Numerical study on the cavity dynamics for vertical water entries of twin spheres

In this study, a three dimensional(3D) numerical model of six-degrees-of-freedom(6DOF) is applied to simulate the water entries of twin spheres side-by-side at different lateral distances and time intervals.The turbulence structure is described using the shear-stress transport k-ω(SST k-ω) model, and the volume of fluid(VOF) method is used to track the complex air-liquid interface. The motion of spheres during water entry is simulated using an independent overset grid. The numerical model is verified by comparing the cavity evolution results from simulations and experiments. Numerical results reveal that the time interval between the twin water entries evidently affects cavity expansion and contraction behaviors in the radial direction. However, this influence is significantly weakened by increasing the lateral distance between the two spheres. In synchronous water entries, pressure is reduced on the midline of two cavities during surface closure, which is directly related to the cavity volume. The evolution of vortexes inside the two cavities is analyzed using a velocity vector field, which is affected by the lateral distance and time interval of water entries.

Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2

The spike protein(S)of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry,thus a major factor for host suscep-tibility,tissue tropism,virulence and pathogenicity.The S is divided with S1 and S2 region,and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain(RBD),while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell.Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various c leavage sites.In this article,we review host proteases including furin,trypsin,transmembrane protease serine 2(TMPRSS2)and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S.Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin.The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2,and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2'site to proteases such as type Il transmembrane serine proteases(TTPRs)including TMPRSS2.In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells,SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane.In the absence of TMPRSS2,SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry.Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed.This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2,and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.

Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein Enhances Zika Virus Translation by Binding to the 5'UTR of Internal Ribosomal Entry Site

Objectives To identify the 5'untranslated region of Zika virus(ZIKV 5'UTR)RNA-binding proteins and to investigate the impact of the binding protein on the activity of internal ribosomal entry site(IRES)located in ZIKV 5'UTR and virus production.Methods Interacting proteins in U251 cells were captured using tRSA-tagged ZIKV 5'UTR RNA and tRSA-ZIKV 5'UTR RNA-binding proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE silver staining,Subsequently,liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS),bioinformatics analysis,and Western blot were used to identify the candidate proteins binding to ZIKV 5'UTR.Dicistronic expression assay and plaque forming assay were performed to analyze the effect of the binding protein on ZIKV IRES activity and ZIKV production,respecitvely.Results tRSA RNA pull-down assay,LC-MS/MS,and Western blot analysis showed that polypyrimidine tractbinding protein(PTB)bound to the ZIKV 5'UTR.Furthermore,dual luciferase reporter assay revealed that overexpression of PTB significantly enhanced the IRES activity of ZIKV(t=10.220,P<0.001),while PTB knockdown had the opposite effect(t=4.897,P<0.01).Additionally,virus plaque forming assay demonstrated that up-regulation of PTB expression significantly enhanced viral titer(t=6.400,P<0.01),whereas reducing PTB expression level weakened virus infectivity(t=5.055,P<0.01).Conclusion PTB positively interacts with the ZIKV 5'UTR and enhances IRES activity and virus production.

Ground response and failure mechanism of gob-side entry by roof cutting with hard main roof

This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensive field measurement program was conducted to determine entry deformation,roof fracture zone,and anchor bolt(cable)loading.The results indicate that GSERC deformation presents asymmetric characteristics.The maximum convergence near roof cutting side is 458 mm during the primary use process and 1120 mm during the secondary reuse process.The entry deformation is closely associated with the primary development stage,primary use stage,and secondary reuse stage.The key block movement of roof cutting structure,a complex stress environment,and a mismatch in the supporting design scheme are the failure mechanism of GSERC.A controlling ideology for mining states,including regional and stage divisions,was proposed.Both dynamic and permanent support schemes have been implemented in the field.Engineering practice results indicate that the new support scheme can efficiently ensure long-term entry safety and could be a reliable approach for other engineering practices.

Application of Thermodynamic Database to Corrosion of ZrO_(2) Containing Submerged Entry Nozzle in Steel Continuous Casting Process

The CALPHAD thermodynamic databases are very useful to analyze the complex chemical reactions happening in high temperature material process.The FactSage thermodynamic database can be used to calculate complex phase diagrams and equilibrium phases involving refractories in industrial process.In this study,the FactSage thermodynamic database relevant to ZrO_(2)-based refractories was reviewed and the application of the database to understanding the corrosion of continuous casting nozzle refractories in steelmaking was presented.

