Analysis on distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face

The three-dimensional damage constitutive relationship of coal is established and distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face under the effect of given deformation of the main roof is analyzed by the damage mechanics theory. And the relationship between distribution of the abutment pressure and thickness of coal seam is explored. The presented result is of great theoretical significance and practical value to the study on stability control of the surrounding rock of road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face.

Comparative Analysis of the Distribution Characteristics of Floor Stress Field between Gob-Side Entry Retaining with Roof Cutting and Conventional Mining

All coal fields in North China are affected by floor confined water to varying degrees, floor failure and water inrush risk have always been a major problem to baffle coal mining activities. Roof cutting and pressure relief and the lack of protective coal pillar can cause the change of floor stress field, leading to the change of the floor failure depth, stress field of floor is the key to determine the depth of floor failure. In order to deeply study the distribution characteristics of floor stress field in gob-side entry retaining mining with roof cutting, taking the 50107 and 50109 working faces of Dongdong Coal Mine in Chenghe as the research objects, the numerical simulation software is used to simulate the floor stress field distribution of gob-side entry retaining mining with roof cutting and conventional mining. The distribution characteristics of the floor stress field of the working face are compared and analyzed under the three modes of conventional mining of reserved coal pillar, the first mining face of gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting and gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting. The results show that the peak stress concentration in front of the working face all occurs at 10 m under the three mining modes. The stress concentration area in front of conventional working face of reserved coal pillar is mainly in the middle of the working face. The stress concentration area in front of the first working face of gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting (50107) is located in the middle of the working face and the side of the working face of the retaining roadway. The stress concentration area of the working face (50109) is mainly in the middle and the two ends of the working face. The order of the peak value of the maximum concentrated stress in front of the working face is conventional working face of reserved coal pillar > the first working face of gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting (50107) > working face of gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting (50109). There is a stress reduction zone behind the working face, but there is a stress concentration phenomenon extending to the outside of the roadway, and the stress distribution is obviously different. Conventional working face of reserved coal pillar and the first working face of gob-side retaining with roof cutting (50107) show a double peak form of stress concentration on the outside of the two ends of the roadway, and the peak value of the concentrated stress at the rear of the working face is in the following order: On the side close to the transportation roadway, conventional working face of reserved coal pillar = the first working face of gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting (50107) > working face of gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting (50109);on the side close to the return airway, conventional working face of reserved coal pillar > the first working face of gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting (50107) > working face of gob-side entry retaining with roof cutting (50109).

Control mechanism and technique of floor heave with reinforcing solid coal side and floor corner in gob-side coal entry retaining

Floor heave is the most common convergence in gob-side entry retaining.The paper analyzes the form,process and characteristics of gob-side entry retaining with the comprehensive methods of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation and the field trial.Research results present that bending and folding floor heave is the main factor in the stage of the first panel mining;squeezing and fluidity floor heave plays a great role in the stable stage of gob-side entry retaining;the combination of the former two factors affects mainly the stage of the second mining ahead;abutment pressure is a fundamental contribution to the serious floor heave of gob-side entry retaining,and sides corners of solid coal body are key part in the case of floor heave controlling of gob-side entry retaining.Floor heave of gob-side entry retaining can be significantly controlled by reinforcing sides and corners of solid coal body,and influence rules on the floor heave of gob side entry retaining of sides supporting strength and the bottom bolt orientation in solid coal side are obtained.Research results have been successfully applied in gob-side entry retaining of G20-F23070 face haulage roadway in #2 coal mine of Pingmei Group,and the field observation shows that the proposed technique is an effective way in controlling the floor heave of gob-side entry retaining.

