2)values.It has been revealed that the MRI signal in the biomacromolecule aqueous systems is mainly influenced by the protons in hydrogens of biomacromolecule-bound water,which we divide into inner-bound water and outer-bound water.We have also found that COL results in higher sensitivity of bound water than GAG in T_(2)mapping.Owing to the charge effect,GAG regulates the penetration of the contrast agent during dialysis and has a more significant effect on T_(1)values than COL.Considering that COL and GAG are the most abundant biomacromolecules in the cartilage,this study is particularly useful for the real-time MRI-guided assessment of cartilage regeneration.A clinical case is reported as an in vivo demonstration,which is consistent with our in vitro results.The established quantitative relation plays a critical academic role in establishing an international standard ISO/TS24560-1:2022‘Clinical evaluation of regenerative knee articular cartilage using delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage(dGEMRIC)and T_(2)mapping’drafted by us and approved by International Standard Organization.

Mucin-like glycopolymer gels in electrosensory tissues generate cues which direct electrolocation in amphibians and neuronal activation in mammals

Mucin-like glycoproteins have established roles in epithelial boundary protection and lubricative roles in some tissues.This mini-review illustrates alternative functional roles which rely on keratan sulphate and sialic acid modifications to mucin glycopolymers which convey charge properties suggestive of novel electroconductive properties not previously ascribed to these polymers.Many tumour cells express mucin-like glycopolymers modified with highly sulphated keratan sulphate and sialic which can be detected using diagnostic biosensors.The mucin-like keratan sulphate glycopolymer present in the ampullae of lorenzini is a remarkable sensory polymer which elasmobranch fish(sharks,rays,skate) use to detect weak electrical fields emitted through muscular activity of prey fish.Information on the proton gradients is conveyed to neuromast cells located at the base of the ampullae and mechanotransduced to neural networks.This ampullae keratan sulphate sensory gel is the most sensitive proton gradient detection polymer known in nature.This process is known as electrolocation,and allows the visualization of prey fish under conditions of low visibility.The bony fish have similar electroreceptors located along their lateral lines which consist of neuromast cells containing sensory hairs located within a cupula which contains a sensory gel polymer which detects distortions in fluid flow in channels within the lateral lines and signals are sent back to neural networks providing information on the environment around these fish.One species of dolphin,the Guiana dolphin,has electrosensory pits in its bill with similar roles to the ampullae but which have evolved from its vibrissal system.Only two terrestrial animals can undertake electrolocation,these are the Duck-billed platypus and long and short nosed Echidna.In this case the electrosensor is a highly evolved innervated mucous gland.The platypus has 40,000 electroreceptors around its bill through which it electrolocates food species.The platypus has poor eyesight,is a nocturnal feeder and closes its eyes,nostrils and ears when it hunts,so electrolocation is an essential sensory skill.Mammals also have sensory cells containing stereocilia which are important in audition in the organ of corti of the cochlea and in olfaction in the olfactory epithelium.The rods and cones of the retina also have an internal connecting cilium with roles in the transport of phototransduced chemical signals and activation of neurotransmitter release to the optic nerve.Mucin-like glycopolymer gels surround the stereocilia of these sensory hair cells but these are relatively poorly characterized however they deserve detailed characterization since they may have important functional attributes.

糖胺聚糖在骨组织工程中的作用机制及应用

背景:复杂骨缺损修复一直是临床上亟待解决的难题,利用生物功能化的组织工程材料促进骨组织再生修复是目前的研究热点之一。以往关于骨组织材料生物化修饰的研究集中于细胞内信号分子的修饰,而对胞外信号分子的修饰和调控作用研究较少。糖胺聚糖作为细胞外基质的重要信号分子,修饰于支架材料中发挥成骨作用是目前新兴研究方向。目的:对糖胺聚糖在骨组织工程的作用机制和应用进展做一综述。方法:检索PubMed数据库和中国知网收录的有关糖胺聚糖参与调控骨组织再生修复及其在骨组织工程中的作用机制与应用的文章,英文检索词为“glycosaminoglycans,proteoglycans,bone tissue engineering,bone tissue engineering materials,osteogenic differentiation”,中文检索词为“糖胺聚糖链、蛋白聚糖、骨组织工程、骨组织工程材料、成骨分化”。根据纳入与排除标准对所有文章进行初筛后,保留质量和相关性较高的文章85篇进行综述。结果与结论:(1)糖胺聚糖作为细胞外基质的重要组成部分和信号分子,不仅可以与生长因子结合协助其扩散,还可以促进受体与配体之间的相互作用从而调控骨再生信号通路传导。(2)在骨组织工程中,糖胺聚糖经过化学修饰和交联,或与其他天然或合成聚合物联合修饰于细胞支架中支持细胞黏附和增殖,以及作为信号分子为生长因子提供结合位点稳定生长因子并促进内外源性生长因子与其相应受体结合,可以实现有效的骨组织再生。(3)关于糖胺聚糖在骨组织工程中的应用还有诸多问题未解决,如糖胺聚糖局部长期应用的形式和安全性、对成骨细胞命运的确切作用机制以及合成纯化等问题,还需后续研究不断完善。

波纹巴非蛤氨基多糖的分离纯化及其理化性质的初步研究

以波纹巴非蛤全脏器为原料,经酶解、脱色、离心去蛋白、醇沉、干燥等工序得到氨基多糖粗制品(波纹巴非蛤CPG),CPG再经吸附、透析、CTAB络合等方法进行纯化,得到波纹巴非蛤氨基多糖较纯级分(波纹巴非蛤GAG-2)。成分分析表明:波纹巴非蛤GAG-2含有氨基己糖、己糖醛酸、硫酸基和少量的岩藻糖(Fuc)、半乳糖(Gal)。波纹巴非蛤GAG-2经琼脂糖凝胶电泳可再分为F-1、F-2两个级分;红外光谱与CS-6相似;体外抗肿瘤试验表明:0·5mg/mL波纹巴非蛤CPG对HL-60细胞的抑制率可达32·3%,与抗癌药物5-Fu合用时可使抑瘤率提高到56·7%,具显著增敏作用。

扇贝裙边中糖胺聚糖的气相色谱定性定量分析及红外光谱分析

目的 对栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝裙边中提取分离的糖胺聚糖进行化学组成及结构研究。方法 样品经盐酸-甲醇试剂醇解成单糖,采用标准对照法及内标法进行气相色谱定性定量测定。样品经KBr压片,红外光谱扫描(4000-500cm-1)。结果测定出栉孔扇贝糖胺聚糖中单糖含量分别为鼠李糖0.75％,木糖0.63％,岩藻糖0.67％,甘露糖0.97％,葡萄糖1.11％,半乳糖1.59％。红外光谱测定结果显示,栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝糖胺聚糖具有典型酸性黏多糖的吸收特征。结论从栉孔扇贝裙边中提取分离的糖胺聚糖,分子中含有中性糖基。与标准品的红外光谱进行比较,两种扇贝糖胺聚糖均与透明质酸的红外光谱相似。