Deformation failure mechanism and application of the backfill along the goaf-side retained roadway

In order to determine the rational width of backfill in the goaf-side retained roadway, the deformation failure mechanism of surrounding rock in retained roadway is studied in the use of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, etc., when the width of backfill is different. The results show that: with the increase of backfill width, the roof deformation above the backfill decreases; the outside of backfill obviously suffers from greater stress compared to the inner side of backfill; the damage firstly appears in the intersection of top backfill and roof; the plastic failure area is mainly distributed in the roof and floor of inside the roadway; 2 m wide backfill in the goaf-side retained roadway can meet the requirements of roadway deformation. Based on the original combination support of "anchor-mesh-belt-lock" in the haulage-track roadway, the study also considers the reinforced support of "anchor-mesh-belt" above the backfill, and 50 m ahead of working face, and 200 m behind the working face. This kind of support achieves a good result. The roadway deformation of field measurement shows that it can satisfy the need of the next working face.

Experimental observation on water entry of a sphere in regular wave

This paper presents a novel experiment to observe the whole water entry process of a free-falling sphere into a regular wave.A time-accurate synchronizing system modulates the moment elaborately to ensure the sphere impacting onto the water surface at the desirable wave phase.Four high-speed cameras focus locally to measure the high-precision size of the cavity evolution.Meanwhile,the aggregated field view of the camera array covers both the splash above the free surface and the entire cavity in the wave.The detailed methodologies are described and verified for the hardware set-up and the image post-processing.The theoretical maximum deviation is 1.7%on the space scale.The integral morphology of the cavity is captured precisely in the coordinate system during the sphere penetrates through the water at four representative wave phases and the still water.The result shows that the horizontal velocity of the fluid particle in the wave impels the cavity and changes the shape distinctly.Notably,the wave motion causes the cavity to pinch offearlier at the wave trough phase and later at the wave crest phase than in the still water.The wave motion influences the falling process of the sphere slightly in the present parameters.

Ca^(2+)-induced myelin pathology precedes axonal spheroid formation and is mediated in part by store-operated Ca^(2+)entry after spinal cord injury

The formation of axonal spheroid is a common feature following spinal cord injury.To further understand the source of Ca^(2+)that mediates axonal spheroid formation,we used our previously characterized ex vivo mouse spinal cord model that allows precise perturbation of extracellular Ca^(2+).We performed twophoton excitation imaging of spinal cords isolated from Thy1YFP+transgenic mice and applied the lipophilic dye,Nile red,to record dynamic changes in dorsal column axons and their myelin sheaths respectively.We selectively released Ca^(2+)from internal stores using the Ca^(2+)ionophore ionomycin in the presence or absence of external Ca^(2+).We reported that ionomycin dose-dependently induces pathological changes in myelin and pronounced axonal spheroid formation in the presence of normal 2 m M Ca^(2+)artificial cerebrospinal fluid.In contrast,removal of external Ca^(2+)significantly decreased ionomycin-induced myelin and axonal spheroid formation at 2 hours but not at 1 hour after treatment.Using mice that express a neuron-specific Ca^(2+)indicator in spinal cord axons,we confirmed that ionomycin induced significant increases in intra-axonal Ca^(2+),but not in the absence of external Ca^(2+).Periaxonal swelling and the resultant disruption in the axo-myelinic interface often precedes and is negatively correlated with axonal spheroid formation.Pretreatment with YM58483(500 n M),a well-established blocker of store-operated Ca^(2+)entry,significantly decreased myelin injury and axonal spheroid formation.Collectively,these data reveal that ionomycin-induced depletion of internal Ca^(2+)stores and subsequent external Ca^(2+)entry through store-operated Ca^(2+)entry contributes to pathological changes in myelin and axonal spheroid formation,providing new targets to protect central myelinated fibers.