Floor heave mechanism for gob-side entry retaining with concrete blocks and control method:A case study

The issue of significant floor heave deformation in gob-side entry retaining has long been a challenging problem in the context of longwall mining.This paper studies the floor heave failure mechanism and control method for gob-side entry retaining with concrete blocks in Guizhou Faer Coal Mine in China.Based on Rankine’s earth pressure theory,the effective shear stress equation for the plastic slip of roadway floor is established.The deformation mechanism of floor heave in a retaining roadway with a block wall is revealed in this study.The new comprehensive control method is proposed,encompassing roof pre-splitting blasting for pressure relief,reinforcing cables for roof control,double directions control bolts for concrete block,and pliability cushion yielding pressure.FLAC3D numerical calculation model is established,which shows that the new method can effectively reduce the average vertical stress peak value of the entity coal floor by 34.6%and significantly reduce the pressure source causing the roadway floor heave.Besides,a multi-parameter real-time online monitoring system for mine pressure was designed,and field tests were carried out.The results show that the maximum value of roadway floor heave under the new method is 163 mm,reduced by 66.9%,and the roadway floor heave is effectively controlled.These research findings offer a fresh perspective and new ideas for controlling floor heave in mining operations.

千米深井切顶卸压自成巷支护技术及应用

为了解决深部复杂条件下的切顶卸压自成巷难题,以红阳三矿703工作面运输巷道为研究对象,从恒阻大变形锚索超前支护、切顶巷内支护、切顶巷旁支护三个方面研究了切顶卸压沿空成巷支护技术,并对现场试验巷道顶板受力以及巷道围岩变形量进行了监测。结果表明:在超前工作面实施爆破切顶能够极大降低巷道所受应力,成巷区巷道顶板整体下沉量较小,巷中顶板最大下沉量约385 mm,平均下沉量约280 mm,巷中底鼓最大值545 mm,碎石巷帮无明显侧鼓现象,实体煤帮无明显片帮现象,满足安全和使用要求,巷道围岩变形在可控范围内,留巷效果良好。

沿空留巷密集钻孔切顶机理及关键参数确定方法

为实现密集钻孔切顶条件下沿空留巷顶板结构安全稳定,研究正常情况与密集钻孔条件下顶板岩层结构受力状况,基于岩石断裂理论和弹性理论分析回采前后顶板密集钻孔孔间围岩受力分布及其破断过程,明确密集钻孔切顶机理及相邻钻孔的孔间集中应力相互作用机制,推导工作面端头弧形三角板结构巷道侧边界密集钻孔孔间围岩的拉剪应力计算公式。在此基础上,分析不同参数对孔间围岩所受拉剪应力的影响作用,提出沿空留巷密集钻孔切顶关键参数确定方法。研究表明:密集钻孔主要通过回采前后钻孔周围应力条件改变来增加钻孔围岩拉剪应力集中程度,引起孔间裂隙扩张联通,形成切缝线破断关键岩层。回采前钻孔主要受水平挤压应力影响,回采后钻孔受力逐渐转变为采空区顶板回转下沉产生的拉剪应力为主,钻孔孔间围岩状态随之由孔间围岩弱化阶段过渡到孔壁裂纹成形阶段,再转变为孔间围岩破断阶段。密集钻孔孔间围岩所受拉剪应力大小主要取决于关键岩层厚度及钻孔孔径与孔间距之比,与钻孔高度及间距成负相关,与角度及直径正相关。据此提出了密集钻孔关键参数确定方法,并根据龙滩矿3124 N工作面坚硬顶板条件设计了密集钻孔切顶留巷方案,确定钻孔长度为8.3 m,角度为15°,钻孔直径为48 mm,间距为500 mm。留巷后巷道顶帮变形可控且整体稳定性较好,由此可证明密集钻孔布置参数较为合理,密集钻孔关键参数确定方法有效可行。

基于力学模型构建的留巷切顶高度确定与围岩控制技术

以顺和煤矿2401运输巷道沿空留巷为工程背景,分析巷道围岩结构特征,基于巷道局部空间结构稳定性,分别构建了沿空留巷未切顶与切顶力学结构模型,并以巷道不同切顶高度进行物理相似模拟试验。结果表明:巷旁采空区切落的矸石增加对关键块的支撑力,同时弱化关键块对直接顶悬壁端部挤压,巷旁支护阻力减少35.78%;随着切顶高度增加,巷道顶板采空区侧端部悬臂由F型缓慢过渡到大I型,同时大保护结构具有向上平移趋势,相比于未切顶1巷,4 cm切顶2巷、8 cm切顶3巷与16 cm切顶4巷叠加应力峰值分别下降9.38%,28.13%,25.00%。结合巷道顶板岩性,最终确定切顶高度为8.2 m,留巷段采用三列单体液压支柱作巷旁支护,长短锚索超前补强,巷道围岩稳定,较好满足使用要求。

蹬空开采条件下雨汪煤矿的110工法相似模拟研究

以雨汪煤矿1010201工作面为研究背景,开展蹬空开采110工法相似模拟试验研究,利用应变监测系统和MatchID散斑非接触测量系统,从应力场和位移场2个方向监测不同阶段上覆岩体和巷道围岩的变形特征,探究上覆岩体裂隙带运动规律。研究结果表明,推进40 cm时,非切缝侧直接顶出现部分垮落;推进80 cm时,直接顶完全垮落;推进100 cm时,基本顶大面积垮落,工作面被完全填充,上覆岩体变形趋于稳定。垂直位移监测云图表明,顶板最大垂直位移为34 mm,底板最大垂直位移为16 mm。说明切顶卸压技术和NPR锚索支护补偿力学理论对超载条件下的蹬空开采仍然具有良好的适用性,通过垮落岩体的碎胀效应对工作面充填支撑,使得基本顶范围内岩体和巷道围岩变形得到了良好的控制,一定程度地减小了地表沉降,并且沿空留巷效果显著,为实际工程施工提供了科学依据和理论指导。

赵官矿切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破参数研究

以赵官矿2707W工作面为工程背景,对切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破参数进行研究。结合现场工程地质条件,选用双向聚能拉伸爆破技术对试验段顶板进行预裂。综合运用理论分析计算、现场爆破试验等手段,得到了合理的爆破参数:爆破钻孔深度8.0 m,切顶角度10°,炮孔间距600 mm,装药结构为5+4+3。通过现场钻孔窥视和矿压监测等手段验证了切顶爆破效果良好,在丰富切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破技术理论的同时,也为类似工况提供一定的工程借鉴意义。

倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究

为解决回采巷道倾斜厚硬顶板应力集中问题,降低顶板覆岩突然垮落的冲击扰动风险及提高倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷围岩控制效果,以长城六矿1301N运输巷切顶留巷为工程背景,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场监测的研究方法开展倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究。首先,基于岩石碎胀系数、砌体梁理论及现场地质资料,推导计算了1301N运输巷切顶高度和切顶角度的理论最小值。其次,为进一步验证并优化理论推导结果,利用PFC^(2D)数值软件建立了1301N工作面切顶留巷模型,采用控制变量法分析了不同切顶高度和切顶角度下留巷顶板应力、位移及组构张量响应特征。分析结果表明:切顶高度与卸压效果之间存在底数大于1的对数增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果逐渐增强但其增长幅度逐渐减小;切顶角度与卸压效果之间存在“S”型增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果先增强后减弱。卸压参数与卸压效果之间的变化规律揭示了切顶高度选择存在最适值,切顶角度选择存在最优解。综合理论分析、经济收益及数值模拟结果,确定长城六矿1301N运输巷倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷过程中最适切顶高度为13 m,最优切顶角度为10°。现场监测获得该切顶参数下围岩控制效果较好,留巷围岩变形量较小,可有效满足下一工作面开采需求,验证了优化切顶参数的有效性,为类似地质条件切顶留巷参数的选取提供理论依据和实践参考。

切顶沿空留巷卸压机理及支护技术研究

云驾岭矿9号煤上覆厚硬岩层,采场矿压显现强烈,采用传统的沿空留巷方法围岩控制难度大。以云驾岭矿19103工作面运巷为背景,分析了切顶沿空留巷厚硬直接顶力学平衡条件,得出巷旁需提供不小于1046 kN的支护阻力。采用数值模拟的方法对比了沿空留巷在厚硬直接顶条件下切顶与不切顶时围岩变形及应力、塑性区的分布规律,结果表明:切顶后采空区顶板更容易垮落,留巷顶板稳定时下沉量仅为同期不切顶时的28.2%,切顶后留巷侧顶板垂直应力变小、水平应力增大且围岩塑性区向顶底板深部转移,揭示了预裂切顶卸压的机理为阻断工作面动压的传递以及诱导采空区顶板提前冒落接顶承压,水平应力增大的原因为切缝两侧形成的长、短“悬臂梁”变形的结果。提出了针对厚硬直接顶切顶留巷的顶板控制理念为集中支护切缝端、适当让压和形成“组合悬臂梁”,采用了“长、短锚索+单体液压支柱+可缩性U钢梁”的综合支护技术及挂网喷浆的密闭措施。现场工业性试验效果良好,切顶后留巷顶板锚索受力峰值在350 kN左右,围岩稳定后巷道规格满足二次复用的条件。