Eye-shaped keyboard for dual-hand text entry in virtual reality

We propose an eye-shaped keyboard for high-speed text entry in virtual reality (VR), having the shape of dual eyes with characters arranged along the curved eyelids, which ensures low density and short spacing of the keys. The eye-shaped keyboard references the QWERTY key sequence, allowing the users to benefit from their experience using the QWERTY keyboard. The user interacts with an eye-shaped keyboard using rays controlled with both the hands. A character can be entered in one step by moving the rays from the inner eye regions to regions of the characters. A high-speed auto-complete system was designed for the eye-shaped keyboard. We conducted a pilot study to determine the optimal parameters, and a user study to compare our eye-shaped keyboard with the QWERTY and circular keyboards. For beginners, the eye-shaped keyboard performed significantly more efficiently and accurately with less task load and hand movement than the circular keyboard. Compared with the QWERTY keyboard, the eye-shaped keyboard is more accurate and significantly reduces hand translation while maintaining similar efficiency. Finally, to evaluate the potential of eye-shaped keyboards, we conducted another user study. In this study, the participants were asked to type continuously for three days using the proposed eye-shaped keyboard, with two sessions per day. In each session, participants were asked to type for 20min, and then their typing performance was tested. The eye-shaped keyboard was proven to be efficient and promising, with an average speed of 19.89 words per minute (WPM) and mean uncorrected error rate of 1.939%. The maximum speed reached 24.97 WPM after six sessions and continued to increase.

空心弹高速入水机理及特性数值模拟研究

为分析空心弹高速入水的机理及其特性,基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程、VOF(volume of fluid)多相流模型、Realizable k-ε湍流模型,引入Schnerr-Sauer空化模型和重叠网格技术对空心弹高速入水进行数值模拟研究,获得了通孔孔径和头部形状对空心弹的空化特性、空泡形态和入水运动特性的影响规律。研究显示数值计算的空泡形态和入水速度、位移曲线与实验结果吻合较好,验证了数值模拟方法的可行性。结果表明:当通孔孔径不同时,通孔孔径越大,空化现象越明显,通孔射流越长,但对空泡半径的影响不大;通孔孔径越小,空泡闭合时间越早,与水面碰撞产生的阻力系数峰值越高,空心弹入水稳定后其阻力系数也越大;无量纲直径在0.575~0.600之间时,空心弹的运动最为稳定。当头部锥角不同时,头部锥角越大,空泡直径越大,空化现象出现得越晚,但空化生成的速度更快;随着头部锥角的增大,阻力系数变大,空心弹的速度衰减变快,相同时间运动的距离较短;头部锥角越大,俯仰角的变化越小,空心弹的运动越稳定。

高速跨介质入水多相流动与流固耦合特性研究综述

高速跨介质入水问题广泛存在于海洋工程、航空航天等领域,入水多相流动与流固耦合作用机理是该领域的研究热点,对于跨介质航行器的载荷预报、弹道稳定性评估、结构强度校核以及安全性设计等具有重要意义。本文围绕高速跨介质入水所涉及的基础关键力学问题,重点论述了高速跨介质多相流动与空泡演化、冲击载荷与降载方法、运动稳定性与流固耦合响应、流固耦合数值研究方法等方面的研究现状,并针对目前仍存在的问题提出了建议,旨在为高速跨介质入水的相关研究与设计等提供参考。

空心弹高速斜入水弹道稳定性研究

空心弹是一种具有通孔结构的新型射弹,与相同口径的实心射弹相比,阻力更小,在同等装药量的条件下具有初速高的优点,其入水时呈现复杂的入水流体动力学和弹道特性.文章基于雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程、VOF(volume of fluid)多相流模型、SST(shear stress transfer)k-ω湍流模型、Schnerr-Sauer空化模型、六自由度模型和重叠网格技术对空心弹高速入水进行了数值模拟,研究了入水速度和角度对空心弹入水空泡、空化、载荷和弹道稳定性的影响.将数值计算结果与实验结果进行对照,空泡形态和质心轨迹曲线与实验结果吻合较好,验证了数值模拟方法的可行性.结果表明:空心弹入水速度对空泡的大小和空泡内空化的程度影响较大,随着入水速度越高,空泡也越大,空化越明显,弹体的速度衰减越快,弹道越不稳定,弹体失稳越早;随着入水速度越低,空心弹的阻力和升力系数越小,弹体运动越稳定.入水角度对空泡的大小及弹体的偏转程度有较大影响,入水角度越大,弹体偏转时刻的空泡越大,空泡内的空化越明显,弹体头部的高压区域越小,阻力、升力和力矩系数越小,相同时间内弹体的偏转角越小,弹体姿态越稳定.入水角度越小,弹体的偏转角增加的越快,弹体运动越不稳定.