东欢坨矿切顶卸压沿空留巷聚能爆破关键参数研究

为确定切顶卸压沿空留巷合理的聚能爆破参数,实现成功留巷的目的,以东欢坨矿20221工作面倾斜中厚煤层为工程背景,采用理论分析、工程经验和现场试验研究相结合的方法,对双向聚能张拉爆破参数进行了研究,对不同爆破参数下单位长度爆破孔成缝率进行了分析。结果表明,在爆破孔深7.5 m、炮孔间距500 mm的情况下,“4-4-1”的装药结构爆破成缝效果明显,成缝率达到90%以上,在工作面回采过后顶板垮落及时,现场应用效果良好。

深埋矿井沿空留巷切顶卸压底板变形控制

目前有关巷道底鼓的研究与实践主要探讨巷道底板的变形机理及控制技术,对沿空留巷切顶卸压前后底板力学分析不全面。针对该问题,基于煤体分区破坏特征构建了切顶前后巷道围岩和底板力学模型,分析实体煤、巷旁支护及采空区对底板的作用,获得切顶前后巷道底鼓解析解,得出巷旁煤帮弹塑性区、巷道支护体及顶板下沉区底板所受载荷共同影响巷道底鼓量大小。采用数值模拟验证切顶卸压前后沿空留巷围岩破坏特征、应力分布及底鼓量变化,结果表明:切顶卸压技术可有效缩小巷道实体煤侧面及顶部的破坏区域,维持巷道围岩结构稳定;巷道底板最大应力、巷旁支护阻力、巷道底鼓量均下降,平均降幅分别为25.78%,56.14%,54.07%。现场应用结果表明,厚硬顶板沿空留巷底鼓量由709.3451 mm降至320.9658 mm,切顶卸压技术可以优化巷道围岩应力结构,抑制巷道底鼓,有效改善底板破坏情况。

高应力沿空留巷协同让压机理研究

针对高应力沿空留巷围岩控制难题,基于峰值应变分别为2%、4%、6%的改性混凝土,提出了深井高应力下“顶板卸压-巷旁改性混凝土让压承载”协同作用的留巷围岩控制技术。运用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究切顶卸压后使用不同型号改性混凝土做巷旁支护体时留巷围岩应力分布规律与顶板变形特征。研究结果表明:(1)顶板卸压后,改性混凝土峰值应变越大,支护体内部裂隙数量越少,对顶板变形的适应能力越强,然而峰值应变较大的改性混凝土弹性模量较低,在留巷后期提供的支撑力较小,支护体内部垂直应力随改性混凝土峰值应变的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。(2)使用峰值应变为4%的混凝土做巷旁支护体时,支护体可以适应顶板变形并提供较高的支撑力,从而优化留巷围岩应力环境。

沿空留巷动压区锚索主动支护技术研究

为解决车集煤矿深部工作面高矿压条件下沿空留巷变形严重问题,根据2611工作面生产地质资料,采用经验计算和FLAC^(3D)数值模拟等方法开展矿压分析、大直径锚索主动支护数值模拟,由结果可知,车集煤矿2611工作面锚杆+普通锚索+大直径锚索加强支护手段支护效果远优于其他支护形式。通过工程实践:2611下巷沿空留巷动压段超前支承压力影响范围约50 m,工作面后约150 m,沿空留巷切顶卸压大直径锚索主动支护技术,适用于车集煤矿深部工作面沿空留巷支护,能够有效控制围岩应力,将巷道变形控制在合理范围内。