千米深井切顶卸压自成巷支护技术及应用

为了解决深部复杂条件下的切顶卸压自成巷难题,以红阳三矿703工作面运输巷道为研究对象,从恒阻大变形锚索超前支护、切顶巷内支护、切顶巷旁支护三个方面研究了切顶卸压沿空成巷支护技术,并对现场试验巷道顶板受力以及巷道围岩变形量进行了监测。结果表明:在超前工作面实施爆破切顶能够极大降低巷道所受应力,成巷区巷道顶板整体下沉量较小,巷中顶板最大下沉量约385 mm,平均下沉量约280 mm,巷中底鼓最大值545 mm,碎石巷帮无明显侧鼓现象,实体煤帮无明显片帮现象,满足安全和使用要求,巷道围岩变形在可控范围内,留巷效果良好。

切顶沿空留巷充填体—矸石协同承载机理及控制技术研究

针对深部沿空留巷顶底板移近量大、充填体大变形破坏失稳等问题,采用数值模拟和现场实践相结合的方法,分析了传统沿空留巷和切顶卸压协同承载沿空留巷围岩应力演化规律和变形特征,揭示了切顶沿空留巷充填体—矸石协同承载机理。在此基础上,以朱庄煤矿Ⅲ635工作面沿空留巷为工程背景,提出了一种巷旁充填体—矸石组合结构体协同承载的切顶卸压沿空留巷技术,建立充填体—矸石协同支撑顶板力学模型、推导出顶板挠度方程,并进行工程应用。数值模拟结果表明:采用切顶卸压协同承载沿空留巷技术后,实体煤帮和充填体的垂直应力峰值分别降低了28.3%、44.4%,巷道顶底板移近量降低了58.2%。现场应用结果表明:采用该技术后,顶底板和两帮移近量分别为382.9、253.6 mm,工作面支架平均支撑力下降了45.3%,有效控制了巷道变形。可为类似条件下沿空留巷围岩控制提供参考。

跨介质航行器入水流固耦合特性研究综述

本文综述了跨介质航行器入水问题的研究进展,特别关注了入水流固耦合特性、弹性体结构入水冲击以及高速入水现象。入水过程涉及复杂的流体动力学现象,包括空泡形成、冲击载荷以及与航行体动力学特性的相互作用,这些因素都对航行器的设计和性能产生重大影响。本文讨论了跨介质航行器的基本概念,其具有独特的战略应用价值。入水过程中的关键挑战包括处理巨大的冲击载荷和复杂的流体动力学特性,这要求对航行器的形状、入水速度和入水姿态进行精密控制以优化性能。针对不同形状的航行体如何影响冲击响应和空泡动态,详细介绍了通过高速摄影和传感器技术在不同条件下进行的入水试验,这些试验帮助研究学者观察并分析了入水过程中的空泡形成、流体喷射以及随后的空泡闭合等现象。随着计算技术的进步,人们开始使用仿真技术研究多相流动和航行体结构的相互作用。总之,跨介质航行器的入水研究是一个多学科交叉的研究。通过深入理解入水过程中的物理现象和力学响应,可以为未来航行器的设计和操作提供科学依据,推动海空一体化航行器技术的发展。

贵州沿空留巷支护技术的分析与改进

针对贵州某煤矿沿空留巷在原有支护条件下,靠上帮一侧顶板以及下帮底角的岩层变形破坏较严重的情况,对巷道支护方式进行改进。利用数值模拟软件,对改进支护后的巷道围岩变形破坏情况进行分析。研究发现:改进支护后的巷道围岩变形破坏情况得到明显改善,改进后的支护方式能够较好地阻滞巷道上帮一侧顶板和下帮底角的岩层严重变形破坏,从而保持巷道围岩的完整性和稳定性,研究可为类似条件矿井沿空留巷的支护方式提供参考。