不同沿空留巷开采工艺比选研究及工程应用

沿空留巷工艺决定着煤矿的回采效率及经济收益,以沙曲煤矿4303工作面为工程背景,对充填沿空留巷、切顶沿空留巷和充填体外切顶沿空留巷三种留巷工艺进行比选研究。首先,采用位移变分法对比分析了三种不同沿空留巷方式的顶板下沉量。其次,运用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟软件建立了不同沿空留巷方式计算模型,分析了三种留巷方式下煤帮侧向支承应力及围岩变形规律。结果表明:(1)对于侧向支承应力:充填体外切顶沿空留巷<切顶沿空留巷<充填沿空留巷;(2)与充填沿空留巷相比,切顶沿空留巷的顶板下沉量与底鼓量分别降低了14.3%、16%,充填体外切顶沿空留巷的顶板下沉量与底鼓量分别降低了23.8%、12%;(3)对于留巷成本:充填沿空留巷和切顶沿空留巷相近,充填体外切顶沿空留巷成本最高。最后,将切顶沿空留巷在沙曲煤矿4303工作面进行了应用,取得了良好的应用效果。

深部综放开采软岩巷道切顶卸压自成巷技术研究

针对鸟山井田深部综放开采软岩巷道支护难度大的难题,阐释了深部岩层非线性的应力应变特征,在综放面采用切顶卸压自成巷技术,同时采用理论分析、数值模拟和工程试验,研究了深部留巷的可行性,将留巷过程分为三个区并提出了针对性控制对策。将该技术在鸟山煤矿11031综放工作面回风巷道进行现场试验,现场监测结果表明:该巷道从掘进开始到回采结束,顶板下沉量表现出切缝侧大于巷中大于实体煤帮的规律,最大下沉量分别为155,128,81 mm,顶板离层量稳定时约119 mm,数值模拟结果表明切缝后顶板最大下沉量为175mm,有效控制了深部软岩巷道围岩变形,各项监测指标良好,验证了针对该综放面深部留巷设计的正确性。

“砼墙-切顶-让压”沿空留巷技术分析及应用

采用理论分析,建立相应的沿空留巷巷旁支护力学模型,提出采用“砼墙-切顶-让压”沿空留巷技术,并以新集一矿360804综采工作面运输巷沿空留巷为背景,并进行工程实践和现场实测。结果表明:坚硬顶板、深部复杂矿井采用“柔模-切顶”沿空留巷仍然极有可能出现应力集中从而破坏柔模墙体的现象;“砼墙-切顶-让压”沿空留巷技术可以缓解顶板压力,防止墙体受压破坏,充分发挥围岩的自稳性能;新集一矿沿空留巷最大顶底板移近量为361 mm,最大两帮移近量为189 mm,巷道变形在允许范围内,留巷效果较好。该研究可以为相似工程提供借鉴。

龙凤煤矿切顶卸压成巷围岩控制研究

为了提高煤炭采出率,基于龙凤煤矿生产条件,通过理论分析、数值模拟、现场监测等方法研究切顶卸压沿空留巷控制对策,提出“恒阻大变形锚索+单体和十字梁+可缩性U型钢”的联合支护方式。通过对巷道位移量、液压支架压力、巷道漏风量、沿空留巷甲烷浓度监测数据的分析,沿空留巷滞后工作面约130 m时围岩开始趋于稳定,巷道漏风率在2.14%~3.80%内,风量满足使用要求,沿空留巷回风流中的瓦斯浓度在留巷期间均低于1%,没有甲烷超限现象发生。经过现场观测,巷道顶板预裂切缝率高,液压支架压力明显降低,顶板卸压效果明显,取得了良好的留巷效果。

高地应力条件下沿空留巷切顶卸压关键技术参数研究

沿空留巷经历了多次采动应力影响,巷道围岩变形破坏严重。切顶卸压技术可以切断巷道直接顶与上覆岩层间的联系,改善巷道围岩条件,增强巷道的稳定性。为了探究切顶卸压关键技术参数,采用数值模拟方法研究不同切顶高度和不同切顶角度条件下巷道围岩的应力分布和位移变化情况,确定柴里煤矿263_(上)31工作面切顶高度为6 m,切顶角度为5°。经现场实践验证,263_(上)31工作面巷道围岩控制方案达到了预期的效果,研究内容可为相似条件下巷道围岩的控制提供一定的参考。