ADAFT:SDN大规模流表的适应性深度聚合存储架构

为解决软件定义网络(SDN)数据平面中的三态内容可寻址存储器(TCAM)资源紧张问题,提出了一种基于内容表项树的SDN流表深度聚合方法,进而构建一种SDN大规模流表的适应性深度聚合存储架构ADAFT。该架构放宽了聚合表项之间的汉明距离要求,构建内容表项树聚合动作集不同的流表项,显著提高了流表聚合程度。设计了一种TCAM装载率感知的内容表项树动态限高机制,以降低流表查找开销。同时,提出了一种TCAM装载率感知的表项聚合适应性选择策略,以均衡流表聚合程度和查找开销。实验结果表明,ADAFT架构的流表压缩率明显高于现有方法,最高可达65.74%。

出资义务加速到期规则的解释论

面对注册资本完全认缴制所产生的问题,2023年修订后的《公司法》对有限责任公司改采了限期认缴制,并引入了催缴失权、加速到期等规则予以完善。《公司法》第54条规定,公司不能清偿到期债务的,公司或者已到期债权的债权人有权要求已认缴出资但未届出资期限的股东提前缴纳出资。该条款简明扼要,涵盖了加速到期条件、请求权主体、出资财产入库公司等三重面向。本条规定体现了立法机关的价值判断,实质上系对公司、股东、债权人利益的衡量安排,以公司利益为该制度构建的基点和本旨。该利益衡量方案契合公司法的价值体系,在构成上包括三项旨意:以停止支付而非支付不能为加速到期标准;以公司资本需求为本位允许公司要求加速到期;以入库规则为通道保障公平清偿债权。在规范适用上,出资义务加速到期规则衔接董事催缴义务和催缴失权制度,可以协同保障公司的资本需求和公司利益。

沿空留巷密集钻孔切顶机理及关键参数确定方法

为实现密集钻孔切顶条件下沿空留巷顶板结构安全稳定,研究正常情况与密集钻孔条件下顶板岩层结构受力状况,基于岩石断裂理论和弹性理论分析回采前后顶板密集钻孔孔间围岩受力分布及其破断过程,明确密集钻孔切顶机理及相邻钻孔的孔间集中应力相互作用机制,推导工作面端头弧形三角板结构巷道侧边界密集钻孔孔间围岩的拉剪应力计算公式。在此基础上,分析不同参数对孔间围岩所受拉剪应力的影响作用,提出沿空留巷密集钻孔切顶关键参数确定方法。研究表明:密集钻孔主要通过回采前后钻孔周围应力条件改变来增加钻孔围岩拉剪应力集中程度,引起孔间裂隙扩张联通,形成切缝线破断关键岩层。回采前钻孔主要受水平挤压应力影响,回采后钻孔受力逐渐转变为采空区顶板回转下沉产生的拉剪应力为主,钻孔孔间围岩状态随之由孔间围岩弱化阶段过渡到孔壁裂纹成形阶段,再转变为孔间围岩破断阶段。密集钻孔孔间围岩所受拉剪应力大小主要取决于关键岩层厚度及钻孔孔径与孔间距之比,与钻孔高度及间距成负相关,与角度及直径正相关。据此提出了密集钻孔关键参数确定方法,并根据龙滩矿3124 N工作面坚硬顶板条件设计了密集钻孔切顶留巷方案,确定钻孔长度为8.3 m,角度为15°,钻孔直径为48 mm,间距为500 mm。留巷后巷道顶帮变形可控且整体稳定性较好,由此可证明密集钻孔布置参数较为合理,密集钻孔关键参数确定方法有效可行。

基于力学模型构建的留巷切顶高度确定与围岩控制技术

以顺和煤矿2401运输巷道沿空留巷为工程背景,分析巷道围岩结构特征,基于巷道局部空间结构稳定性,分别构建了沿空留巷未切顶与切顶力学结构模型,并以巷道不同切顶高度进行物理相似模拟试验。结果表明:巷旁采空区切落的矸石增加对关键块的支撑力,同时弱化关键块对直接顶悬壁端部挤压,巷旁支护阻力减少35.78%;随着切顶高度增加,巷道顶板采空区侧端部悬臂由F型缓慢过渡到大I型,同时大保护结构具有向上平移趋势,相比于未切顶1巷,4 cm切顶2巷、8 cm切顶3巷与16 cm切顶4巷叠加应力峰值分别下降9.38%,28.13%,25.00%。结合巷道顶板岩性,最终确定切顶高度为8.2 m,留巷段采用三列单体液压支柱作巷旁支护,长短锚索超前补强,巷道围岩稳定,较好满足使用要求。